The document provides an overview of conducting a literature review. It discusses that a literature review documents previous research in the areas related to the researcher's topic of interest. It aims to identify what problems have already been studied and which need further investigation. The literature review gives knowledge of past studies in the field and how they were conducted. It also discusses the purpose of reviewing literature such as gaining background on the topic, identifying concepts and relationships, and determining appropriate research methods. The document outlines the steps to conducting an effective literature review such as identifying relevant sources, extracting and recording information, and writing the review.

2. REVIEW OF LITERATURE
 Literature Review is the documentation of a
comprehensive review of the published and
unpublished work from secondary sources of data
in the areas of specific interest to the researcher.
 The main aim is to find out problems that are
already investigated and those that need further
investigation.
2

3. Con……. REVIEW OF LITERATURE
It is an extensive survey of all available
past studies relevant to the field of
investigation.
It gives us knowledge about what others
have found out in the related field of
study and how they have done so.
3

4. Concept of review
“A literature review is the process of
locating, obtaining ,reading & evaluating
the research literature in the area of
interest”
by P. Haywood & E.C.Wragg(1996)
“A literature review is a classification &
evaluation of what scholars & researcher
have written on a topic”
by M.J. Polonsky & D.S. Waller(2005)

5. PURPOSE OF REVIEW
 To gain a background knowledge of the research
topic.
 To identify the concepts relating to it, potential
relationships between them and to formulate
researchable hypothesis.
5

6. Con……… PURPOSE OF REVIEW
 To identify appropriate methodology, research
design, methods of measuring concepts and
techniques of analysis.
 To identify data sources used by other researchers
 To learn how others structured their reports.
6

7. How to conduct the Literature Survey?
Identify the relevant sources.
Extract and Record relevant
information.
Write-up the Literature Review.
7

8. Why to conduct literature review?
Determination of research problem
Avoidance of repetition
Synthesis of prior work- to build better
perspective
Determining meaning & relationship
among variables
Act as base for new research

9. Con………
To identify gaps in the literature
To avoid reinventing the wheel (saves time
& stop to commit same mistake as done
by previous researchers)
To provide you with some ideas you might
not of thought of yourself

10. Steps in LR
1} Locating
Which subject is relevant to your research
problem.
Encyclopedia, card or computer
catalogues ,journal indexes ,international
bibliography.

11. 2}obtaining
Libraries, online sources, CD-ROM technology,
other sources
3}reading
It involves
a) scanning the materials
B) gaining some quick impression of what the
material is all about.
C) identifying & marking ideas
D) identifying new ideas, issues, method used
etc
E) noting the relevant points

12. 4} evaluating
Criteria for evaluating research are:-
Accuracy & dependability:-correctness of data
Scope:-impact of review in your research
Arrangement:-flow of idea into sequence
Author:-background & credibility of the author
Up to dateness:-when was report published
Authority:- how much reliable is the argument,
who is saying it
Treatment & style:-how are results interpreted
Illustrations, tables & diagram
Publisher:-credible & reliability

13. Points to be consider in LR
While deciding about the subject matter, the
following procedure must be in mind
Choose a topic about which relatively enough
material is available, so that one can become
reasonably with the issue.
Examine most of the literature & read the
relevant portions in detail
Do not choose too many key points because of
the scope & limitation of the selected topic.
Sort the cards from mass by concepts & review
the related matters until new sources or
materials have been examined.

14. Con……..
To select the related sources of
information & to record important portion in
note book.
To collect the material in serial order of
development.
To rewrite matter repeatedly so that
unnecessary portion will be corrected.

15. Organizing library finding
It refers to proper arrangement of materials of
reference collected in the library
The researcher should possess the detailed
knowledge about the subject matter to put the
literature in chronological or sequential order.
After reviewing all materials presented in the
note cards, the researcher has to label it into
topic, heading ,summarizing the contents in the
cards.

16. The summary of the heading can also be listed
on paper so that it would not be lead difficulty for
examination.
An outline can be formulated in terms of
alternative headings
When outline is finished, the search of literature
completes
Presentation of the material in logical sequence
evaluates the quality of research work.
After detailed examination ,the researcher finds
the logic for LR.
Rework the outline several times until it follows
logically

17. EXAMPLE
If the topic is on agriculture, u might find
the following topics as relevant:-
Agriculture before modern technology
The affect of technology on agriculture
Recent development of agriculture
Support from govt. to ariculture

18. 18 18
Guidelines for Analyzing
Literature

19. 19 19
Guidelines for Analyzing
Literature
Analyze chosen articles before you start writing
1. Scan articles to get an overview of each
 first few paragraphs, paragraph before Method,
major and minor subheadings, hypotheses,
purposes, scan text (but don’t get caught in details),
first para of Discussion
 keep an eye on big picture by pre-reading
 take notes on first page about overall
purpose/findings
2. Based on #1, group articles by category
 by topic and subtopic, then chronologically

20. 20 20
Guidelines for Analyzing
Literature
3. Organize yourself before reading
 computer, pack of note cards for comments, self-adhesive
flags to mark important places
4. Use a consistent format in notes
 begin reading and making notes of important points on cards
 start a system of note-taking and use system consistently
 what is notable about the article?
Landmark/flaws/experimental/qualitative?
 Use several cards per article

21. 21 21
Guidelines for Analyzing
Literature
5. Note explicit definitions of key terms
 note differences between/among researchers
6. Note methodological strengths and weaknesses
 e.g., triangulation of methods, sample sizes, generalizability.
 does one article improve upon another by of method?
 does innovative methodology seem appropriate?
 Is there enough evidence to support conclusions?
 critique groups of studies together, esp if similar flaws
 note patterns of weaknesses across studies

22. 22 22
Guidelines for Analyzing
Literature
7. Distinguish between assertion and evidence
 understand empirical findings from data collected
 v. author’s opinion
8. Identify major trends or patterns in studies
 if conflicting results, try to explain them
 can make a generalization based on majority of
articles or those with strong methodology.
 Describe these generalizations carefully.
9. Identify gaps in literature and discuss why

23. 23 23
Guidelines for Analyzing
Literature
10. Identify relationships among studies
 when write, discuss them together
11. Note how each article relates to your topic
 keep your specific topic in mind all the time and
make sure your articles address it. If not, do not
include
12. Evaluate your list for currency and coverage
 start with most recent 5 years and include others if
necessary.

24. Recording references
Reference materials are the source of
information for reviewing literature
Books, periodical ,articles, published &
unpublished materials, notes, newspaper,
journals, interviews are major sources of
information.
A researcher needs to identify relevant materials
from respective source at first.
The source of the materials needs to be
recorded properly.

25. Present the collected material in
systematic order from its random style
Check the omission & duplication in the
process of evaluating the literatures
The choice of recording reference
depends upon the nature & the type of
research.

26. SOURCE CARDS
 The recording of bibliographic information should be
made in proper bibliographic format.
 The format for citing a book is:
 Author’s name, (year), Title of the book, Place of
publication, Publisher’s name.
 For Example; Koontz Harold (1980), Management, New
Delhi, McGraw-Hill International.
 The format for citing a journal article is:
 Author’s name, (year), Title of the article, Journal name,
Volume (number), pages.
 For Example; Sheth J.N (1973), A Model of Industrial
Buying Behaviour, Journal of Marketing, 37(4), 50-56.
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27. How to write the review?
 There are several ways of presenting the ideas of
others within the body of the paper.
 For Example; If you are referring the major
influencing factors in the Sheth’s model of Industrial
Buying Behaviour, it can be written as,
 Sheth (1973, p-50) has suggested that, there are a
number of influencing factors ……..
 According to Sheth (1973) model of industrial
buying behaviour, there are a number of influencing
factors……..
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28. How to write the review?
 In some models of industrial buying behaviour, there
are a number of influencing factors (Sheth, 1973).
 In some models of industrial buying behaviour, there
are a number of influencing factors1.
1. Sheth J.N (1973), A Model of Industrial Buying Behaviour,
Journal of Marketing, 37(4), 50-56.
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29. Developing a theoretical framework
A theoretical framework attempts to integrate the
information logically so that the reason for the
problem can be conceptualized.
It describes the relationships among variables &
elaborates the theory underlying these relations
The theoretical framework is the foundation on
which the entire thesis is based
It is a logically developed, described &
elaborated network of associations among
variables that have been identified through such
process as interview, observation & literature
survey.

30. The critical variables are examined & the
association among them is identified
It focuses the depth of subject matter of
study
Literature review provides a source basis
for TF
A good theoretical framework provides the
logical base for developing testable
hypothesis

31. 5 basic components in TF
The variables relevant to the study should be clearly
identified.
The discussion should state how 2 or more variables are
related.
If the nature & direction of the relationship can be
theorized on the basis of the findings from previous
research, then there should be indication that whether
the relationship is positive or negative.
There should be clear explanation of why we should
expect these relationship to exist the argument could be
drawn from previous research findings.
A schematic diagram of the TF should be given so that
the reader can visualize the theorized relationship.

32. How should the theoretical
framework be formulated
1. cite your conceptual framework or
model with establish knowledge.
2. identify your variables/themes
3. point out the dependent & intervening
variables
4. show the direction of the study

33. illustration
Age
Gender
Marital statutes employee
absenteeism
Seniority
Place of resident