1. Rethinking Front
End Development
With Elm
Brian Hogan

2. About me
• I build web things.
• I teach people.
• I make music.
• I write books.

3. Elm is a functional programming language like Haskell, but more
friendly, and aimed at front-end web development.
We use Elm to make our user interface and give it behavior.

4. Example
import Graphics.Element exposing (show)
main =
show "Hello World"

5. Elm compiles to JavaScript
Yes. We just wrote a bunch of code that gets injected into an HTML
page.
Feel gross yet?

6. That's what React does too.
var HelloMessage = React.createClass({
render: function () {
return <h1>Hello {this.props.message}!</h1>;
}
});
React.render(<HelloMessage message="World" />, document.body);

7. Okay, Why Elm?
• Same concepts as React
• Pure functions
• Immutable State
• Static Typing

8. What you need
• Node.js http://nodejs.org
• The elm package for Node
$ npm install -g elm
• Your favorite text editor
OR
http://elm-lang.org/try

9. Compiling Elm
• Create a hello.elm file
• Run
$ elm make hello.elm
Success! Compiled 1 modules.
Successfully generated index.html
• Open resulting index.html in your browser.

10. HTML

11. Comparison
• Elm: ~5400 lines
• React: ~19300 lines
• JQuery: ~9800 lines

12. Elm Reactor
Elm Reactor compiles Elm to HTML on
each request.
$ elm-reactor
elm reactor 0.16.0
Listening on http://0.0.0.0:8000/

13. How Elm Works
Every Elm app calls a main function when we run it.
main =
-- something goes here

14. Functions
We define functions with a name followed by an = sign.
hello =
"Hello there"
We indent the definitions of functions.
We invoke this function like this:
hello

15. Arguments
Functions can have arguments
square number =
number * number
Call it as
square 2
They have explicit returns.

16. Multiple Arguments
Multiple arguments use spaces:
add number1 number2 =
number1 + number2
Call it as
add 1 2
Woah.... no commas!

17. Type annotations
We can enforce data types for our functions so Elm can help us out.
functionName: TypeOfArg1-> TypeOfArg2 -> TypeOfArg3 -> ReturnType

18. Annotation Examples:
No parameters. Just return value
hello: String
hello =
"Hello there"
Two parameters and a return value
add: Float -> Float -> Float
add number1 number2 =
number1 + number2

19. Modules
Define modules to group your code.
module Hello where
main =
-- something goes here

20. Html functions
The elm-html module exposes many functions for building up virtual
DOM nodes.
The main function can render HTML if the HTML module is included.
import Html exposing(p, text)
main =
p [] [text "Hello World"]

21. p and text
p [] [text "Hello World"]
p and text are two functions from elm-html
p takes two lists
• a list of attributes (can be empty)
• a list of child elements
text takes a string of text to display.

22. HTML functions are uniform.
Each takes attributes and elements. So we can nest them like HTML.
div [class "foo", id "bar" ] [
h1 [] [text "Hello"],
p [] [text "World"]
]
There's a function for every element. Just be sure to expose what you
use.

23. Seriously uniform
label [for "name"] [text "Name"]
input [id "name", type' "number", step "any"] []
Even functions for tags that don't allow inner content still take two
lists as arguments.

24. Html Modules
• Html contains all the tags
• Html.Attributes contains the attributes (like class, id, href,
etc)
• Html.Events contains events like onClick

25. Html Attributes
import Html exposing(Html, div, text, p)
import Html.Attributes exposing(class)
main =
div [class "wrapper"] [
p [class "notice"] [text "This is important!"]
]

26. Composability
main =
view
view: Html
view =
div [] [
p [] [
text "Hello ",
em [] [text "world"]
]
]

27. Resuability
main =
div [] [
view "Hello",
view "Goodbye"
]
view: String -> Html
view word =
div [] [
p [] [ text (word ++ " "), em [] [text "world"] ]
]

28. Web Interfaces
import Html exposing(Html, Attribute, p, text)
import Html.Attributes exposing(style)
elementStyle: Attribute
elementStyle =
style [ ("color", "red") , ("font-size", "2em") ]
main: Html
main =
view
view =
p [elementStyle] [text "Hello World"]

29. Helpers!
fieldWithLabel: String -> String -> String -> Html
fieldWithLabel fieldID fieldName fieldType =
div [] [
label [for fieldID] [text fieldName],
input [ id fieldID, type' fieldType] []
]

30. Build Out The Helpers
numberField: String -> String -> Html
numberField fieldID fieldName =
fieldWithLabel fieldID fieldName "number"
textField: String -> String -> Html
textField fieldID fieldName =
fieldWithLabel fieldID fieldName "text"
emailField: String -> String -> Html
emailField fieldID fieldName =
fieldWithLabel fieldID fieldName "email"

31. Shiny Happy Frontend Code
main: Html
main =
div [] [
textField "name" "Name",
numberField "age" "Age",
emailField "email" "Email"
]

32. Elm Architecture
View: Function that fires when model changes. Transofms a model
into the UI that people see.
Model: Something that holds the current state of the app. No behavior.
Just the state. No behavior. This is not MVC with objects!
Update: Function that fires when state changes. Always returns a new
model.

33. Signals and Mailboxes
Signals
Signals route messages around the application. Pressing a button is a
signal. We can send data along signals.
Mailboxes
Mailboxes receive signals and send signals. A mailbox has an address
and a signal to respond to.

34. Basic Flow
• Model is initialized
• View is displayed with model
• Events send Signals to Mailboxes
• Mailboxes trigger updates
• New model is created
• New view is rendered
Yikes!

35. Elm StartApp.Simple
Like Flux, without all the code.
• Define Actions
• Define a model to represent data
• Define a view function
• Define an update function that returns a new model.

36. Change Text On Click
import Html exposing (Html, text, h1, p, div, button)
import StartApp.Simple as StartApp
import Html.Events exposing (onClick)
main =
StartApp.start {model = "Hello ", view = view, update = update}
view address initialText =
div [] [
h1 [] [text "Events"],
p [] [ text initialText ],
button [onClick address "change"] [text "Push me"]
]
update action model =
"it changed"

37. Actions
Actions get sent to the Update.
type Action = Increment | Decrement
model = 0
update: Signal.Action -> Int -> Int
update action model =
case action of
Increment -> model + 1
Decrement -> model - 1

38. Multiple events
main =
StartApp.start { model = model, view = view, update = update }
view: Signal.Address Action -> Int -> Html
view address model =
div []
[ button [ onClick address Increment ] [ text "Up" ]
, span [] [ text (toString model) ]
, button [ onClick address Decrement ] [ text "Down" ]
]

39. Once again...
• StartApp renders the view using an initial model state.
• Events defined in the view send Actions to Signal Addresses
which route to update.
• update returns a new version of the model
• StartApp causes the view to be rendered whenever model
changes.

40. Calculator
Compound Interest Calculator
Write a program to compute the value of an investment compounded
over time. The program should ask for the starting amount, the
number of years to invest, the interest rate, and the number of periods
per year to compound.

41. Project setup
Create folder and file to work in
$ mkdir calculator && cd calculator
$ touch calculator.elm
Init the project
$ elm package install
Install HTML and StartApp dependencies.
$ elm package install evancz/elm-html
$ elm package install evancz/start-app

42. Livereloading
Make browser reload when we save
$ npm install -g elm-live
$ elm-live calculator.elm

43. Steps
• Create the basic app
• Build the form
• Bind form to model and define events
• Perform calculations
• Display Output

44. The Basic App
import Html exposing (Html, text, h1, p, div, button, label, input)
import Html.Attributes exposing ( style, for, id, step, type', value)
import StartApp.Simple as StartApp
import Html.Events exposing (onClick)
main =
StartApp.start {model = model, view = view, update = update}

45. Define a model and update
model: Float
model = 0
update: String -> Float -> Float
update action model =
model

46. Building the form
• Use label, input functions
• Use number fields
• Each field change updates model state
• Clicking button calculates new amount

47. numberField helper
numberField: String -> String -> Html
numberField fieldID fieldName =
div [] [
label [for fieldID] [text fieldName],
input [ id fieldID, type' "number", step "any"] []
]

48. Style the form
labelStyle: Attribute
labelStyle =
style
[ ("width", "200px")
, ("padding", "10px")
, ("text-align", "right")
, ("display", "inline-block")
]

49. Apply style to field
div [] [
label [labelStyle, for fieldID] [text fieldName],
input [ id fieldID, type' "number", step "any"] []
]

50. Build the View
view: Signal.Address String -> Float -> Html
view address model =
div [] [
h1 [] [text "Calculator"],
div [] [
numberField "principal" "Principal",
numberField "rate" "Rate",
numberField "years" "Periods",
numberField "years" "Years"
]
button [onClick address "calculate"] [text "Calculate"]
]

51. Define Our Actions
type Action
= NoOp
| SetPrinciple String
| SetPeriods String
| SetRate String
| SetYears String
| Calculate

52. Define A Model
type alias Model =
{ principle: String
, rate: String
, years: String
, periods: String
, newAmount: Float}
model: Model
model =
{ principle = "1500.00"
, rate = "4.3"
, years = "6"
, periods = "4"
, newAmount = 0 }

53. Pass address, action, and model data to fields
view: Signal.Address Action -> Model -> Html
view address model =
div [] [
h1 [] [text "Calculator"],
div [] [
numberField address SetPrinciple "principle" "Principle" model.principle,
numberField address SetRate "rate" "Rate" model.rate,
numberField address SetPeriods "periods" "Periods" model.periods,
numberField address SetYears "years" "Years" model.years
],
button [onClick address Calculate] [text "Click me"],

54. Add Events To Form using Actions and model data
numberField: Signal.Address Action -> (String -> Action) ->
String -> String -> String -> Html
numberField address action fieldID name fieldValue =
div [] [
label [labelStyle, for fieldID] [text name],
input [id fieldID, type' "number", step "any",
on "input" targetValue (Signal.message address << action ),
value fieldValue] []
]

55. Update model from form
update: Action -> Model -> Model
update action model =
case action of
NoOp -> model
SetPrinciple p -> {model | principle = p}
SetRate r -> {model | rate = r}
SetYears y -> {model | years = y}
SetPeriods p -> {model | periods = p}
Calculate -> calculateNewAmount model

56. The program Logic
compoundInterest: Float -> Float -> Float -> Float -> Float
compoundInterest principle rate periods years =
(principle * (1 + (rate / periods ) ) ^ (years * periods) )

57. Converting Strings To Floats
convertToFloat: String -> Float
convertToFloat string =
case String.toFloat string of
Ok n -> n
Err _ -> 0.0

58. Implement CalculateNewAmount
calculateNewAmount: Model -> Model
calculateNewAmount model =
let
rate = convertToFloat model.rate / 100
years = convertToFloat model.years
principle = convertToFloat model.principle
periods = convertToFloat model.periods
in
{model | newAmount = (compoundInterest principle rate periods years) }

59. Display the Output
output: Model -> Html
output model =
div [] [
span [] [text "Amount: "],
span [] [text (toString model.newAmount) ]
]
And add it to the view.

60. Discuss
What are your thoughts?
Is this cool? Good? Bad? A terrible idea or
the greatest thing ever?

61. Issues
1. Tons of code to do simple things
2. Integration with external services is
complex
3. Must re-learn a lot of things about web
development
4. Small community

62. Benefits
1. Small community
2. Benefits of React with a clear
opinionated approach
3. Fantastic error messages
4. Types ensure data integrity and flow

63. Write code
• Elm website: http://elm-lang.org/
• Try Elm http://elm-lang.org/try
• Package system: http://package.elm-
lang.org/
• Documentation http://elm-lang.org/docs

64. Where to go next?
Book: http://pragprog.com/titles/bhwb
Twitter: @bphogan
Material: http://bphogan.com/
presentations/elm2016/
Thank you!
© Brian Hogan, 2016.
Photos from http://pexels.com