Meningitis is an inflammation of the protective membranes covering the brain and spinal cord, usually caused by a bacterial or viral infection of the fluid surrounding the brain and spinal cord. Common symptoms include fever, headache, stiff neck, light sensitivity, drowsiness, vomiting, and feeling unwell. Those at higher risk include individuals who have not been vaccinated, are under age 20, live in communal settings like dormitories, or have a weakened immune system. Diagnosis involves blood tests, lumbar puncture of spinal fluid, and analysis of fluid for signs of infection. Treatment generally involves antibiotics for 1-2 weeks depending on the bacteria, along with fluids, monitoring in intensive care, and medications to reduce swelling and control seizures

1. PRESENTED BY : NURUL AFRINA IZZATI
IFFAH NADIRAH
MUHAMMAD SYAKIR FIRDAUS
MENINGITIS

2. DEFINITION
Meningitis is an inflammation (swelling) of
the protective membranes covering the
brain and spinal cord. A bacterial or viral
infection of the fluid surrounding the brain
and spinal cord usually causes the
swelling. However, injuries, cancer, certain
drugs, and other types of infections also
can cause meningitis.

3. SIGN & SYMPTOMS
Symptoms of Meningitis :
 A high temperature ( fever)
 Being sick
 A headache
 A stiff neck
 A dislike of bright lights
 Drowsiness or unresponsiveness
 Seizure
 Vomiting
 Felling unwell

4. RISK FACTORS
 Skipping vaccinations. Risk rises for anyone who hasn't completed the recommended childhood
or adult vaccination schedule.
 Age. Most cases of viral meningitis occur in children younger than age 5 years. Bacterial meningitis
is common in those under age 20.
 Living in a community setting. College students living in dormitories, personnel on military bases,
and children in boarding schools and child care facilities are at greater risk of meningococcal
meningitis.
 Weakened immune system. AIDS, alcohol use disorder, diabetes, use of immunosuppressant
drugs and other factors that affect your immune system increase the risk of meningitis. Having a
spleen removed also increases risk. People without a spleen should get vaccinated to lower the
risk.

5. History Taking
• In contrast, patients with subacute bacteria meningitis and most patients with viral meningitis present
with neurologic sypmtoms developing over 1 – 7 days.
• Chronic symptoms lasting longer than one week suggest the presence of meningitis caused by certain
viruses
or by tuberculosis, syphilis, fungi ( especially cryptococci or carcinomatosis ).
• 25 % of those who develop meningitis have symptoms that develop over 24 hours. The reminder
generally become ill over one to seven days.
• 25% of patients have conmitant sinusitis or otitis that could predispose to S pneumoniae meningitis.
• Occasionally, if someone has been on antibitics for another infection, the symptoms can take longer to
develop or may be less intense.
• If someone is developing fungal meningitis ( most commonly someone who is HIV positive ), the
symptoms may take wekks to develop.

6. 1. Blood Tests
- Full blood count
- C – reactive protein
- Blood culture and sensitivity
2. Lumbar puncture and CFS analysis
-The diagnosis of meningitis can only be confirmed through examination of a small sample of
spinal fluid through a procedure called lumbar puncture. This procedure is also important to
determine the type of infective germ so that the patient could be treated with the appropriate
antibiotics.
Contraindications : 1. Infected skin over needle entry site
2. Suspicion of increase ICP
3. Coagulopathy
4. Significant cardiorespiratory compromise
5. Immunocompromised
INVESTIGATIONS

7. TREATMENT
What is the treatment of Meningitis?
● Appropriate antibiotics are usually given for one to two weeks depending on the type of
infective bacteria and the patient’s response to the treatment given.
● Fluid given directly into vein.
● Unconscious patients or those with recurrent seizures are often nursed in intensive care unit.
● They may need to be put on a ventilator to assist in breathing.
● Specific treatments may also be required to control seizures, reduce brain swelling
and pressure inside the skull.
● Steroid medication to help reduce any swelling around the brain.

8. Prevention
- Common bacteria or viruses that can cause meningitis can spread through coughing,
sneezing, kissing, or sharing eating utensils, a toothbrush or a cigarette.
These steps can help prevent meningitis:
● Wash your hands. Don't share drinks, foods, straws, eating utensils, lip balms or toothbrushes
with anyone else.
● Stay healthy. Maintain your immune system by getting enough rest, exercising regularly, and
eating a healthy diet with plenty of fresh fruits, vegetables and whole grains.
● Cover your mouth. When you need to cough or sneeze, be sure to cover your mouth and nose.
● If you're pregnant, take care with food. Reduce your risk of a listeria infection by cooking meat,
including hot dogs and deli meat, to 165 degrees Fahrenheit (74 degrees Celsius). Avoid
cheeses made from unpasteurized milk. Choose cheeses that are clearly labeled as being
made with pasteurized milk.

9. THANK YOU
lobeyou 