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Applying the SES Framework to Archaeological Cases of Adaptive Governance
- 1. TESTING THE APPLICATION OF ADAPTIVE GOVERNANCE OF COMMON POOL RESOURCES: AN ARCHAEOLOGICAL PERSPECTIVE Andrea Torvinen and Grant Snitker
- 3. PRESENTATION GOALS „ Introduce the concept of adaptive governance
- 4. PRESENTATION GOALS „ Introduce the concept of adaptive governance „ Explain Ostrom’s Social-Ecological System (SES) Framework
- 5. PRESENTATION GOALS „ Introduce the concept of adaptive governance „ Explain Ostrom’s Social-Ecological System (SES) Framework „ How to apply SES Framework to archaeological cases
- 6. PRESENTATION GOALS „ Introduce the concept of adaptive governance „ Explain Ostrom’s Social-Ecological System (SES) Framework „ How to apply SES Framework to archaeological cases „ Discuss the current state and future directions of this research
- 7. PRESENTATION GOALS „ Introduce the concept of adaptive governance „ Explain Ostrom’s Social-Ecological System (SES) Framework „ How to apply SES Framework to archaeological cases „ Discuss the current state and future directions of this research „ Breakout session to discuss and prepare for AAA presentation
- 9. ADAPTIVE GOVERNANCE „ Elinor Ostrom – Governing the Commons (1990)
- 10. ADAPTIVE GOVERNANCE „ Elinor Ostrom – Governing the Commons (1990) „ Institutional analysis focuses on documenting social-ecological systems involving the management of common pool resources CPRs
- 11. ADAPTIVE GOVERNANCE „ Elinor Ostrom – Governing the Commons (1990) „ Institutional analysis focuses on documenting social-ecological systems involving the management of common pool resources CPRs „ Management systems must be localized to SES conditions and have the ability to adapt to changing conditions and circumstances
- 12. ADAPTIVE GOVERNANCE „ Elinor Ostrom – Governing the Commons (1990) „ Institutional analysis focuses on documenting social-ecological systems involving the management of common pool resources CPRs „ Management systems must be localized to SES conditions and have the ability to adapt to changing conditions and circumstances „ Framework that evolves over time and is used to analyze multi-level governance strategies
- 13. ADAPTIVE GOVERNANCE „ Elinor Ostrom – Governing the Commons (1990) „ Institutional analysis focuses on documenting social-ecological systems involving the management of common pool resources CPRs „ Management systems must be localized to SES conditions and have the ability to adapt to changing conditions and circumstances „ Framework that evolves over time and is used to analyze multi-level governance strategies „ Eight “design principles” have been identified
- 15. DESIGN PRINCIPLES „ Clearly defined boundaries
- 16. DESIGN PRINCIPLES „ Clearly defined boundaries „ Proportional equivalence between benefits and costs
- 17. DESIGN PRINCIPLES „ Clearly defined boundaries „ Proportional equivalence between benefits and costs „ Collective-choice arrangements
- 18. DESIGN PRINCIPLES „ Clearly defined boundaries „ Proportional equivalence between benefits and costs „ Collective-choice arrangements „ Effective monitoring
- 19. DESIGN PRINCIPLES „ Clearly defined boundaries „ Proportional equivalence between benefits and costs „ Collective-choice arrangements „ Effective monitoring „ Graduated sanctions
- 20. DESIGN PRINCIPLES „ Clearly defined boundaries „ Proportional equivalence between benefits and costs „ Collective-choice arrangements „ Effective monitoring „ Graduated sanctions „ Conflict-resolution mechanisms
- 21. DESIGN PRINCIPLES „ Clearly defined boundaries „ Proportional equivalence between benefits and costs „ Collective-choice arrangements „ Effective monitoring „ Graduated sanctions „ Conflict-resolution mechanisms „ Minimal right to organize
- 22. DESIGN PRINCIPLES „ Clearly defined boundaries „ Proportional equivalence between benefits and costs „ Collective-choice arrangements „ Effective monitoring „ Graduated sanctions „ Conflict-resolution mechanisms „ Minimal right to organize „ Nested enterprises
- 23. SOCIAL-ECOLOGICAL SYSTEM (SES) FRAMEWORK Ostrom (2007:15182, Figure 1)
- 25. DATA COLLECTION & ORGANIZATION Resource Units (RU) Variable descrip-on Proxy data Reference RU1 Resource unit mobility sta-onary trees in sta-onary forests RU2 Growth or replacement rate years to decades depending on size of trees sought RU3 Interac-on among resource units cross-‐pollina-on and natural re-‐seeding if recovery -me is allowed RU4 Economic value cut trees can be used for charcoal produc-on, fuel and building and boat construc-on; woodlands were highly valued property archaeobotanical remains; geomorphology; historic records Vésteinsson & Simpson 2004; Byock 2001; Church et al. 2007 RU5 Size individual trees to several hectares/km in area RU6 Dis-nc-ve markings none known; ownership was documented by government officials historic records Vésteinsson & Simpson 2004 RU7 Spa-al & temporal distribu-on transi-on from 15-‐40% of landscape covered by woodlands (most concentrated in coastal lowlands) to < 1% today; Land Register of 17th c. shows that ~50% of households had access to woodlands archaeobotanical remains; pollen record; historic records Church et al. 2007; Vésteinsson & Simpson 2004:184; Arnalds 1987
- 26. APPLYING THE SES FRAMEWORK TO ARCHAEOLOGICAL CASES „ Methodology involves three stages: „ Identify the second-tier variables supported by archaeological data „ Describe each case using Ostrom’s (1990) narrative format „ Determine which design principles are present in each case
- 27. APPLYING THE SES FRAMEWORK TO ARCHAEOLOGICAL CASES First-Tier SESVariables Archaeological Data Historical Data Environmental Data Social, Economic and Political Settings Settlement patterns, archaeofauna Trade documents, political organization, records of social hierarchy Resource distribution on landscape Resource System Archaeofauna, settlement patterns, archaeobotanical remains Descriptions of landscape Geomorphology, ecology, pollen record Resource Units Archaeofauna, settlement patterns Resource documents, inventories Geomorphology, ecology Governance System Settlement patterns, archaeobotanical remains Written laws, treaties, etc -- Users Settlement patterns, archaeobotanical remains, archaeofauna -- Pollen record Interactions Archaeofauna, settlement patterns, archaeobotanical remains Descriptions of trade and commerce -- Outcomes Archaeobotanical remains -- Geomorphology, ecology Related Ecosystems Settlement patterns -- Climate proxies
- 28. NORTH ATLANTIC CASE STUDIES Dugmore et al. (2009:98, Figure 7.1)
- 29. GRAZING SYSTEM OF THE FAROE ISLANDS Thomson et al. (2007:740, Figure 1)
- 30. WOODLAND MANAGEMENT IN EYJAFJALLAHREPPUR, SOUTH ICELAND
- 31. EVALUATION OF DESIGN PRINCIPLES Grazing System of the Faroe Islands Adaptive Governance Design Principle Woodland Management in South Iceland Degree Present? Present? Degree Low Yes Clearly defined boundaries Yes Low Moderate Yes Proportional equivalence No -- Low Yes Collective-choice arrangements No Moderate -- Possible Effective monitoring Possible -- -- Possible Graduated sanctions Possible -- Low Yes Conflict-resolution mechanisms Yes Low Low Yes Minimal right to organize No Low Moderate Yes Nested enterprises Yes Moderate
- 32. EVALUATION OF DESIGN PRINCIPLES Grazing System of the Faroe Islands Adaptive Governance Design Principle Woodland Management in South Iceland Degree Present? Present? Degree Low Yes Clearly defined boundaries Yes Low Moderate Yes Proportional equivalence No -- Low Yes Collective-choice arrangements No Moderate -- Possible Effective monitoring Possible -- -- Possible Graduated sanctions Possible -- Low Yes Conflict-resolution mechanisms Yes Low Low Yes Minimal right to organize No Low Moderate Yes Nested enterprises Yes Moderate
- 33. EVALUATION OF DESIGN PRINCIPLES Grazing System of the Faroe Islands Adaptive Governance Design Principle Woodland Management in South Iceland Degree Present? Present? Degree Low Yes Clearly defined boundaries Yes Low Moderate Yes Proportional equivalence No -- Low Yes Collective-choice arrangements No Moderate -- Possible Effective monitoring Possible -- -- Possible Graduated sanctions Possible -- Low Yes Conflict-resolution mechanisms Yes Low Low Yes Minimal right to organize No Low Moderate Yes Nested enterprises Yes Moderate
- 34. EVALUATION OF DESIGN PRINCIPLES Grazing System of the Faroe Islands Adaptive Governance Design Principle Woodland Management in South Iceland Degree Present? Present? Degree Low Yes Clearly defined boundaries Yes Low Moderate Yes Proportional equivalence No -- Low Yes Collective-choice arrangements No Moderate -- Possible Effective monitoring Possible -- -- Possible Graduated sanctions Possible -- Low Yes Conflict-resolution mechanisms Yes Low Low Yes Minimal right to organize No Low Moderate Yes Nested enterprises Yes Moderate
- 35. CONCLUSIONS „ SES Framework can be applied to archaeological cases
- 36. CONCLUSIONS „ SES Framework can be applied to archaeological cases „ Archaeological cases provide insights into implementation of design principles and the costs/benefits associated with maintenance over longue durée
- 37. CONCLUSIONS „ SES Framework can be applied to archaeological cases „ Archaeological cases provide insights into implementation of design principles and the costs/benefits associated with maintenance over longue durée „ Interdisciplinary approach is necessary
- 38. CONCLUSIONS „ SES Framework can be applied to archaeological cases „ Archaeological cases provide insights into implementation of design principles and the costs/benefits associated with maintenance over longue durée „ Interdisciplinary approach is necessary „ Design principles are essential for successful CPR management in North Atlantic cases
- 39. CONCLUSIONS „ SES Framework can be applied to archaeological cases „ Archaeological cases provide insights into implementation of design principles and the costs/benefits associated with maintenance over longue durée „ Interdisciplinary approach is necessary „ Design principles are essential for successful CPR management in North Atlantic cases „ Archaeological data and analysis have a demonstrated utility in creating long-term sustainable CPR systems for the present and future
- 40. FUTURE DIRECTIONS „ Improve on data collected and our interpretations
- 41. FUTURE DIRECTIONS „ Improve on data collected and our interpretations „ What influence do CPRs that are geographically and ecologically related have on each other?
- 42. FUTURE DIRECTIONS „ Improve on data collected and our interpretations „ What influence do CPRs that are geographically and ecologically related have on each other? „ What activities did farmers/communities participate in annually? Do these activities involve CPRs and are they interrelated?
- 43. FUTURE DIRECTIONS „ Improve on data collected and our interpretations „ What influence do CPRs that are geographically and ecologically related have on each other? „ What activities did farmers/communities participate in annually? Do these activities involve CPRs and are they interrelated? „ What is the cost of resilience when CPRs are involved?
- 44. THANKYOU