Women Empowerment Boosts Rwanda Development

Contribution of women empowerment towards the development in Rwanda: Case of Duhaguruke Kora cooperative in Muhoza Sector, Musanze District
WJSA
Contribution of women empowerment towards the
development in Rwanda: Case of Duhaguruke Kora
cooperative in Muhoza Sector, Musanze District
*1Gatesi Jeanne Françoise, 2Mategeko Betty
1
Faculty of Agriculture, Uganda Martyrs University, P.O Box 5498 Kampala, Uganda
2
Department of Arts and social sciences, Kabale University P.O.Box 312 Kabale, Uganda
The main objective of this study was to examine the contribution of women empowerment
towards development in Rwanda, using Duhaguruke/Kora cooperative as a case study. The
following were the specific objectives; investigate how economic activities contribute to women
empowerment, explore challenges to the effective women empowerment and propose the
solutions to those challenges. Data were collected from 93 respondents using questionnaires,
group discussions and interviews. The cluster sampling method and simple random sampling
methods were used. Findings revealed that economic activities empower women in community
and they can contribute to the socio-economic development by educating their children,
establishing businesses and paying taxes, paying health insurance for the family members,
influence the family welfare, participation in decision making at local level through incomes from
their jobs and employment. High fertility rate and gender inequalities within households were
revealed as the most challenges to the effective women empowerment, other challenges observed
were low education level and lack of professionalism, irresponsibility of men which affect
negatively the loans management for women. Solutions suggested by participants were low
fertility rate and gender equality within the family, women's education and participation in
women's associations, legal marriage and greater access to credits.
Key words: Community, Contribution, Cooperative, Development, Women empowerment
INTRODUCTION
Women’s empowerment is implicitly linked with specific
achievements like political participation, legal reform, and
economic security (Malhotra et al, 2002).
Women’s empowerment has five components as
described by UNDP: women's sense of self-worth; their
right to have and to determine choices; their right to have
access to opportunities and resources; their right to have
the power to control their own lives, both within and outside
the home; and their ability to influence the direction of
social change to create a more just social and economic
order, nationally and internationally (UNDP, 1990).
Women bear almost all responsibility for meeting basic
needs of the family, but the access to resources and
information, and freedom of action to fulfil this
responsibility are still missing. Studies show that when
women are supported and empowered, this not only
benefits themselves and their families, but also the society
at large. Their families are healthier and stable, more
children go to school, agricultural productivity improves
and incomes increase. In short, communities become
more resilient and sustainable (THP, 2012).
*Corresponding author: Gatesi Jeanne Françoise,
Faculty of Agriculture, Uganda Martyrs University, P.O Box
5498 Kampala, Uganda. E-mail: gajeafra@yahoo.fr Tel:
+250788735652 Co-Author Email:
bettymategeko@gmail.com, Tel: +256772675688
World Journal of Sociology and Anthropology
Vol. 2(1), pp. 025-032, March, 2018. © www.premierpublishers.org, ISSN: 3213-2135
Research Article

Gatesi and Mategeko 026
The UN’s report (2012) on Millennium Development Goals
states that globally, 40 out of every 100 wage-earning jobs
in the non-agricultural sector were held by women in 2011.
This is a significant improvement since 1990. In many
countries, gender inequality persists and women continue
to face discrimination in access to education, work and
economic assets, and participation in government. For
example, in every developing region, women tend to hold
less secure jobs than men, with fewer social benefits.
Violence against women continues to undermine efforts to
reach all goals. Poverty is a major barrier to secondary
education, especially among older girls while women are
largely relegated to more vulnerable forms of employment
(UN, 2012). .
Empowerment of women, when looking at their access to
health, information and control of resources such as
money, is important for achieving gender equality and
health equity. However, the ratio of female-to-male earned
income is below similarity in all countries for which data
are available (WHO, 2013).
Women’s empowerment and economic development are
closely related: in one direction, development alone can
play a major role in driving down inequality between men
and women; in the other direction, empowering women
may benefit development (Duflo, 2012). Empowered
women can influence the positive change in their
household.
MDG 3, the promotion of gender equality and women's
empowerment, is the only Millennium Development Goal
that is both a goal in itself and is recognized as essential
to the achievement of all other Millennium Development
Goals. An educated mother for example, can influence
positively her child's educational opportunities. What's
more, enhancing women's access to credit and finance, as
well as their ability to inherit or own land, can unlock the
unexploited potential of women entrepreneurs (DFATD,
2013). Women’s lack of access to factors of production
makes them more depending on men and their
development capacity remains low.
Specifically, there is evidence that when transfer payments
are given to women rather than to their husbands,
expenditures on children go up for women than for men.
This shows that women access to resources has a higher
impact on spending on children which promotes human-
capital accumulation; this recommends that empowering
women may ultimately lead to faster economic growth
(Doepke & Tertilt, 2011).
In Africa, as elsewhere in the world, cooperatives can and
do work for working women in terms of economic, social
and political empowerment. And it has been shown that
cooperatives cannot work sustainably for economic
development without the contribution of women
(COOPAFRICA, 2010). It is one form of empowering women,
when they work together with men as they can support
each other.
At the Rio+20 UN Conference on Sustainable
Development in June 2012, World leaders affirmed that
gender equality and women’s participation “are important
for effective action on all aspects of sustainable
development.” (UN, 2012 p. 47)
“One of the most important steps countries can take to
drive progress is to ensure and improve the political,
economic and social rights and opportunities of women”,
Helen Clark said. “Africa has achieved notable economic
growth in recent years. To sustain that growth, it must be
inclusive, and translate into tangible improvements in the
lives of women, men and children.” (Dlamini, 2014)
The implementation of economic empowerment program
and related projects in Rwanda, translated among other
things into establishment of women’s guarantee fund,
greater access for middle class business women to credits
availed both by banks and other financing institutions
including women’s savings and credits cooperatives,
opening and funding a women’s credit fund at each district
to help granting small loans to rural women for their self-
promotion. Capacity building for women entrepreneurs on
business plans development (Republic of Rwanda, 1999);
In this journey to reduce gender inequalities and lead the
country towards sustainable development, the
Government of Rwanda introduced several strategies to
promote gender equality. Gender mainstreaming in all
development processes, women’s empowerment and
capacity building were used as the main approaches in all
development initiatives (GMO, 2010).
The National Institute of Statistics Rwanda states that:
“Economically empowered women are major catalysts for
development, as they usually re-invest their money
in their children’s health, nutrition, and education. When a
community is reducing gender inequality in financial
resources and improving the status of women in the
society, is thus “smart economics.” There is a growing
evidence to show that women’s economic activity has a
greater impact in better bargaining power in the home”
(NISR, 2012).
Women are still much more likely than men to be poor and
illiterate despite many international agreements affirming
their human rights. They usually have less access than
men to medical care, property ownership, credit, training
and employment (UNFPA, 2012).
In many countries, gender inequality persists and women
continue to face discrimination in access to education,
work and economic assets, and participation in
government. For example, in every developing region,
women tend to hold less secure jobs than men, with fewer
social benefits (UN, 2012).
The largest number of the world’s poor is women,
regardless the fact that women are to a great extent
involved in food production and economically more active
than men in the families (COOPAFRICA, 2010). The
researches have shown that two third of World's work is
done by women but they only earn 10% of World's income
(IPAR, 2013).

World J Sociol. Anthropol. 027
Cultural beliefs embedded in Rwandan society as
elsewhere still discourage women from taking big risks in
setting businesses and other career and their lack of
confidence resulting in poor negotiation skill to use in their
cooperatives and associations to negotiate for credit
facilities.
A woman going out to work far from her house is often read
by neighbours as meaning the man is unable to provide for
his family, making men reluctant and thus limiting women’s
engagement in paid work through violence or the threat of
violence. When women do engage in paid work, it can
improve their voice in the home and ability to influence
household decision-making. It can lead also to conflict in
the home, especially when women earn more than men,
or women’s employment coincides with men’s under or
unemployment. So women continue to suffer limited
mobility and, in some cultures, women are not able to
leave the home if not accompanied by a man, effectively
not allowed to be engaged in paid employment. Even when
women are allowed to leave, they may face verbal, sexual
and physical abuse from unknown males for being in the
street and face gossip and feel ashamed within their own
communities (Bradshaw et al, 2013).
However, women are moving out of agriculture sector at
slower rate than men and this means that women are more
likely to live in poverty than men as shown by the Institute
of Policy Analysis and Research (IPAR) Rwanda. Women
are also more likely than men to work as dependent family
workers which mean they don’t have their own income, so
they don’t have power in decision making over the
household resources. Sufficient data about women
empowerment are not available at district level. This study
will find out the contribution of women empowerment to the
socio-economic development of the community in
Musanze District, Northern Province of Rwanda.
METHODOLOGY
The Republic of Rwanda is divided into Provinces,
Districts, Sectors and Cells. The District is the basic
political-administrative unit of the country. Under 2005
reform, the country is divided into four Provinces and the
City of Kigali which are also further divided into 30 districts.
Moreover, the districts are further divided into 416 Sectors.
Additionally, the sectors are further divided into 2,148 cells
and lastly, these cells are divided into 14,837 villages
(MINALOC, 2011).
The study took place in Muhoza Sector, Musanze District
in Rwanda. The District of Musanze is one of the 5 Districts
that compose the Northern Province. It is boarded by
Uganda and Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC)
through Virunga National Park (VNP) in North, Gakenke
District in South, Burera District in East and Nyabihu
District located in Western Province (Figure 1).
The gross surface of Musanze district is 530. 4 km2 and is
divided into 15 sectors, 68 Cells and 432 villages. It counts
314,242 inhabitants distributed in 70,830 households with
Gross Density of 593 h/km2.
Out of 43 cooperatives found in Muhoza sector,
Duhaguruke/Kora cooperative has attracted the interest of
our study. This cooperative encompasses 323 members
engaged in income generation activities such as
woodwork, shoes repairing, vehicles repairing,
motorcycles repairing, transportation and welding. The
study area was selected based on different criteria such as
accessibility to high rate of income generating activities,
long experience in income generation activities, and higher
number of members and availability of women as
cooperative members.
Figure 1: Musanze District location
Source: www.musanze.gov.rw

The total number of all members of this cooperative was
regarded as the population size of the study, from where
the sample was taken. According to Connor (2011), if the
population of interest is small, the sample size should fall
between 10-30% of the population. Thus we selected 25%
of 323 cooperative members which is 81 members by
simple random sampling. In addition, 12 administrative
leaders were purposely chosen.
The questionnaire, group discussions and the interviews
were used to collect primary data. Focus groups
discussions of 10 people were organized in order to gather
information on open-ended questions. Data were analyzed
using Excel software for graphs and presented in tables for
better interpretation.
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
In the following sections, we discuss the results of the
survey conducted in Musanze district of Rwanda.
Socio-economic Characteristics of the Respondents
As discussed above, we collected basic information of the
respondents, both cooperative members and
administrative personnel. The results are shown in Table
1.
Table 1: Socio-economic characteristics of respondents
Respondents Administrative
leaders
Cooperative
members
Number Percentage Number Percentage
Sex
Male 5 42 65 80
Female 7 58 16 20
Total 12 100 81 100
Age
20 years and
below
0 0 0 0
21-30 4 33 35 43
31-40 5 42 31 38
Above 40
years
3 25 15 19
Total 12 100 81 100
Education background
None 0 0 1 1
Primary 0 0 23 28
Secondary 3 25 32 40
Technical
college
0 0 25 31
University 9 75 0 0
Total 12 100 81 100
The majority of respondents were female among
administrative leaders while male among cooperative
members as shown in table 1. It shows that 58% of
administrative leaders were female and 42% were male
while among cooperative members 80% were male and
20% only were female. All females who are working as
cooperative members were selected for the study and this
was a critical characteristic of women empowerment in the
community. The low number of females in the membership
is due to their ignorance and lack of self-confidence as
revealed by respondents.
Regarding to the age, the majority of respondents were in
the age of 21-30 years among cooperative members
(43%), followed by the age group of 31-40 years which is
represented by 38%. Among administrative leaders, the
majority of respondents were between 31-40 years (42%)
followed by 21-30 years group which is represented by
33%. This characteristic shows the range of people who
work in the income generation activities, most
concentrated in 21-40 years. This was important as all
respondents were in mature age which helped to provide
correct responses about the contribution of women
empowerment to the socio-economic development of the
community.
The table also shows that 75% of leaders had completed
university level education while 25% had completed
secondary school level. The majority of cooperative
members (40%) had completed the secondary school
while 31% of them had completed technical college while
28% had completed the primary school. This shows that
all respondents were able to read the questionnaire and
give the right answer to the questions with accurate
judgement.
Role of Women Empowerment in the Socio-economic
Development
This section is divided into sub-sections also as to
encompass the role of women empowerment in the socio-
economic development of the community under different
categories. Table 2 is therefore divided as under:
The Nature of Economic Activities undertaken by
women
Table 2(a) shows important activities in which women were
engaged after getting financial assistance.
The findings revealed that economic activities empower
women in the community. Once empowered, they
contribute to the socio economic development of the
community by influencing the education of their children
and have jobs and employment as confirmed by 37% and
24% of results from respondents respectively. 19% of the
results show that empowered women contribute to the
socio-economic development of the community by doing
businesses and pay taxes as well as health insurance
premium for their family members as confirmed by 12% of
respondents while 6% show that they contribute by
participating in decision making at local level. Few
respondents (2% only) confirmed the contribution of

empowered women's domestic work to the socio-
economic development of the community. More women
are empowered and engaged in paid works, and so they
contribute less to domestic work as sometimes they are
working far from their homes. Doepke and Tertilt (2011
p.1) said that when transfer payments are given to women
rather than to their husbands, expenditures on children go
up disproportionately. To the extent that higher spending
on children promotes human-capital accumulation, this
suggests that empowering women may ultimately lead to
faster economic growth.
Table 2 (a): Economic activities that empower women in the
community
Activities for women empowerment Frequency Percentage
Business and payment of taxes 15 19
Influence education of children 30 37
Paying health insurance 10 12
Participation in local decision making 5 6
Jobs and employment 19 24
Domestic work 2 2
Total 81 100
Contribution of women towards family income
The working women have contributed significantly towards
family income. This is shown in Table 2(b)
Table 2 (b): Empowered women contribute much to the
family income
Contribution to the family income Frequency Percentage
Strongly agree 51 63
Agree 28 35
Disagree 2 2
Total 81 100
Empowered women contribute much to the family income
as strongly agreed by 63% of respondents and simply
agreed by 35% of them. This reflects the increase of well-
being of people in the family and their standard of living
and in turn shows the contribution of women
empowerment to the socio-economic development of the
community. Women developments Schemes/Programs/
Projects can affect positively the area if women are
included as an active change agent and must be significant
actors of change (Malhotra et al., 2002)
Role of empowered women and their influence on
family welfare
Empowered women influence family welfare as it was
agreed by all respondents; 75% of them strongly agreed
while 25% simply agreed. This indicates how empowered
women provide the minimum of well-being to the family
such as basic needs, education of children and health
insurance, which has a positive impact on the community
development. This is in line with the popular saying that
when women are empowered the whole society benefits
(THP,2012). This is shown in Table 2(c).
Table 2 (c): Empowered women influence family welfare
Influence on family welfare Frequency Percentage
Agree 20 25
Disagree 0 0
Total 81 100
Role of women in decision making within household
Table 2 (d): Empowered women contribute to decision
making within household
Decision making within household Frequency Percentage
Agree 64 79
Disagree 1 1
Strongly disagree 1 1
Total 81 100
It was agreed by most of the respondents that empowered
women contribute to decision making within the household
(19% and 79% of them have strongly agreed and simply
agreed respectively) while 1% have simply and strongly
disagreed to the statement. This shows the self-
confidence and freedom of speech for the empowered
women so that they have the ability to influence the
direction of social change in their community (Duflo, 2012).
Table 2 (d) shows the factual position.
Role of Empowered women in determining family size
Table 2 (e) shows the role of women in determining size of
the family.
The majority of the respondents agreed that empowered
women influence the family size positively; the statement
was strongly agreed by 37% and simply agreed by 57% of
them while 6% simply disagreed. This finding shows the
effect of women empowerment towards family size which
reflects the opportunity to pursue other activities, such as
schooling or employment that benefit the community. Duflo
(2012) argued that empowered women have a bargaining
power on household decision and care much about
children’s human capital. For instance, it has been shown
that women’s economic dependency on men reduces their
ability to exercise safer sex options to protect themselves
against unwanted pregnancies and HIV infection (Weiss et
al., 2000).

Table 2 (e): Empowered women influence much to the family
size
Influence on the family size Frequency Percentage
Agree 46 57
Disagree 5 6
Total 81 100
Role of Financial assistance in Women Empowerment
Table 2 (f): Women empowerment among community
members
Whether women are empowered
in the community
Frequency Percentage
Agree 34 42
Disagree 77 58
Total 81 100
Most of the respondents (58%) had disagreed that women
are empowered in their communities while 42% agreed to
the statement. This is one of the challenges highlighted by
respondents due to culture, ignorance and other factors.
The picture is revealed by Table 2(f).
Challenges faced by Women in the community
(Members’ Perception)
Table 2 (g): Challenges to the effective women
empowerment given by cooperative members
Challenges Frequency Percentage
Culture 9 11
Domestic violence 9 11
High fertility rate 40 49
Work for food security 20 25
Poverty 2 3
Lack of confidence 1 1
Total 81 100
A question was asked about the challenges faced by
working women in the society. The response of the
cooperative members is shown in Table 2(g). The
important challenges as revealed by the respondents
include high fertility rate (as shown by 49%) followed by
women's work for food security or domestic work (as
shown by 25%). Other challenges include the cultural
factors and domestic violence (11%), poverty and lack of
confidence with 3% and 1% of the respondents
respectively. This indicates that high fertility, higher levels
of poverty, lower educational attainment, higher mortality
and lower urbanization etc. are related to poor
development outcomes. The level of education in a society
– of women in particular – is one of the most important
predictors for the number of children that families have
(Roser, 2014). When a woman produces many children,
she spends more time on caring about them instead of
being involved in economic activities. This challenge is
much connected to women's domestic work which is
underestimated or not always valued properly.
Solutions proposed to meet the Challenges (Members’
Opinion)
On the other hand, solutions to these challenges have also
been proposed by respondents. The popular solutions
include low fertility rate and gender equality (with 25% and
24% response rate respectively), followed by educating
women and their participation in different associations
(with 15% response) and proposal to report any domestic
violence (response by 14%). Self-confidence and learning
more have the lowest score (5% and 2%), as these
objectives should also be included both in education of
women. The data is shown in Table 2 (h) below.
Table 2 (h): Solutions for challenges to the effective women
empowerment proposed by cooperative members
Proposed solution Frequency Percentage
Education of women 12 15
Low fertility rate 20 25
Report and penalise violence 12 14
Participate in women' association 11 15
Gender equality 20 24
Self confidence 4 5
To learn more 2 2
Total 81 100
Challenges faced by Women in the community
(Administrator’s Perception)
The important challenges highlighted by administrative
leaders are shown in Table 2 (i). These included gender
inequality and high fertility rate (shown by 25% of the
respondents), followed by low education level (indicated
by 18%) and lack of self-confidence, cultural factors, less
ability in conflict management and irresponsibility of men
(indicated by 8% of the respondents).
In addition, other challenges revealed by administrative
leaders included many things. They focused a lot on the
irresponsibility of male members within the households. It
was informed that sometimes when women get loans from
banks or other micro-finance institutions and start working
for income generation activities, their husbands feel lucky
to have additional income in their homes and become
irresponsible. As a result, the women have to struggle hard
for their family welfare. This causes a problem of loan
mismanagement for women and therefore they fear to
apply for loans to avoid conflicts and dishonesty.

Table 2 (i): Challenges to the effective women empowerment
given by administrative leaders
Challenge Frequency Percentage
Culture 1 8
Lack of self confidence 1 8
Less ability in conflict management 1 8
Low education and professionalism 2 18
Irresponsibility of men 1 8
High fertility rate 3 25
Gender inequality 3 25
Total 12 100
Solutions proposed to meet the Challenges
(Administrators’ Opinion)
Table 2 (j): Solutions to effective women empowerment
proposed by administrative leaders
Solution Frequency Percentage
Legal marriage 1 8
Low fertility rate 4 33
Gender equality 4 33
Self confidence 2 18
Greater access to credits 1 8
Total 12 100
The important solutions proposed by administrative
leaders to deal with these challenges included lowering of
fertility rate and promoting gender equality (with 33%
response), followed by self-confidence (with 18%
response) that can be gained from expertise in different
skills, professionalism and working in cooperatives. Legal
marriages and greater access to credits are indicated as
effective solutions (as shown by 8% of results) for effective
women empowerment.
Secure access for women to productive resources such as
land, water and financial capital has a threefold
effect. When women build assets and achieve better
economic status, they develop higher self-esteem, they
are more mobile and become visible in their communities,
and their children are better fed and better educated.
Wider impacts can consequently include greater respect
for women’s rights, better ability of women to negotiate
sexual relations, reduction in fertility rate, and positive
changes in gender roles.
The picture is shown in Table 2 (j) above.
Visible changes in the community due to women
empowerment (Administrators’ Perception)
Table 2 (k): Changes in the community resulted from women
empowerment
Changes Frequency Percentage
Family welfare 3 25
Increase of family income 4 33
Women's confidence 5 42
Total 12 100
Table 2 (k) shows the changes that are visible in the
community as a result of women empowerment. As
highlighted by the administrative leaders, these include
women's confidence (shown by 42% of leaders), followed
by increase of family income (shown by 33% of
interviewees) and lastly the family welfare (represented by
25% of them). This shows that confidence raising influence
women to work hard and contribute to family income, to
their education and thus it can contribute to the well-being
of family.
CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS
Women empowerment is closely linked to the process of
development, from the household level to the national and
international level. Women not only need an access to the
productive resources, they also need to be able to use
these resources efficiently. They need to determine their
own fate and choices and pave the way towards the
achievement of their goals. This requires well-focused
training tailored to women needs, education, access to
markets and information, and production support services
such as extension of new technologies and programs.
Governmental programs and financial services should be
part of a package that includes capacity building, and must
be based on an understanding of women needs and
demands.
The researcher recommends:
• Promoting and strengthening of women education for
better awareness raising;
• Implementation of special programs that engage men
as partners in women empowerment programs towards
gender equality.
• Gender mainstreaming that contributes to the
transformation and research to clarify the issues on
women empowerment.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
The authors acknowledge with gratitude the authorities of
Muhoza sector and Cooperative members from
Duhaguruke Kora for their contribution and partnership to
this work.

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Accepted 3 March 2018
Citation: Gatesi JF, Mategeko B (2018). Contribution of
women empowerment towards the development in
Rwanda: Case of Duhaguruke Kora cooperative in
Muhoza Sector, Musanze District. World Journal of
Sociology and Anthropology 2(1): 025-032.
Copyright: © 2018 Gatesi and Mategeko. This is an open-
access article distributed under the terms of the Creative
Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted
use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium,
provided the original author and source are cited.

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