This document provides an overview of human rights including: - Defining human rights as the inherent rights that all people have by virtue of being human. - Outlining the key objectives of the unit which are to define, recognize, and appreciate human rights as well as understand the nurse's role in patient-centered care. - Detailing the Universal Declaration of Human Rights adopted by the UN in 1948 which established 30 core human rights across civil, political, economic, social, and cultural areas. - Categorizing human rights into five groups - civil, political, economic, social, and cultural - and providing examples of rights that fall under each category.

1. Unit X: Human Rights
By
Munwar –us- Salam
Lecturer, BBS-ION, PUMHSW,
Nawabshah, SBA.

2. Objectives
At the end of the unit learners will be able
to:
Define human rights
Recognize basic human rights
Appreciate the importance of human rights
Conceptualize a rights based approach to
health
Identify nurses role in client centered health
care approach

3. DEFINITION
HUMAN RIGHTS are the rights that all
people have by virtue of being human
beings.
HUMAN RIGHTS are derived from the
inherent dignity of the human person and
are defined internationally, nationally and
locally by various law making bodies.

4. DEFINITION
HUMAN RIGHTS is defined as the supreme,
inherent, and inalienable rights to life, to dignity,
and to self-development. It is concerned with
issues in both areas of civil and political rights and
economic, social and cultural rights founded on
internationally accepted human rights obligations

5. RIGHTS – moral power
-to hold (rights to life, nationality, own property, rest
and leisure),
-to do (rights to marry, peaceful assembly, run for
public office, education),
-to omit (freedom from torture and cruel, inhuman or
degrading punishment, freedom from arbitrary
arrest, detention or exile)
- to exact something (equal protection of the law,
equal access to public service, equal pay for
equal work)
HUMAN RIGHTS

6. Rights are things
that protect us
from harm.
Think of a baby that
hasn’t asked to come
into the world..
What are the basic
rights you think any
child should expect?

7. To be allowed
to live
(the right to life)
To be protected
from harm
To be protected
from disease
To have food
and drink
Basic minimum things such as these that we should all
expect to have, wherever we live, have become known as
Human Rights.

8. The United Nations Universal Declaration Of
Human Rights 1948
1. Equality
in rights.
All people
should have
the same
rights.
2. The right to life.
All people
should be
allowed to live.
3. Freedom from
Slavery.
No person
should be forced
to work without
fair pay and
conditions.
Almost every country in the world has now signed the above
agreement saying they agree with five basic human rights.
4. The right to a fair trial.
People should be able to
defend themselves if they are
accused of something wrong.
5. Freedom of expression.
People should be able to say
what they want as long as it
does not go against the law or
another human right.

9. Characteristics of Human Rights
Universal
Internationally guaranteed
Legally protected
Protects individuals and groups
Cannot be taken away
Equal and indivisible
Obliges States and State actors

10. The Universal Declaration of
Human Rights (1948)
By 1948, the United Nations’ new Human
Rights Commission had captured the world’s
attention. Under the dynamic chairmanship
of Eleanor Roosevelt—President Franklin
Roosevelt’s widow, a human rights champion
in her own right and the United States
delegate to the UN—the Commission set out
to draft the document that became the
Universal Declaration of Human Rights.

11. The Universal Declaration of
Human Rights (1948)
Roosevelt, credited with its inspiration,
referred to the Declaration as the
international Magna Carta for all
mankind. It was adopted by the United
Nations on December 10, 1948.

12. The Universal Declaration of
Human Rights (1948)
The Member States of the United Nations
pledged to work together to promote the
thirty Articles of human rights that, for the
first time in history, had been assembled
and codified into a single document. In
consequence, many of these rights, in
various forms, are today part of the
constitutional laws of democratic nations.

13. UNIVERSAL DECLARATION
OF HUMAN RIGHTS
Article 1. Right to Equality
All human beings are born free and
equal in dignity and rights. They are
endowed with reason and conscience
and should act towards one another in
a spirit of brotherhood.

14. UNIVERSAL DECLARATION
OF HUMAN RIGHTS
Article 2. Freedom from Discrimination
Everyone is entitled to all the rights and
freedoms set forth in this Declaration,
without distinction of any kind, such as
race, colour, sex, language, religion,
political or other opinion, national or
social origin, property, birth or other
status.

15. UNIVERSAL DECLARATION
OF HUMAN RIGHTS
Article 3. Right to Life, Liberty, Personal Security
Everyone has the right to life, liberty
and security of person.
Article 4. Freedom from Slavery
No one shall be held in slavery or
servitude; slavery and the slave trade
shall be prohibited in all their forms.

16. UNIVERSAL DECLARATION
OF HUMAN RIGHTS
Article 5. Freedom from Torture and Degrading Treatment
No one shall be subjected to torture or
to cruel, inhuman or degrading
treatment or punishment.
Article 6. Right to Recognition as a Person before the Law
Everyone has the right to recognition
everywhere as a person before the law.

17. UNIVERSAL DECLARATION
OF HUMAN RIGHTS
Article 7. Right to Equality before the Law
All are equal before the law and are
entitled without any discrimination to
equal protection of the law. All are
entitled to equal protection against any
discrimination in violation of this
Declaration and against any incitement
to such discrimination.

18. UNIVERSAL DECLARATION
OF HUMAN RIGHTS
Article 8. Right to Remedy by Competent Tribunal
Everyone has the right to an effective
remedy by the competent national tribunals
for acts violating the fundamental rights
granted him by the constitution or by law.
Article 9. Freedom from Arbitrary Arrest and Exile
No one shall be subjected to arbitrary
arrest, detention or exile.

19. UNIVERSAL DECLARATION
OF HUMAN RIGHTS
Article 10. Right to Fair Public Hearing
Everyone is entitled in full equality to a
fair and public hearing by an
independent and impartial tribunal, in
the determination of his rights and
obligations and of any criminal charge
against him.

20. UNIVERSAL DECLARATION
OF HUMAN RIGHTS
Article 11. Right to be Considered
Innocent until Proven Guilty
Everyone charged with a penal offence
has the right to be presumed innocent
until proved guilty according to law in a
public trial at which he has had all the
guarantees necessary for his defence.

21. UNIVERSAL DECLARATION
OF HUMAN RIGHTS
Article 11. Right to be Considered Innocent until Proven Guilty
No one shall be held guilty of any penal
offence on account of any act or omission
which did not constitute a penal offence,
under national or international law, at the
time when it was committed. Nor shall a
heavier penalty be imposed than the one
that was applicable at the time the penal
offence was committed.

22. UNIVERSAL DECLARATION
OF HUMAN RIGHTS
Article 12. Freedom from Interference with
Privacy, Family, Home and Correspondence
No one shall be subjected to arbitrary
interference with his privacy, family,
home or correspondence, nor to attacks
upon his honour and reputation.
Everyone has the right to the protection
of the law against such interference or
attacks.

23. UNIVERSAL DECLARATION
OF HUMAN RIGHTS
Article 13. Right to Free Movement in
and out of the Country
Everyone has the right to freedom of
movement and residence within the
borders of each State.
Everyone has the right to leave any
country, including his own, and to
return to his country.

24. UNIVERSAL DECLARATION
OF HUMAN RIGHTS
Article 14. Right to Asylum in other Countries from Persecution
Everyone has the right to seek and to enjoy
in other countries asylum from persecution.
This right may not be invoked in the case of
prosecutions genuinely arising from
nonpolitical crimes or from acts contrary to
the purposes and principles of the United
Nations.

25. UNIVERSAL DECLARATION
OF HUMAN RIGHTS
Article 15. Right to a Nationality and the
Freedom to Change It
Everyone has the right to a nationality.
No one shall be arbitrarily deprived of
his nationality nor denied the right to
change his nationality.

26. UNIVERSAL DECLARATION
OF HUMAN RIGHTS
Article 16. Right to Marriage and Family
Men and women of full age, without
any limitation due to race, nationality or
religion, have the right to marry and to
found a family. They are entitled to
equal rights as to marriage, during
marriage and at its dissolution.

27. UNIVERSAL DECLARATION
OF HUMAN RIGHTS
Article 16. Right to Marriage and Family
Marriage shall be entered into only with
the free and full consent of the
intending spouses.
The family is the natural and
fundamental group unit of society and
is entitled to protection by society and
the State.

28. UNIVERSAL DECLARATION
OF HUMAN RIGHTS
Article 17. Right to Own Property
Everyone has the right to own property
alone as well as in association with
others.
No one shall be arbitrarily deprived of
his property.

29. UNIVERSAL DECLARATION
OF HUMAN RIGHTS
Article 18. Freedom of Belief and Religion
Everyone has the right to freedom of
thought, conscience and religion; this right
includes freedom to change his religion or
belief, and freedom, either alone or in
community with others and in public or
private, to manifest his religion or belief in
teaching, practice, worship and observance.

30. UNIVERSAL DECLARATION
OF HUMAN RIGHTS
Article 19. Freedom of Opinion and Information
Everyone has the right to freedom of
opinion and expression; this right
includes freedom to hold opinions
without interference and to seek,
receive and impart information and
ideas through any media and regardless
of frontiers.

31. UNIVERSAL DECLARATION
OF HUMAN RIGHTS
Article 20. Right of Peaceful Assembly
and Association
Everyone has the right to freedom of
peaceful assembly and association.
No one may be compelled to belong to
an association.

32. UNIVERSAL DECLARATION
OF HUMAN RIGHTS
Article 21. Right to Participate in
Government and in Free Elections
Everyone has the right to take part in
the government of his country, directly
or through freely chosen
representatives.
Everyone has the right to equal access
to public service in his country.

33. UNIVERSAL DECLARATION
OF HUMAN RIGHTS
Article 21. Right to Participate in Government and
in Free Elections
The will of the people shall be the basis
of the authority of government; this will
shall be expressed in periodic and
genuine elections which shall be by
universal and equal suffrage and shall
be held by secret vote or by equivalent
free voting procedures.

34. UNIVERSAL DECLARATION
OF HUMAN RIGHTS
Article 22. Right to Social Security
Everyone, as a member of society, has the
right to social security and is entitled to
realization, through national effort and
international co-operation and in accordance
with the organization and resources of each
State, of the economic, social and cultural
rights indispensable for his dignity and the
free development of his personality.

35. UNIVERSAL DECLARATION
OF HUMAN RIGHTS
Article 23. Right to Desirable Work and to Join
Trade Unions
Everyone has the right to work, to free
choice of employment, to just and
favourable conditions of work and to
protection against unemployment.
Everyone, without any discrimination,
has the right to equal pay for equal
work.

36. UNIVERSAL DECLARATION
OF HUMAN RIGHTS
Article 23. Right to Desirable Work and to
Join Trade Unions
Everyone who works has the right to just
and favourable remuneration ensuring for
himself and his family an existence worthy
of human dignity, and supplemented, if
necessary, by other means of social
protection.

37. UNIVERSAL DECLARATION
OF HUMAN RIGHTS
Article 23. Right to Desirable Work and to Join Trade Unions
Everyone has the right to form and to join
trade unions for the protection of his
interests.
Article 24. Right to Rest and Leisure
Everyone has the right to rest and leisure,
including reasonable limitation of working
hours and periodic holidays with pay.

38. UNIVERSAL DECLARATION
OF HUMAN RIGHTS
Article 25. Right to Adequate Living
Standard
Everyone has the right to a standard of living
adequate for the health and well-being of himself
and of his family, including food, clothing, housing
and medical care and necessary social services,
and the right to security in the event of
unemployment, sickness, disability, widowhood,
old age or other lack of livelihood in circumstances
beyond his control.

39. UNIVERSAL DECLARATION
OF HUMAN RIGHTS
Article 25. Right to Adequate Living
Standard
Motherhood and childhood are entitled
to special care and assistance. All
children, whether born in or out of
wedlock, shall enjoy the same social
protection.

40. UNIVERSAL DECLARATION
OF HUMAN RIGHTS
Article 26. Right to Education
Everyone has the right to education.
Education shall be free, at least in the
elementary and fundamental stages.
Elementary education shall be compulsory.
Technical and professional education shall
be made generally available and higher
education shall be equally accessible to all
on the basis of merit.

41. UNIVERSAL DECLARATION
OF HUMAN RIGHTS
Article 26. Right to Education
Education shall be directed to the full development
of the human personality and to the strengthening
of respect for human rights and fundamental
freedoms. It shall promote understanding,
tolerance and friendship among all nations, racial
or religious groups, and shall further the activities
of the United Nations for the maintenance of
peace.

42. UNIVERSAL DECLARATION
OF HUMAN RIGHTS
Article 26. Right to Education
Parents have a prior right to choose the
kind of education that shall be given to
their children.

43. UNIVERSAL DECLARATION
OF HUMAN RIGHTS
Article 27. Right to Participate in the
Cultural Life of Community
Everyone has the right freely to
participate in the cultural life of the
community, to enjoy the arts and to
share in scientific advancement and its
benefits.

44. UNIVERSAL DECLARATION
OF HUMAN RIGHTS
Article 27. Right to Participate in the
Cultural Life of Community
Everyone has the right to the protection
of the moral and material interests
resulting from any scientific, literary or
artistic production of which he is the
author.

45. UNIVERSAL DECLARATION
OF HUMAN RIGHTS
Article 28. Right to a Social Order that
Articulates this Document
Everyone is entitled to a social and
international order in which the rights
and freedoms set forth in this
Declaration can be fully realized.

46. UNIVERSAL DECLARATION
OF HUMAN RIGHTS
Article 29. Community Duties Essential
to Free and Full Development
Everyone has duties to the community
in which alone the free and full
development of his personality is
possible.

47. UNIVERSAL DECLARATION
OF HUMAN RIGHTS
Article 29. Community Duties Essential to Free
and Full Development
In the exercise of his rights and freedoms,
everyone shall be subject only to such limitations
as are determined by law solely for the purpose of
securing due recognition and respect for the rights
and freedoms of others and of meeting the just
requirements of morality, public order and the
general welfare in a democratic society.

48. UNIVERSAL DECLARATION
OF HUMAN RIGHTS
Article 29. Community Duties Essential
to Free and Full Development
These rights and freedoms may in no
case be exercised contrary to the
purposes and principles of the United
Nations.

49. UNIVERSAL DECLARATION
OF HUMAN RIGHTS
Article 30. Freedom from State or Personal
Interference in the above Rights
Nothing in this Declaration may be
interpreted as implying for any State,
group or person any right to engage in
any activity or to perform any act aimed
at the destruction of any of the rights
and freedoms set forth herein.

50. Five categories of Human
Rights
Economic Rights
Cultural RightsSocial Rights
Civil Rights Political Rights

51. Five categories of Human Rights
Civil – the right to be treated as an equal to anyone
else in society
Political – the right to vote, to freedom of speech and
to obtain information
Economic – the right to participate in an economy
that benefits all; and to desirable work
Social – the right to education, health care, food,
clothing, shelter and social security
Cultural – the right to freedom of religion, and to
speak the language, and to practice the culture of
one’s choice

52. SOME CIVIL RIGHTS
Life
Belief in own religion
Opinion
Free speech
Non-discrimination according to sex
Marry
Race
Cultural background

53. SOME POLITICAL RIGHTS
Vote in elections
Freely form or join political parties
Live in an independent country
Stand for public office
Freely disagree with views and policies
of political leaders

54. SOME ECONOMIC RIGHTS
Jobs
Work without exploitation
Fair wage
Safe working conditions
Form trade unions
Have adequate food
Protection against labor malpractices

55. SOME SOCIAL RIGHTS
Housing
Education
Health services
Recreation facilities
Clean environment
Social security

56. SOME CULTURAL RIGHTS
Use own language
Develop cultural activities
Ancestral domains
Develop own kind of schooling

57. Importance of Human Rights
Human rights are important because,
The States affirmed the universal
respect for inalienable rights and
fundamental freedoms of each and
every person, including the principles of
the prohibition against arbitrary
detention, the right to due process and
other civil and political rights as well as
social, cultural and economic rights.

58. Importance of Human Rights
These fundamental human rights
should be “a common standard of
achievement for all peoples and
nations”,
They are the basic rights that all human
beings should enjoy, respect and
protect.

59. Importance of Human Rights
International human rights law lays
down obligations which States are
bound to respect. By becoming parties
to international treaties, States assume
obligations and duties under
international law to respect, to protect
and to fulfill human rights.

60. Importance of Human Rights
The obligation to respect means that States
must refrain from interfering with or curtailing
the enjoyment of human rights.
The obligation to protect requires States to
protect individuals and groups against human
rights abuses.
The obligation to fulfill means that States
must take positive action to facilitate the
enjoyment of basic human rights.

61. Importance of Human Rights
Through ratification of international human
rights treaties, Governments undertake to put
into place domestic measures and legislation
compatible with their treaty obligations and
duties.
Universal human rights should be applied to
all persons without distinction of any kind: we
are all human beings, so we are all entitled to
enjoy these rights.

62. Importance of Human Rights
“Human rights are what reason requires
and conscience demands. They are us
and we are them. Human rights are
rights that any person has as a human
being. We are all human beings; we are
all deserving of human rights. One
cannot be true without the other.” - Kofi
Annan, Secretary-general of the United Nations

63. Rights based approach to health
“The right to health does not mean the right to be
healthy, nor does it mean poor governments must
put in place expensive health services for they
have no resources. But it does require
authorities put in place policies and action
plans which lead to available and accessible
health care for all in the shortest possible
time. To ensure that this happens is the
challenge facing both the human rights
community and public health professionals.”
UN High Commissioner for Human Rights, Mary Robinson

64. Human Rights
Human rights concern the relation the between state and the
individual;
They lead to state obligations and individual entitlements
All human rights are interdependent and interrelated. Health is
a fundamental human right, indispensable for the exercise of
other human rights
Freedom from discrimination underpins all human rights
Promotion of human rights is a principle purpose of the UN

65. First expression of the right to
health:
The WHO Constitution (1946)
“The States parties to this Constitution declare, in conformity with the
Charter of the United Nations, that the following principles are basic to the
happiness, harmonious relations and security of all peoples.
Health is a state of complete physical, mental and social well-being
and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity.
The enjoyment of the highest attainable standard of health is one of
the fundamental rights of every human being without distinction of
race, religion, political belief, economic or social condition (...)”

66. Universal Declaration of Human Rights (1948)
Art.25.1
“Everyone has the right to a standard of
living adequate for the health of himself
and of his family, including food, clothing,
housing and medical care and necessary
social services”

68. Rights based approach to health
Follow the
principles of:
* Availability
* Accessibility
* Acceptability
* Quality of health
services

69. Rights-based approach:
Justice as a right, not as charity
A rights-based approach to development describes
situations not simply in terms of human needs, or of
developmental requirements, but in terms of society's
obligations to respond to the inalienable rights of
individuals; empowers people to demand justice as a
right, not as charity; and gives communities a moral
basis from which to claim international assistance when
needed.
Kofi Anan, United Nations Secretary-General

70. Client – Centered Care
An approach to care planning and
support which empowers individuals to
make the decisions about what they
want to happen in their lives.
These decisions then form the basis for
any plans that are developed and
implemented.

71. Client Centred Values
Individuality
Independence
Rights
Respect
Choice
Dignity
Privacy
Partnership
How do these values influence aspects of social
work and why?

72. Nurses role in client centered health care
approach
The individual – someone requiring care or
support.
Families, friends, advocates. Those of
importance to the individual.
Others around the individual – Team
members and colleagues, other professionals.

73. Assess
• Needs
• Difficulties
• Strengths
Plan
• Day to day
care
• Goals for
the future
Implement
• Practicalities
• Communication
• Management
style/
• organisation
• Induction/
training
Evaluate
• Formal
• Ongoing
Nurses role in client centered health care
approach

74. Maintaining Person Centred Approached in
complex or sensitive situations. 2.2
For example –
Distressing or
traumatic, eg Hospital
Appointment, Individual
out of regular
environment.
Doing something the
individual perceived to
be threatening or
frightening
.
Likely to have serious
implications or
consequences, eg
discussions about the
future.
Of a personal nature –
During personal care.
Involving complex
communication or
cognitive needs. (Making
an activity meaningful with for
someone with dementia.)