Gratification Theory Of Planned Behavior

Gratification Theory Of Planned Behavior
The selected theories and concepts for this research will be used in designing the questions and setting the measures for the questionnaire and the
interviews as well. In addition, the theories and behavioral models will be used in analyzing and better understand the data obtained and in setting up
the results of the research. The research will include the uses gratification theory as it will explore a media usage motivation in depth. It states that
people are actively seeking for different media tools that would help them satisfy their needs (Katz, Blumler & Gurevitch, 1974). This theory will
provide insights into the specific motivation of hook up and casual sex found on Tinder. Next to this, the use of media in general is highly prominent
in the lives of emerging adults; they spend more time on media than on any other activity (Coyne, Padilla–Walker &... Show more content on
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This concept will be used in attempts to understand how and why people practice a risky sexual behavior . People might go for casual sex or go for
unprotected sex if they think they can control the outcome of such a behavior by talking medications or following post un–protected sex procedures.
The Theory of Planned Behavior: The basic assumption of TPB is the fact that beliefs are the fundamental determinants of any behavior and therefore,
risk behavior can be changed by modifying the underlying beliefs. According to the TPB, attitudes, social norms and perceived behavioral control
influence intention that represents the proximal determinant of behavior (AJZEN – вЂЋ1991). This theory will serve as a guide to assess the beliefs,
attitudes and norms that would encourage people to practice a risky sexual behavior and accept the motive of casual sex and hook up on
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The Theory of Planned Behavior
The Theory of Reasoned Action (TRA)
TRA posits that individual behaviour is driven by behavioural intentions where behavioural intentions are a function of an individual's attitude toward
the behaviour and subjective norms surrounding the performance of the behaviour. Attitude toward the behaviour is defined as the individual's positive
or negative feelings about performing a behaviour. It is determined through an assessment of one's beliefs regarding the consequences arising from a
behaviour and an evaluation of the desirability of these consequences. Formally, overall attitude can be assessed as the sum of the individual
consequence x desirability assessments for all expected consequences of the behaviour. Subjective norm is defined ... Show more content on
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Subjective Norms (about the behaviour)
Subjective norms are a persons own estimate of the social pressure to perform the target behaviour. Subjective norms are assumed to have two
components which work in interaction: beliefs about how other people, who may be in some way important to the person, would like them to behave
(normative beliefs). Perceived behavioural control
Perceived behavioural control is the extent to which a person feels able to enact the behaviour. It has two aspects: how much a person has control over
the behavior and how confident a person feels about being able to perform or not perform the behaviour. It is determined by control beliefs about the
power of both situational and internal factors to inhibit or facilitate the performing of the behaviour.
Direct measures and indirect (belief–based) measures
With the exception of behaviour, the variables in the TPB model are psychological (internal) constructs. Each predictor variable may be measured
directly e.g. by asking respondents about specific behavioural beliefs and outcome evaluations.
Direct and indirect measurement approaches make different assumptions about the underlying cognitive structures and neither approach is perfect.
When different methods are tapping the same construct, scores are expected to be positively correlated, so it is recommended that both be included in
TPB

Theory Of Planned Behavior Theory Paper
Another relevant theory in this area is the "theory of planned behavior" (TPB), developed by Ajzen and Fishbein (1980). TPB states that intention is the
proximal determinant of behavior and is determined by three constructs: attitude (viewed as a positive or negative evaluation towards performing a
behavior); subjective norm (which is the perception of the beliefs of important others); perceived behavioral control (which describes one's perception
of the amount of control they have in performing the behavior) (France, France, & Himawan, 2007; Giles, McClenahan, Cairns, & Mallet, 2004). It is
of note that while perceived behavioral control has often been equated with Bandura's concept of self–efficacy many have argued that the constructs are
not equal, since self–efficacy is more concerned with cognitive perceptions of control based on internal control factors (Ajzen, 1991; Armitage &
Conner, 2001; Giles & Cairns, 1995). ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The TPB has been widely applied to the blood donation context to understand return behavior and previous research shows that approximately 31% to
72% of the variance in intention and between 54–56% of the variance in blood donation behavior can be predicted by attitude, subjective norms,
perceived behavioral control, and/or self–efficacy (Ferguson, France, Abraham, Ditto, & Sheeran, 2007; France, France, & Himawan, 2007; France et
al., 2014; Masser et al., 2008; Veldhuizen, Ferguson, de Kort, Donders, & Atsma,

Planned Behavior Theory Paper
The intention is viewed, to be a person's readiness to perform a given behavior, and it is considered to be the immediate antecedent of behavior
(Macovei, 2015). The theory, therefore, implies that people attitudes and subjective norm are the variables that influence behavioral intention; the
behavior is carried out based on intention (Southey, 2011).
(iii) Theory of Planned Behavior
Another supportive theory used in this study is the theory of planned behavior. It is a theory that attempts to establish a relationship between different
factors such as beliefs, attitudes, norms, behavioral control, intentions, and behavior (Sondari, 2014). According to Ajzen (2005), the theory of planned
behavior was originally based on the theory of reasoned action. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Meanwhile, behavioral intention is an indication of readiness to carry out the behavior of the individual. Such action according to their study is
premised on the attitude towards the behavior, subjective norm and perceived behavioral control while, the actual behavior is determined by the
interaction of attitudes, perception of control subjective norms and actual control (Sondari, 2014).
The Theory of Planned behavior includes three components that predict behavioral intentions:
(i)Personal attitude towards the outcome of behavior: the degree to which a person has a favorable or an unfavorable evaluation of behavior.
(ii)Perceived social norm (subjective norms), or pressure to perform the behavior.
(iii)Perceived behavioral control–the perception of ease or difficulty of performing certain behaviors.
Ayob, et al. (2013); Fayolle and Gailly (2006) opined that the measures of perceived behavioral control need to contain self–efficacy (ease or difficulty
of performing the behavior) and controllability (the extent to which performance is up to the

Theory Of Planned Behavior Essay
The main objective of the paper is to examine Azjen's theory of planned behavior based on past research that examined what influences one's intention
to do things based on their beliefs, attitudes, subjective norms and perceived behavioral control. In a prospective British study conducted by Higgins
and Conner in 2001, they researched the ability of the Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB) to predict smoking intentions and behavior in adolescents. A
total of 162 Subjects (11–12 years old) were randomly selected from different schools across the region out of the 347 initially recruited. The research
was done over a period of 8 weeks and students were asked to complete a self–reported questionnaire at the beginning and the end of the study period.
Their respective schools verified information provided by the student. The TPB questionnaires assessed behavioral intentions, attitudes, subjective
norms and perceived behavioral control. The study suggested that intentions resulted in a small reduction in smoking and intent to smoke for the study
group compared to the control group. Nevertheless, intentions increased... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
in 2008, they studied the ability of the TPB to predict the intent to quit smoking. Study participants included 103 smoking students (average age of
24.6years with an 8 years smoking experience). Participants were asked to fill out a TPB questionnaire at the beginning and were contacted after 4
months to fill out a follow up questionnaire. The questions consisted of intention to quit, attitudes towards quitting, subjective norms and perceived
behavioral control. The result suggested that quitting behavior are linked with intentions as the people with stronger intentions to quit made more
plans to quit smoking. Therefore, even though TPB is important in motivating smokers to quit, attitude and norms are more important in motivating
them and also stopping other addictive

The Theory Of Planned Behavior
The Theory of planned behavior: The self–efficacy is defined boarder. self–efficacy is about how well the person can control external resources such as
money, time, or internal factors such as willpower. According to Girardelli and Patel (2016), the behaviors are not only on account of self–efficacy, but
also depended on attitudes and social norms. To illustrate, attitudes are whether consider the consequences of the behaviors are favorable or
unfavorable, and whether the feelings of performing these behaviors are positive, neutral, or negative. Social norms are whether people around the
participants accept behaviors or not. People will observe whether their significant others, such as peer and parents, do it or not. First of all,... Show more
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Furthermore, they not only ask participants whether can do but also the level of certainty. For instance, the participants not only answer whether they
believe they can remember the context, but also answer how much they are confident about them believes. According to Zimmerman (2001), Bandura
firstly pointed out that the influences of self–efficacy on academic performance is measured by the level of difficulties of the task, the generality of the
task, and the strength of believe to perform. To illustrate, Bandura records the types of tasks and the level of difficulties together with the strength of
self–efficacy will be influenced the difficulty of the tasks. In other words, the perceived self–efficacy only make sense when the task and the difficult
level are provided. Furthermore, according to Zimmerman (2001), the generality of the tasks is very low because the self–efficacy is very sensitive to
environmental influences. That is, when self–efficacy aims at a specific task, it does not fit other tasks. As for measurement of strength can be more
detailed, according to Khan (2013), the researchers use self–efficacy scales to measure the strength of self–efficacy. For example, participants are
required to rank from 1 to 7 whether they believe they can perform certain academic tasks, such as time management. Whether the participants'
self–efficacy is high or low depends on the comparison with the mean.

Medication adherence is the concept of complying with a prescribed medication without deviation. Working on an inpatient floor with chronically ill
children who take multiple medications on a daily basis is very challenging. Access to resources, education on medications, motivation to comply with
medication regimens, and the capability of patients and families to obtain the prescribed medications are all factors that can affect adherence. Justice
and beneficence are two other factors that can play a role in medication adherence. The focus of this paper will be on medication adherence in chronic
patient populations. The Theory of Planned Behavior will be used as the basis of the framework for this paper.
Literature Review
It was very difficult to find a theory that directly relates to the concept of adherence. While researching, many articles on adherence showed a direct
relation between the Theory of Planned Behavior and adherence. For this reason, the Theory of Planned Behavior will be used as the theory that most
directly relates to the concept of adherence. "The theory of planned behavior has been successfully applied to predict adherence behaviors in a variety
of health contexts such as sustained efforts to maintain or reduce blood pressure, engaging in exercise based rehab for dizziness, adherence to malaria
prophylactics, and adherence to asthma treatments." (Manning & Bettencourt, 2011, p. 1174). The theory of planned behavior has also been used to
assess

Theory Of Planned Behavior (TPB)
Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB)
The theory of Planned Behavior built further on the theory of Reasoned Action by Martin Fishben and Icek Ajzen in 1985. The theory of Reasoned
Action needed to be developing because it did not account specific behaviors, which people has little control or no control over it. Thereon, Ajzen
(1998) added the perceived control notion, which is similar to the self–efficacy concept of Social Cognitive Theory of Bandura (1977). Now, this
theory takes to account for factors outside of a person's full control by perceived behavioral control. Theory of Planned Behavior proves useful for
detailing the psychological processes underlying a wide range of health behavior (Conner and Sparks, 1996; Godin and Kok, 1996). In ... Show more
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Intention is influenced by attention, subjective norms and perceived behavioral control (Ajzen, 2006). Most of the studies have found attitudes to be
more important than subjective norms in predicting intentions, confirming the weak support for the role of subjective norms as compared to attitudes
in predicting intentions (Ajzen, 1991). Attitude is defined as a cognitive process influenced by personal experiences and is expressed by either
behavioral or emotional responses (Fishbein & Ajzen, 2010). The stronger the attitude is toward quitting the better the predictor of one's intention to quit
smoking (Fazio, 2001). According to TPB, the attitude relates both positive and negative beliefs about the behavior. To addressing the importance of
attitude, this leaflet aims to developed positive belief on individuals that they are capable to quit smoking. Researches put evidence that 'quitting to
smoke' improves quality of life in many ways: psychologically and physically. That is why this leaflet draws attention on beneficial outcomes of
quitting to smoke and emphasize positive effects of it on our life by targeted attitude with messages, such as "Stop smoking! Make a positive difference
to your health", "teeth whiten, breath smells fresher, fertility increase and financial improves" and some long–term benefits highlighted as well for
example: "There lots of benefits of giving up! After 72 hours: Breathing becomes easier. Energy levels increase. After 2–12 weeks: Circulation
improves..." On the other hand, the leaflet targeted negative side of smoking as well. To pointed out the undesirable effects, messages include how
smoking affect on individuals health for example: "For a smoker, most of the diseases occur after the age of 50 and these smoking related illnesses
can be long–term and fatal", "About 120,000 people in the UK die each year because of the smoking". Furthermore in an adult

The Theories Of Reasoned Action ( Tra ) And Of Planned...
The theories of reasoned action (TRA) and of planned behavior (TPB) were developed by Icek Ajzen and Martin Fishbein in 1967 and 1988,
respectively (Madden, 1992, 3–4). TPB is a revision of TRA that was made after Ajzen and Fishbein identified and addressed gaps in the TRA model.
TRA is designed to predict voluntary behavior but when Ajzen and Fishbein accounted for the fact that not all behavior was completely voluntary or
under the actors' control, they modified TRA into TPB, which accounts for deliberate, planned behavior: the decisions make when people have time to
make informed choices (Madden, 1992, 4).
Both theories work under the assumption that behavior can be predicted by one's intention. TRA claims that intention is determined by attitude and
subjective norms. TPB differs in that it also accounts for the factor of perceived control in determining intention.
Attitude is defined as the evaluation of ideas, events, people, or objects. It is influenced by behavioral beliefs about the consequences of preforming an
action and outcome evaluation of the consequence of the action (i.e. how much one value's the result of the action in question) (Connor, 1988, p. 1431).
Subjective norms refers to others' approval or disapproval of a given behavior; in other words, the degree to which an actor feels pressure from
significant others to preform (or not preform) a certain behavior. Subjective norms can be predicted by normative beliefs – the perception of beliefs of

Theory Of Planned Behavior
The HBM has also inspired a range of successful behavior change interventions (Jones et al, 1987).The common–sense operationalization that HBM
uses including key beliefs related to decisions about health behaviors is taken as a strength. The psychological readiness to take specific action and
the extent to which a particular course of action is believed to be beneficial in reducing the threat are the two important variables of HBM.
(Rosenstock, 1966)
Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB)
The Theory of Planned Behavior developed by social psychologists and has been broadly applied to understanding health behaviors (Ajzen, 1991,
Conner and Sparks, 2005). It specifically addresses the factors that determine that individual's decision to perform a particular behavior. TPB ... Show
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The individual theories are grouped by shared assumptions, techniques and different strategies of research, but keep their different aspects of views on
the role that cognitions play in behavior change. Cognitive behavioral reflects the importance of both behavioral and cognitive approaches to
understand and/or help human beings.
In general Cognitive behavioral interventions target both cognitive and behavioral problems using a comprehensive integration of cognitive and
behavioral strategies. Cognitive behavioral theories provide great opportunity in treatment targets and interventions, sharing a fundamental emphasis on
the importance of cognitive performs and private events as mediators of behavior change. Behavioral assessment might provide an understanding in the
functional relationships between thoughts, behaviors, and feelings and all the necessary information for health care providers and researchers to
implement and evaluate different interventions of health education and

Motivations for Young People to Engage in the MLM-Business...
Modeling Nature Motivations for young people to engage in the MLM–business Vemma Nowadays, having a bachelor's or even a master's degree does
not have any guarantee for future employment (Fevre, 2007). Furthermore, the rates of job dissatisfaction are extremely high (Fevre, 2007).People
are not satisfied with the type of work they do, neither with the people whom they work with or their working hours (Fevre, 2007). During this time
of high rates of job dissatisfaction and low employment, the concept of ' running your own business' or 'being your own boss' may sound attractive
for many. Due to the rise of social media and interconnection between individuals, especially in the past 10 years, network marketing seems like a
great opportunity for people who are not satisfied with the job they currently practice. A special case that has attracted my attention in the past months
is Vemma, an online business where the basic idea is that you purchase the specific product, promote it to others, make sure others buy it through you
and get paid as a reward. Although it is accused by many of being just another corrupt pyramid scheme, around me I observe quite a high number of
young, motivated people joining Vemma and claiming they make money with it. The main question of this report becomes: what are the motivations
for young people to join the Vemma business? In this paper, I wish to link this phenomenon to Ajzen's Theory of Reasoned Action and Planned
Behaviour. Firstly, in order

Theory Of Planned Behavior
In the Public Field, we are constantly applying theories in order to better understand how the public works and to better assist the communities in
different aspects of health. According to Glanz, Rimer, and Viswanath (2008), theories in which focus on beliefs and actions of individuals are the first
theories of health behavior that are still being practiced around the world today. The individual theories either known as intrapersonal theories that are
still being used today are the following: Health Belief Model (HBM), Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB), Transtheoretical Model (TTM), and the
Precaution Adoption Process Model (PAPM) (Glanz, Rimer, & Viswanath, 2008). Each one of these individual theories can be applied to different
scenarios ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Although many programs apply these theories, there can be advantages and disadvantages of integrating them into prevention programs. A
disadvantage in theories in which actions are required in a program is that policy or social context could be affected (Glanz, Rimer, & Viswanath,
2008). Mammography screening is an example of this. Policies may require that the women test at a certain age. One of the advantages of integrating
these theories into prevention programs is that these theories can be useful to find out why people are not following positive health behaviors (National
Institute of Health, n.d.). An example would be of a person who over eats due to his or her situation at home. Therefore, the program may want to
incorporate the Health Belief Model to change the way they think about that health behavior. The second advantage of applying a theory to a
prevention program is that theories allow us to understand targeted health behaviors (National Institute of Health, n.d.). In an addiction program, it
would be important to understand targeted health behaviors in order to know which form of intervention is going to be assessed in the

Alcohol Use Initiation Among Adolescents
Abstract
This literature review examines alcohol use initiation among adolescents through the constructs of Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB). The review
consists of 23 peer–reviewed sources. TPB was applicable to 18 sources, 4 did not fall within the constructs of TPB and 1 source was used solely to
understand the public health context of this behavior. Sources were located through PubMed, Academic Search Complete, PsycINFO and Scopus
databases. The following combination of search terms were used: "alcohol use initiation adolescent behavior" and "age of first drinking adolescent
influences." Findings from the literature were sorted and applied to constructs of the Theory of Planned Behavior. A chapter from the book Health
Behavior and Health Education: Theory, Research and Practice (MontaГ±o and Kasprzyk 2008) was also used in order to understand the TPB. TPB
consists of the following constructs: behavioral intention, evaluation of outcome, normative beliefs, motivation to comply, control beliefs and
perceived power (MontaГ±o and Kasprzyk 2008). Conclusions found the behavior of alcohol use initiation among adolescents can be applied to all
constructs of the model, but existing literature did not explore all constructs of TPB at an equal level of depth. Current literature lacks depth in the
constructs of behavioral intention, evaluation of outcome and control beliefs, while a wide variety of literature focuses on the constructs of normative
beliefs and motivation to comply.

Impact Of The Theory Of Planned Behavior
Individual Report
Impact Analysis & Improvements
Connor Butler
Student No. N9444041
Lecturer:
Date: 17th of April
Table of Contents
Product of Impact3
Who developed the Go Card3
What need/opportunity does it fill? Why was it built?4
How is it used and by whom?4
When is it used/situation used in?4
Theory of Planned Behavior5
What constructs of your chosen theory is useful to use in your analysis?5
Benefits of the Theory of Planned Behavior5
Why is the product used?6
Positives and Neatives6
How has the product been able to do what it does?7
Why has it become so successful?7
Opportunity to Improve8
Executive Summary
In this report we will cover the importance and use of Transliks Go Card service and how the system around it works to benefit its users. There are
some issues that arise with the Go Card such as technical error with tapping on and off that can lead to multiple mishaps. Which will be covered

throughout this report, as well as its benefits to commuters and those traveling constantly in general great or small distances using public transport.
Product of Impact Who developed the Go Card
The Go Card is an electronic smartcard ticketing system, similar to using your credit cards pay wave that allows you to top up at any post office or any
ticket station where you would catch a train. The Go Card was developed July, 2003 by Cubic Corporation and set in motion in July 2006 where it is
still used to 9 years later. To use the Go Card

Planned Behavior And Theory Of Reasoned Action
Measuring suicide has developed significantly in the last few decades. Cases are reported more accurately than ever before, yet it is still described as
one of the most complex public health concerns. There is no definite pathophysiological explanation of suicide yet, however other models and theories
help to interpret the phenomena of this form of self–injury (Chang, 2011). There tends to be a spectrum regarding positions on this behavior, what
society views as normal versus abnormal. Much research has been conducted using the Theory of Planned Behavior and Theory of Reasoned Action
(TRA/TPB). With these theories, the focus relies more on social behavior rather than a mental health issue or disorder (Armitage, 2004). Western
philosophers

The Theory Of Planned Behavior (TPB)
1.9.1 Theory of Planned Behaviour (TPB)
The TPB (Ajzen, 1985; 1991) was developed following an extension of the socio psychological Theory of Reasoned Action or TRA (Ajzen and
Fishbein, 1980; Fishbein and Ajzen, 1975) as a result of the original model's limitations in dealing with behaviours over which people have incomplete
volitional control. According to the theory, both attitude toward behaviour (Act) and subjective norms (SN) are immediate determinants of intention to
perform behaviour. The TPB further proposes that intention to perform behaviour is the immediate cause of such behaviour. It represents motivational
components, that is, the extent to which a person will exercise conscious effort in carrying out any intended behavioural actions. ... Show more content
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Fisbein & Ajzen, 1975). Specifically, it proposes that perceived behavioural control (PBC), in conjunction with attitude and subjective norms, is a direct
predictor of behavioural intention.
According to Ajzen (1985, 1991), behavioural intention is the cognitive representation of a person's readiness to perform a given behaviour, and it is
considered to be an immediate antecedent of actual behaviour. In the current context, intention is broadly described as the consumers' propensity to
adopt Internet technology in relation to online travel transactions within a B2C e–commerce consumer oriented market. It is focusing on one
dimensional behavioural intention, that is, propensity towards online purchase transactions of travel services
The following sub–section highlights relevant literatures pertaining to the identified constructs within

The Theory Of Planned Behaviour
Executive Summary
This report will endeavour to explain the theory of planned behaviour. The report will outline a detailed explanation of the theory highlighting all
aspects of the theory in some detail with examples. The report will delve into the applications of the theory of planned behaviour. The report will
highlight the necessary steps in obtaining information needed for the application of the theory. The theory will then be used to provide an explanation
of the behaviour. Strengths and weakness will be covered throughout the report, via the use of academic journals to assist with the explanations.
Limitations and advantages of the theory of planned behaviour will be covered as well as recommendations of how the theory can be improved.
What is the theory of planned behaviour?
'Attitudes, intentions and behavior have been combined in a comprehensive model of consumer choice called the theory of planned behavior.' (East,
Wright & Vanhuele 2013, p. 139)
The theory of planned behaviour has been used across many diverse fields; it has assisted researchers in explaining and predicting health behaviours
and intentions which include smoking and drinking and has been used in conjunction with internet use and buying environmentally friendly products.
The vital factor to this theory is behavioural intent; behavioural intentions are influenced by the attitude of the individual. The attitude is directed
towards the likelihood that the behaviour will have an

Either way, parents who are proactive in their children's food consumption can vastly improve overall health. Future research can expand on this
(Kitzmann et al., 2013) by conducting and measuring the benefits of longitudinal interventions, compared to short–term.
Next, the relationship between young children and parents can also affect weight gain in mothers and fathers. Hamilton & White (2011) implemented
the Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB) for the purpose of identifying key targets for interventions involving at–risk parental groups due to, their lack of
physical activity. TPB is a theory that links beliefs and behaviors and essentially is used to predict an individual 's intention to engage in a behavior at
a specific time and place.
Overall, TPB claims that intentions determine behaviors given that, intentions are determined by attitudes, subjective norms and perceived behavioral
control (Hamilton et al., 2013, p. 135). For this reason, previous studies (Symons, 2005) used TPB to elicit beliefs for exercise and physical activity
(PA) which, found benefits to be improve physical and psychological health whereas, pain and injury were a disadvantage (Hamilton et al., 2013, p.
135). With regards to this, parents demonstrated key beliefs involving their intention on (PA) interfering with other engagements, the parents reported
lack of time, inconvenience and lack of motivation, as significant predictors in (PA) behavior (Hamilton et al., 2013, p. 135). Altogether,

Theory Of Planned Behavior Analysis
Sex holds such great importance to the general populous, we are conditioned from youth to follow the moral and social norms of our societies and
a great part of this is our individual behaviours and acts of sound reasoning. We are conditioned to follow the laws and social rules, one of which is
to adhere to safe sexual practices for our own personal health and safety and that of our sexual partners, however, this may not always be the case,
due to some perceived social stigmas we may not always follow these social norms or to keep up with our peers we may choose to follow our peers
or the perceptions of others to make our choices. 'The theory of planned behaviour (TPB) is determined by an individual's behavourial intention and
perceived behavourial control (PBC). Intention is held to be the motivational... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
An individuals' intentions are measured by their PBC, their attitude and what is considered as the subjective norms. 'People intend to behave in
behaviours that they evaluate positively (attitude), where they perceive social pressure to take part in a specific act (subjective norm) and believe
it is achievable (PBC)' (Armitage and Talibudeen, 2010 p.156). The fear of being excluded from a social circle or being identified as someone who
does not comply with the social norms is a powerful motivator for many individuals. In particular for young people, the stigma of using condoms and
other forms of birth control and being seen to be 'cool' amongst your peer group has lead to numerous studies about how this behaviour can be

What Are The Advantages And Disadvantages Of Driverless Cars
1.Consumer Behavior Models
Consumer behavior eventually leads to the decision or choice between alternatives. In most cases it is a decision whether to purchase, consume or use
a service. The process of this decision making is rather complex and it is influenced by, other than the price factor, thepsychology of the consumers,
their socio–cultural environment & the past experiences. The consumer decision making can be modelled as a system operating with an Input or
stimuli, the actual decision making Process which then results in a reaction or Output (Schiffman. L.G, Kanuk. L)
Inputs
Typical external influences for instance, marketing attempts, price or socio cultural factors like family, social class, culture etc., form the inputs to the
decision making process. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Several manufactures like Tesla, Mercedes etc., have already demonstrated their autonomous driving technology and many other companies aim to roll
out vehicles with driverless capabilities by 2020. While it's still pretty early to forecast how autonomous vehicles will impact the lives of humans,
there are some clear advantages and disadvantages of driver less cars.
According to the NHTSA (2013), driverless cars are defined as:
"Those in which operation of the vehicle occurs without direct driver input to control the steering, acceleration, and braking and are designed so that
the driver is not expected to constantly monitor the roadway while operating in self–driving mode".
One direct inference from the definition is a significant freeing of time and efforts for the driver which could be potentially used for other value
added activities. Indirect inference would be also a better utilization of the civil infrastructure as a result of the advanced technology. While an obvious
disadvantage would be the cost of ownership, legal issues & insurance in case of accidents. 6.1 Potential Advantages 6.1.1 Safe

Theory Of Planned Behavior Analysis
Behavioral beliefs are beliefs that implementing of a certain behavior will lead to outcomes of a positive or negative attitude. Normative beliefs
refer to perception of individual cognitive behavioral on normative social pressure that one should or should not do such behavior. Control beliefs are
beliefs of each individual about the presence of factors that may lead to performance of the behavior favorably or unfavorably (Ajzen & Fishbein ,
2010). So, applying The Theory of Planned Behavior on smoking is also conducted in turn to predict the attitude, social norms of personal and
cognitive control of behavior affecting their intent to performing acts. The 1) attitude of smokers is the confidence of each individual towards the goal
is to give

Organizational Innovation From Different Leaderships'style
Innovation is to create new ideas or add new information to original projects in order to improve the function and services of an institution. Innovation
also refers to remodeling a product, simplifying processes and applying different strategies of management. Literally, innovation is the "change that
leverages and functions better than before" (Tien, Chao 2012). Innovation types are product or services, production process, organizational, personnel,
technical and management innovation. All type of innovations includes technical innovation and management innovation Tien, Chao 2012). In this
case, organizational innovation from different leaderships' style will be discussed.
Leadership refers to the interactive process that guides a group ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Considerably compassion and system factors of a leadership style involve recognizing working values, attitudes, dedication and organizational
commitment. Accordingly, there are four dimensions of leadership style; they are: high consideration and high system, this type of leader concerns
about achieving organizational goals and the subordinates ' needs. Positively this leadership style benefits both the organization as well as
employees. The leader has qualities that influence the organization success. Secondly, low consideration and high system declares that leaders care
about the achievement of performance, but he/she does not consider the subordinates ' feelings; this leadership style is not healthy for employees. A
good leader has to be supportive, patience, flexible, empathic and so on. Employees' feelings influence their performance. Therefore, listening skills
is an essential tool that a leader has to use as needed it. Third, high consideration and low system refers to a leader's role and employees' participation
in decision making. This is a great leadership style where a leader applies his/her natural instincts by allowing employees to participate in decision
making. As a result employees feel that their work is worthy; thus, they get more engage on the job (Tien, Chao 2012).
In the same order low compassionate and low system explains that a leader does not

Diffusion Theory: The Theory Of Planned Behavior
According to this theory, it implies that individual's behaviors are within a person's control and their actual behavior is foreseen by their behavioral
intention. Further, theory shows that two factors of attitude towards the behavior and beliefs which are related to other people's assistance of behavior
determine the individual intention. However, theory does not give any evidence related to people's culture and trust how affects the user behavior.
2.5.2Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB)
The Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB) is a theory about the link between beliefs and behavior. In 1985, the concept of TPB was proposed by Icek
Ajzen to improve the predictive power of the theory of reasoned action by including perceived behavioral controls ... Show more content on
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On the other hand, diffusion is a type of communication to disseminate a new idea as innovation. An innovation defines as an idea, practice or object
that think as a new by the people or other unit of adoption. People of a society determine the adoption rate considering the characteristics of an
innovation. By considering these, Diffusion of Innovation Theory (DOI) was developed by Everett Rogers in 1995. This theory is about the study of
communicating a new idea to individuals or organizations. It can be defined as the study of how, why, and at what rate the new idea (the innovation)
diffuses and its adoption takes place. According to the theory stages of decision innovation process and adoption are illustrated by the following Figure

Planned Behavior Theory
The Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB) is constituted of the three constructs namely Attitude, subjective norms and perceived behavioral control and
this theory has been used widely in many domains to understand the social problems (A Conceptual Framework of Extending the Theory of Planned
Behavior : The Role of Service Quality and Trust in the Consumer Cooperatives). The areas where TPB applies are wide ranging like online privacy
protection, consumer relations, health sector, to name a few (Predicting Facebook users' online privacy protection: Risk, Trust, Norm focus theory, and
the theory of planned behavior). TPB originated from Theory of Reasoned Action (TRA). But TRA held some limitations like it emphasized on
behavioral intentions rather than on attitude. Therefore, a new theory TPB emerged and a new constituent was added to it "Perceived Behavioral
Control" (Technology Acceptance Model : A Literature Review). Technology Acceptance Model (TAM) was introduced from the derivations of TRA
and TPB. It reflects the behavior of people in accepting or rejecting any technological model. In TAM, subjective norms were removed and ... Show
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In this research, attitude, PBC and intention played important roles, but not subjective norms. Rather, a new element called "level of technological
awareness" was added (Applying the Theory of Planned Behavior). The research conducted in IT field utilizes TPB to understand the relationship
between the factors that lead to unethical use of IT. (The Behavioral Roots of Information Systems Security: Exploring Key Factors Related to
Unethical IT use). The theoretical model suggested by TPB has been used in the research to assess employees' acceptance of the information security
system (Future Research – Utilizing The Technology Acceptance Model to Assess the Employee Adoption of Information Systems Security

Compare And Contrast The Theory Of Planned Behavior
Across both the Theory of Reasoned Action (TRA) and its descendant the Theory of Planned Behavior, people are portrayed to behave in ways that
they intended to (thus said to have planned doing as such), with their intentions dependent on how favorably they view the behavior based on what
outcomes it would bring (attitudes), how people they consult with would act in the same situation (norms), and how much they believe in their ability
to act (behavioral control). The causal path is then clear: People possess beliefs about their actions and act on their intentions if they find that acting
out their beliefs would be worth it (both because it would bring desired outcomes, and because they intend to do so).
Taking into hindsight the theories we ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
While other cognition– and motivation–based theories have fallen short due to their discounting of the limits of human cognitive processing, TPB is
able to withstand this by invoking implicit attitudes and intentions and clarifying the subjective nature of beliefs. That is, the theory recognizes that we
do not go through the laborious process of checking our beliefs and intentions each time we engage in behavior. By encountering the regularity of
routine in our daily lives, our intentions become implicit and ingrained in our life schedules that the cognitive process of inferring what we wish to do
becomes automatic. In the same way, we arrive at our beliefs based on what information is readily available to us as organized through what processes
are most efficient or salient at a given time. Our intentions are then sometimes informed by irrational and unrealistic states of thinking. Working within
the same framework as other theories, TPB comes somehow on top through its recognition of the biased and miserly nature of human cognition: It does
not weaken in the pitfalls of optimistically assuming an objective rational agent, and instead recognizing a person who may heuristically process
information that lead to subjectively irrational beliefs that inform behavior nevertheless. In addition, it incorporates the well–established notion of

Planned Behavior And Cognitive Dissonance Theory
Using the Theory of Planned Behavior, Cognitive Dissonance Theory, and Self–Perception Theory as my references if a person has a damaging attitude
concerning a certain person or group of people the possible consequences of their actions toward that person or group of people can alter the way they
identify the concepts by developing the character of one of them. The theory of planned behavior put together numerous issues to offer improved
calculation. "According to this theory, if we want to predict both intent to behave and actual behavior, we need to know three things: (1) attitude
toward that specific behavior, (2) subjective norms related to that behavior, and (3) perceived behavioral control (Ajzen, 1991)" (Feenstra, 2013). The
cognitive dissonance theory describes how our attitudes alter and has dissimilar indicators through beliefs. The self–perception ... Show more content on
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Explicit attitudes are attitudes that are at the sensible level, are consciously made and are informal to nature description. On the other hand, implicit
attitudes are attitudes that are at the insensible level, are unwillingly made and are naturally unfamiliar to us. An explicit label is one that you
intentionally consider and account. An implicit label is one that happens external of sensible consciousness and control. I completed the Gay – Straight
IAT attitude test. My results data suggest a strong automatic preference for Straight People compared to Gay People. It was determined that most
respondents find it easier to associate Gay people with Bad and Straight people with Good compared to the reverse. I really don't feel this way
about Gay people; my true feelings are that we are created equal. I cannot judge another person based on my upbringings and beliefs. I feel that I
should not judge a person based on their sexual preference, race, age, or beliefs but who that person really is. "Everyone have the freedom to do as they

The Theory Of Reasoned Action
Following this, (2) The Theory of Reasoned Action (TRA) was developed by both Martin Fishbein and Icek Ajzen, and it is one of the three classic
persuasion models of psychology, and is also used in communication discourse as a theory of understanding persuasive messages. It explains the
relationship between attitudes and behaviors with human action. This theory is also used to predict how people will behave based on his/hers
pre–existing attitudes and behavioral intentions. The decision to engage in a particular behavior is based on the outcomes the individual expects will
come as a result of performing the behavior. Behavioral intent is allegedly created or caused by two main factors, which include our attitudes and our
subjective norms. Some key constructs for this theory include; attitude toward the behavior (outcome expectations and value of outcome expectations),
subjective norms (beliefs of others, and desire to comply with others). Last, we have the (3) Theory of Planned Behavior. The Theory of Planned
Behavior, also known as (TPB), is a concept proposed by Icek Ajzen that link beliefs and behavior. It was added to the Theory of Reasoned action to
address the inadequacies of the existing model. It is one of the most influential and popular conceptual frameworks for the study of human actions. This
theory proposes a model, which can measure how human actions are guided and details the determinants of an individual's decision to enact a
particular behavior. Attitudes,

Transtheoretical Model And Theory Of Planned Behavior
1.HEALTH BEHAVIOR INTRODUCTION
According to the Department of Health and Human Services (2015) (HHS), physical activity generally refers to any body movement that improves
one's health by working their muscles. Physical activity can range from walking to running to doing yoga. However, the lack of physical activity is
becoming an increasingly prevalent health problem in the world today, particularly women in developing countries. Regular physical activity is vital in
women's health to prevent many of the leading causes of death linked with insufficient physical activity. Cardiovascular disease is one of the leading
causes of death for women around the world, accounting for one–third of deaths. Also, cardiovascular disease accounts for "half ... Show more content
on Helpwriting.net ...
The transtheoretical model is one of the best models to use for analyzing physical activity because it takes into account the attitude changes, time
measurement of behavior change, helping and maintaining the desired behavior using different strategies for each stage. The transtheoretical model
has five states of change that consist of pre–contemplation, contemplation, preparation, action, maintenance and termination. Pre–contemplation is
when an individual is unaware or does not intend to change their current behavior. An example of this would be someone with a negative attitude to
switching from his or her sedentary lifestyle to include physical activity. Contemplation refers to an individual who is considering making a behavior
change, such as deliberating on increasing physical activity even though they have not started yet. Preparation refers to when an individual has made
the decision to begin taking action, meaning they have a plan and strategies in place to increase their physical activity. Action is when an individual
acts on his or her new behavior change of incorporating physical activity into their lifestyle. Maintenance is when an individual has made the health
behavior change and is now focused on keeping the change going. The termination stage means that the individual has completed the process of the
behavior change and it is not just a part of their daily routines. The transtheoretical model was most appropriate because similar studies that have been
conducted on women with diabetes and osteoporosis based on this model and it has been successful in changing the physical activity behaviors
(Pirzadeh, Mostafavi, Ghofranipour, & Feizi, 2015). Additionally, the processes of change work best at each stage to facilitate progress and prevent
relapse. Since women in countries like Iran don't have access to

Theory Of Reasoned Action
2.5.1Theory of Reasoned Action (TRA)
Theory of Reasoned Action is a model for prediction of behavioral intention spanning prediction of attitudes and normative beliefs (Southey, 2011; Pai
& Huang, 2011). This theory has been used by researchers for technology adoption studies (Southey, 2011). The theory has developed by Martin
Fishbein and Icek Ajzen (1975, 1980). Sadeghi and Farokhian (2011) stated, according to this theory, attitudes towards the behavior and subjective
norms influence individual's intent to adopt an innovation. Following equation shows clearly the association of these two factors.
Behavioral intention = Attitude + Subjective norms
Subsequently, individual intention to perform the behavior determines person's behavior. Further it explains as "an... Show more content on
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Subsequently, individual's or group's behavior is determined by social pressure which comes under three ways of belief of what others think, what
experts think and motivation to comply with others. Figure 2.3 gives a clear picture about the theory.
Figure 2.3 – Theory of Reasoned Action (TRA) model
According to this theory, it implies that individual's behaviors are within a person's control and their actual behavior is foreseen by their behavioral
intention. Further, theory shows that two factors of attitude towards the behavior and beliefs which are related to other people's assistance of behavior
determine the individual intention. However, theory does not give any evidence related to people's culture and trust how affects the user behavior.
2.5.2Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB)
The Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB) is a theory about the link between beliefs and behavior. In 1985, the concept of TPB was proposed by Icek
Ajzen to improve the predictive power of the theory of reasoned action by including perceived behavioral controls (Pai & Huang, 2011). Southey
(2011) posits that literature is replete with

Planned Behavior Theory
The Theory of Planned Behavior (TBP) is a theory proposed by Icek Ajzen in 1975, whereby evolved from the Theory of Reasoned Action, which
was, published jointly with his mentor and colleague Martin Fishbein. Icek Ajzen is a prominent social psychologist that received his highest degree,
a PhD in Psychology from the University of Illinois Urbana Champaign in 1969. Ajzen currently holds a position as a Professor of Psychology at the
University of Massachusetts Amherst (Pious, 2012). The Theory of PlannedBehavior was designed to analyze the link between attitudes and behavior
and help to predict and explain human behavior. The thought behind the theory is that it will help to understand how we can change people's behavior.
The theory is based on three defining factors about beliefs. The three types include normative beliefs, behavioral and control beliefs. Behavioral beliefs
are described as the attitude that she hold towards the behavior, while ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
For the purposes of this paper, the TPB can also be utilized. Research shows that investigators have begun to rely on the TBP in an attempt to predict
and understand people's intentions to initiate actions or participate in certain behaviors. The theory can be used to predict patient satisfaction and
compliance by guiding you in your focus or observation of behavioral actions to predict the effects that nursing interventions have on the behaviors that
are directed toward health promotion. Johansson (2002) states that it is a prerequisite for the patient's perception of satisfaction with the nursing care
which often is the determining factor of whether the client will comply or not so therefore these behaviors can be predicted utilizing the TPB since the
actions of others (the nurse) and your actions fall into the belief categories which ultimately lead to the

Entrepreneurial Intention
Literature Review Nowadays the trend of world is increasing towards the entrepreneurship because it is responsible for generating jobs, economic
growth and prosperity of the society through innovation activities (Shane and Venkataraman, 2000; Galloway and Brown, 2002). For that, developing
individual's intention towards entrepreneurship and what are the factors that are responsible to divert the mind of people is central problems in the
entrepreneurship research (Autio et al 2001; Francis et al. 2004; Kaijun and Sholihah, 2015). The entrepreneurial intention is a commitment to twitch a
new business (Krueger, 1993; Autio et al., 2001). In the regions of British and Spain investigated by Linan, Nabi and Krueger (2013) that enhancing
the level of knowledge and awareness about entrepreneurship would increase self–efficacy perceptions and hence entrepreneurial intentions. No
significant relationship between entrepreneurial intention and self–efficacy was noticed by (Owoseni and Olakitan, 2014). Likewise, motivation,
achievement and entrepreneurial intentions were found positively and significantly related. Vajihe and Mehdi (2014) demonstrate that there is a
significant dissimilarity in the entrepreneurial intention of students who have got entrepreneurial education and who have not got the entrepreneurial
education. Similarly, more recently, among the Malaysian respondents entrepreneurial intentions are positively related to their social learning (family
up brings and knowledge

Reflection Of Learning On The Theory Of Planned Behavior
Part I: Reflection of learning for each learning point (1st learning point) From Week 4 lecture, I have learnt about the Theory of Planned Behaviour.
Initially, I thought that if a person intend to do something, they will put in their best effort to do it. However, I realized that I was wrong because
'intention does not always accurately predict behaviour when there is a reflex or conditioned response involved.'(Long–Crowell, 2003) For example,
'my friend with a phobia may intend to stay calm and collected when faced with their fear, but may end up having a panic attack
instead.'(Long–Crowell, 2003) After this lecture, I have learnt that this theory explores the relationship between attitudes and behaviour. A person who
have the intention to change is determined by attitude, subjective norms and perceived behavioural control. For example, a person who know about the
negative effects are more willing to quit smoking. Part II: Personal... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Attitude is about how individual feel and think about behaviour. Subjective norms is people who support and encourage individual to change their
behaviour. Perceived Behavioral Control is about individual carrying out a behaviour based on certain factors. Individual must be capable and have
confident that they can do it because lack of confident can hinder them from taking their first step to change their behaviour. For example, I can help
patients by finding out about their attitude, subjective norms and perceived behavioural control of alcohol consumption. When they know that their
liver will be damaged, 'their family members do not approve of their alcohol consumption' and they truly believe that they are capable if they are
willing to will be more likely to quit alcohol consumption. Thus, this theory is very important as it allow the patient to hold these belief of successfully
quitting alcohol

Organizational Theory Of Planned Behavior
1.Introduction In order to accomplish this assignment, I have chosen to have one vegan day a week as the social activity that I will maintain
throughout the session. In particular, on Sunday every week, all the food I consume is free of animal products including meat, milk, eggs, etc. The
activity has been starting since Week 2 of the session and so far I have successfully completed ten vegan days for tine weeks respectively (from
Session Week 2 to Week 10, including the mid–session break week) with different vegan dishes for each day, which are shown in the Appendix. In
this reflective essay, I will explain the reason why I choose this activity, my plan and objectives, as well as my reflection on the progress which is
divided into three... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
As an international student living away from home by myself, I have total control on my daily diet. Unlike when I live with my family back
home and have to follow the family diet, I can eat whatever I want here. Therefore, my perceived power toward the behaviour is high as I do not
have any objective constraint. 3.Plan and Objectives Due to the fact that this is a totally new habit which I have never experienced before, I need
a lot of time for familiarisation and preparation. Therefore, in order to keep the progress on track, I have rearranged my weekly timetable and
scheduled all the activities I need to do before Sunday when I cook the dishes. In particular, from Monday to Thursday every week, I actively
search for vegan recipes from various sources such as my friends who are vegans or vegan cooking tutorials online. After that, because shopping often
takes plenty of time, I spend my Friday preparing all the required ingredients as I do not have class on that day. Saturday is when I go through all the
pre–cook steps such as defrosting frozen ingredients, chopping (onions, carrots, spring onions, etc.) and seasoning. Finally, I cook and decorate the
dishes on Sunday, take picture for Twitter upload and enjoy them. The process then repeats on the next Monday. As previously stated, I expect to
maintain this activity throughout the session. Therefore, the

Theory Of Planned Behavior Paper
The key predisposing factor that influences homeless veteran's poor choice of diet is their perceived lack of control. For this reason, the constructs of
the Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB) can be used to help understand and determine the beliefs that stimulate this behavior. Previous studies have
shown that homeless veterans' exhibit constant worry over perceived lack of control in regards to diet choice (Rojas–Guyler et al., 2014), and
perceived control is a major construct of the TPB. The TPB asserts that intention and perceptions of capability will govern the likelihood that
individuals will execute a particular behavior (McDermott et al., 2015). Consequently, homeless veterans will display a strong intention to eat the
recommended daily ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Hence, an effective intervention targeting the identified constructs (perceived control, self–efficacy, and social support) should be created to change
homeless veterans eating behaviors. One possible intervention would be ten–week educational workshops that include diabetes screening protocols,
job opportunities, cooking sessions, and resume and a cover letter session. At the end of the intervention, environmental changes such as temporary
homes for homeless veterans would be provided. Before the intervention can be carried out, the intervention program would be promoted using various
forms of advertisements. For instance, the program would be advertised through flyers, brochures, bridge signs, and posters throughout the community
(e.g., grocery stores, bars, VA facilities, homeless shelters, and clinics). In terms of where the program would take place, a large workshop space such
as the YMCA or VA facilities would be rented. Space would include offices, cooking areas (include cooking materials), and classrooms equipped with
computers, paper, writing utensils, printers, fax machine, telephone, etc. Members of the community, as well as veterans, would be employed as staff.
The staff would also include a nutritionist/dietitian, a nurse practitioner, a yoga instructor, and a motivational speaker who would end each workshop
session. Also,

Icek Ajzen Theory Of Planned Behavior
Theory of Planned Behavior – Dana Hall
In today's society, we have a mental health crisis that affects everyone, especially the veteran population. Mental health crisis range from one extreme
to another being death, suicide or homicide. A goal for health care providers is to prevent these types of those extremes from happening. The most
widely used social cognition model for predicting and explaining health behavior is the Theory of Planned Behavior (Ogden, 2003).
Icek Ajzen's Theory of Planned Behavior was used as a framework to explain the relationship between one's attitude and behavior and whether or
not it can be predicted and or prevented. What the Theory of Planned Behavior focuses on are three kinds of views, behavioral beliefs, normative
beliefs and control beliefs (Ajzens, 1971). Atzens suggests that "behavioral beliefs focus on the likelihood of the outcome of behavior and the
evaluation and whether or not they have a positive or negative attitude toward the behavior itself. Normative belief focuses on the expectations of
others and the motivation to comply with those said expectations and if it is viewed as a result of social pressure or subjective norm (Ajzens, 1971).
Control beliefs go on to focus on factors that may positively or negatively influence performance of that behavior and the thought power of those
factors and perceived behavioral control. When you consider all of these three views, you develop behavioral intention" (1971). It is suggested

The theory of planned behavior applies to breastfeeding serves in the establishment of importance for every single infant and maternal health. They are
at a much higher risk of allegedly detrimental social pressure to forgo breastfeeding with the replacement of solely bottle–feeding all–around.
Prejudices opposing these practices cause social and psychological barriers by an imaginable isolation for any needs to feed their baby outside. These
determinants of initiation as well as continuation of breastfeeding come with a social cost which, unfortunately, devalue their existence in other
individuals' views or assessments. All mothers ought to still be able to feel assured with the purpose of sticking with their imperative decisions in life;
however, this is not all the case for some to meet head on. On the whole, the social context for breastfeeding gives the impression of working as quite
the challenging in addition to formidable predictor for such behavior.
In a word, any intention of breastfeeding can be estimated by their perception concerning overall valuation of acting the specified behavior in front of
others. There exists countless of mental and health advantages to infants being breastfed exclusively for intensifying these close bonds. For example, a
tremendous amount of research documented that they can benefit so much such as a lower probability of some infections, diabetes, diseases, and so
on (Heinrich, 2014, p. 124). Measures of alertness are still incredibly

Planned Behavior Health Theories Analysis
There is a biblical text that states, "when I want to do right I do wrong". Ok, so where am I going with this discussion? No one perfect..... Yes,
surprise not one person falls into the perfect category. So, now, that the playing field is leveled; let's play, shall we. Butts and Rich (2018) introduced
us to Behavior Health Theories (BHT) and emphasized how advanced practice nurses utilize these theories to evoke change in their patients (p. 244).
There are many BHT but these few are the most popular: Behavioral Health Model, Social Cognitive Theory and Theory of Reasoned Action and
Theory of Planned Behavior (Butts and Rich, 2018, p. 242). Although, we will not go into depth discussing the difference in the theories; it's important

Reasoned Action Theory
Article Critique – Theory of Reasoned Action and Theory of Planned Behavior
Purpose/ Objectives
The purpose of the study conducted was to understand the use of sunscreen amongst children in fourth grade using the theory of reasoned action and
planned behavior. (Martin, Jacobsen, Lucas, Branch, & Ferron, 1999) The authors hypothesized that attitudes, subjective norms, and perceived
behavioral control would be associated with intentions to use sunscreen and as a result, would translate to actual sunscreen use. (Martin et al., 1999)
Methods
The study was conducted in Hillsborough County, Florida, which is ideal for the study because of its subtropical climate. The sample consisted of
fourth grade students who were recruited from one of the three public schools scheduled to receive a skin cancer educational program during the
months of February, March, and April (when data collection occurred). The authors do not... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The authors did not mention their reasoning for not including the other constructs. However, measuring the perceived power would have allowed for a
better understanding of what the children felt made the use of sunscreen difficult or easy for them, while evaluation of outcomes would allow the
authors to measure how important the children viewed the results of using sunscreen.
References
Montano D., Kasprzyk D (2015). Thepry of Reasoned Action, Theory of Planned Behavior, and the Integrated Behavioral Model. In K. Glanz, B. K.
Rimer, & F. Lewis (Eds.), Health behavior: Theory, research and practice (5th. ed.) (pp. 95
– 124). San Francisco, CA: Jossey–Bass.
Martin, C.S., Jacobsen, P. B., Lucas, J. D., Branch, A. K., Ferron, M.J., (1999) Predicting Children's Sunscreen Use: Application of the Theories of
Reasoned Action and Planned Behavior, Preventive Medicine, Volume 29, Issue 1, July 1999, Pages 37
–44, ISSN

Social Mktg Essay examples
MKTG309: Social Marketing and Sustainability
Individual Assignment
Starbucks social marketing campaign
Name: FEI XUE
ID: 42498155
Contents
Background, Target Audience& Behavior Change3 Behavior change model7 First 6 of the 16 tips for success analysis:8 Conclusion and
Recommendation10 Reference List11
Before describe and discuss prior social marketing campaign, we understand that social marketing is the focus on behavior, not awareness or attitude
change. Besides, social marketing results in benefit to individuals or society, not just focus on organization benefit and profits. Organization runs social
marketing ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Obviously, Starbucks advocate recycle, at the same time change audience waste behavior.
The target audiences are ready for bring their reusable mug to get free drinks in campaign day. They do not worry about anything.Starbucks owes its
success to a well–defined target audience!
According to the definition of social marketing campaign barriers, barriers may be related to several factors: knowledge, beliefs, skills economic
status, cultural influences etc. For study Starbucks campaign barriers, we focus on both elements: internal and external. * Internal barriers: e.g.
Lack of knowledge and skills. 1. Some customers do not care about "recycle" or "free drinks", I believe a part of people give up join the campaign
and "run" their behavior like before. 2. Pay attention to the condition of join Starbucks social marketing campaign, reusable mug or tumbler is
compulsory. Some customers do not meet campaign's basic condition. 3. Some customers do not know Starbucks campaign. (Lack of advertising) *
External barriers: The campaign is happened in USA and Canada store, therefore we must promise every store have ability "run" Starbucks campaign
without accidents. Besides, beware of other competitors make trouble and influence campaign keep going.

To overcome those barriers, organization makes several measures: 1. If customers do not have reusable mug or tumbler, they will be available for
20% off on Earth Day, April 22. Let more

Gratification Theory Of Planned Behavior

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