1. The document discusses key concepts in disease including the definition of disease, health, sub-health, etiology, pathogenesis and outcomes. It outlines general rules of pathogenesis including disruption of homeostasis and the balance of damage and anti-damage. 2. Pathogenesis involves multiple mechanisms including neural, humoral, cellular and molecular levels. The neural mechanism involves direct neural injury or changes to neural reflexes and metabolism. The humoral mechanism refers to alterations in hormones, chemical mediators and cytokines. 3. Cellular mechanisms of disease involve selective or non-selective cell damage affecting cell membranes, organelles and pumps. Molecular mechanisms occur at the level of nucleic acids, proteins, and small molecules. Disease outcomes can include

1. Chapter 1. conspectus of disease Yu-Hong Jia, Ph.D Department of pathophysiology Dalian medical university

6. 2. Etiology of disease. Contributing factors that cause disease. Causative factors Predisposing factors Precipitating factors

16. renin angiotensinogen Angiotensin Ⅰ Angiotensin Ⅱ Increased water and sodium reaborption ↑ effective circulatory blood volume hemorrhage ↓ effective circulatory blood volume ↓ Renal artery pressure ↓ GFR->↓Na + at macula densa ↑ Sympathetic nerve glomerulus Juxtaglomerular cells Converting enzyme + Organ ischemia, dysfunction damage (JG cells) Adrenal cortex

17. 3) Reversal rule of cause and result Primary cause Result (cause) Further alteration Secondary alteration (cause) (+) (-)

18. Severe hemorrhage ↓ Cardiac output ↓ Blood pressure ↑ Symphathetic nerve ↑ catecholamine Constriction of Microartery & microvein Tissue hypoxia acidosis Re-open of capillary Blood stagnant in microcirculation ↓ Blood volume returned to heart + ↓↓ BP v i c o u s i c y c l e

19. 4) Correlation between systemic and local regulations Systemic alteration Local alteration disease Neural-humoral regulation Neural-humoral regulation

20. Furuncle, Local inflammation Systemic reaction of fever and elevated leukocyte Systemic metabolic disorder caused by diabetes mellitus furuncle

25. Renin Regulation of Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone system Decreased blood pressure Angiotensin Ⅰ Angiotensin Ⅱ Aldosterone Decreased urine volume conserves blood pressure

26. Regulation and effect of ADH Osmoreceptors Increased osmotic pressure Baroreceptors (aortic arch, carotid sinus) Decrease blood pressure Neurosecretory cell Posterior pituitory vasoconstriction Blood vessel Increased blood volume and increased blood pressure kidney Increased reabsorption of water ADH

28. Neural-humoral regulation endocrine glands neural system effect one loop of neural system