The Ring programming language version 1.9 book - Part 101 of 210
1. Ring Documentation, Release 1.9
• Error (R7) : Can’t assign to a string letter more than one character
• Error (R8) : Variable is not a string
• Error (R9) : Using exit command outside loops
• Error (R10) : Using exit command with number outside the range
• Error (R11) : error in class name, class not found!
• Error (R12) : error in property name, property not found!
• Error (R13) : Object is required
• Error (R14) : Calling Method without definition !
• Error (R15) : error in parent class name, class not found!
• Error (R16) : Using braces to access unknown object !
• Error (R17) : error, using ‘Super’ without parent class!
• Error (R18) : Numeric Overflow!
• Error (R19) : Calling function with less number of parameters!
• Error (R20) : Calling function with extra number of parameters!
• Error (R21) : Using operator with values of incorrect type
• Error (R22) : Using loop command outside loops
• Error (R23) : Using loop command with number outside the range
• Error (R24) : Using uninitialized variable
• Error (R25) : Error in package name, Package not found!
• Error (R26) : Calling private method from outside the class
• Error (R27) : Using private attribute from outside the class
• Error (R28) : Using bad data type as step value
• Error (R29) : Using bad data type in for loop
• Error (R30) : parent class name is identical to child class name
• Error (R31) : Trying to destory the object using the self reference
• Error (R32) : The CALL command expect a variable contains string!
• Error (R33) : Bad decimals number (correct range >= 0 and <=14) !
• Error (R34) : Variable is required for the assignment operation
• Error (R35) : Can’t create/open the file!
• Error (R36) : The column number is not correct! It’s greater than the number of columns in the list
• Error (R37) : Sorry, The command is not supported in this context
• Error (R38) : Runtime Error in loading the dynamic library!
• Error (R39) : Error occurred creating unique filename.
86.4. Runtime Errors 969
4. Ring Documentation, Release 1.9
• VV : Variable Value (We have a Pointer to a variable, And we access this variable value)
(Stack and Variables)
Operation Description
• ICO_PUSHC
Add string from the IR to the stack
• ICO_PUSHN
Add number from the IR to the stack
• ICO_PUSHV
Replace VP in the stack[nSize] with the variable value
• ICO_LOADADDRESS
Read variable name from the IR, push VP to the stack
• ICO_ASSIGNMENT
Stack[nSize-1] VV = Stack[nSize] VV , POP
Stack[nSize]
• ICO_INC
Increment Number in Stack[nSize] by 1
• ICO_LOADAPUSHV
The same as ICO_LOADADDRESS then ICO_PUSHV
• ICO_NEWLINE
Store new line number (debug info)
• ICO_FREESTACK
Remove all items from the stack , nSize = 0
• ICO_FILENAME
Store the source code file name (debug info)
• ICO_FREELOADASCOPE
Free the Scope List of the current Expression
(Jump)
Operation Description
• ICO_JUMP
Set PC to new value from the IR
• ICO_JUMPZERO
If Stack[nSize] is a number = 0 then Set PC to new value
from the IR
• ICO_JUMPFOR
End of for loop
• ICO_JUMPONE
If Stack[nSize] is a number = 1 then Set PC to new value
from the IR
• ICO_JUMPZERO2
As ICO_JUMPZERO but add 1 to the stack (required
for many ‘AND’ conditions)
• ICO_JUMPONE2
As ICO_JUMPONE but add 1 to the stack (required for
many ‘OR’ conditions)
(Compare)
86.7. Virtual Machine (VM) Instructions 972
5. Ring Documentation, Release 1.9
Operation Description
• ICO_LESSEQUAL
If stack[nSize-1] <= stack[nSize] , POP stack[nSize], set
Stack[nSize-1] = 1 else set Stack[nSize-1] = 0
• ICO_EQUAL
If stack[nSize-1] = stack[nSize] , POP stack[nSize], set
Stack[nSize-1] = 1 else set Stack[nSize-1] = 0
• ICO_LESS
If stack[nSize-1] < stack[nSize] , POP stack[nSize], set
Stack[nSize-1] = 1 else set Stack[nSize-1] = 0
• ICO_GREATER
If stack[nSize-1] > stack[nSize] , POP stack[nSize], set
Stack[nSize-1] = 1 else set Stack[nSize-1] = 0
• ICO_GREATEREQUAL
If stack[nSize-1] >= stack[nSize] , POP stack[nSize], set
Stack[nSize-1] = 1 else set Stack[nSize-1] = 0
• ICO_NOTEQUAL
If stack[nSize-1] != stack[nSize] , POP stack[nSize], set
Stack[nSize-1] = 1 else set Stack[nSize-1] = 0
(Math)
Operation Description
• ICO_SUM
Stack[nSize-1] = Stack[nSize-1] + Stack[nSize] , POP
stack[nSize]
• ICO_SUB
Stack[nSize-1] = Stack[nSize-1] - Stack[nSize] , POP
stack[nSize]
• ICO_MUL
Stack[nSize-1] = Stack[nSize-1] * Stack[nSize] , POP
stack[nSize]
• ICO_DIV
Stack[nSize-1] = Stack[nSize-1] / Stack[nSize] , POP
stack[nSize]
• ICO_MOD
Stack[nSize-1] = Stack[nSize-1] % Stack[nSize] , POP
stack[nSize]
• ICO_NEG
Stack[nSize] = - Stack[nSize-1]
• ICO_PLUSPLUS
Stack[nSize] = Stack[nSize] + 1
• ICO_MINUSMINUS
Stack[nSize] = Stack[nSize] - 1
(Logic)
Operation Description
• ICO_AND
Stack[nSize-1] = Stack[nSize-1] && Stack[nSize] ,
POP stack[nSize]
• ICO_OR
Stack[nSize-1] = Stack[nSize-1] || Stack[nSize] , POP
stack[nSize]
• ICO_NOT
Stack[nSize] = ! Stack[nSize]
(Lists)
86.7. Virtual Machine (VM) Instructions 973
6. Ring Documentation, Release 1.9
Operation Description
• ICO_LISTSTART
Start New List in Temp. Memory
• ICO_LISTITEM
Add List Item
• ICO_LISTEND
End List
• ICO_LOADINDEXADDRESS
Stack[nSize-1] = Stack[nSize-1] VV [ Stack[nSize] ] ,
POP stack[nSize]
(Functions)
Operation Description
• ICO_LOADFUNC
Find function
• ICO_CALL
Call function
• ICO_RETURN
Return from function
• ICO_RETNULL
Return NULl from function
• ICO_RETFROMEVAL
Return after eval()
• ICO_RETITEMREF
Return the list item reference - not the value
• ICO_NEWFUNC
Start new function
• ICO_BLOCKFLAG
Flag to determine where to jump later (after
ICO_RETURN)
• ICO_FUNCEXE
Start executing function
• ICO_ENDFUNCEXE
End function execution
• ICO_ANONYMOUS
Anonymous function
(User Interface)
Operation Description
• ICO_PRINT
Print value to the standard output
• ICO_GIVE
Get input from the keyboard
(End Program/Loop)
86.7. Virtual Machine (VM) Instructions 974
7. Ring Documentation, Release 1.9
Operation Description
• ICO_BYE
End execution of VM
• ICO_EXITMARK
Place to exit to from a loop
• ICO_POPEXITMARK
Remove exit mark
• ICO_EXIT
Break from one loop or more
• ICO_LOOP
Continue to next loop
(For Better Performance)
Operation Description
• ICO_PUSHP
Push pointer to the stack
• ICO_INCP
Increment variable value using pointer
• ICO_PUSHPV
Push value of variable using variable pointer
• ICO_INCJUMP
Increment then jump
• ICO_INCPJUMP
Increment using pointer then jump
• ICO_JUMPVARLENUM
Jump if variable value is <= numeric value
• ICO_JUMPVARPLENUM
Jump if variable value (using pointer) <= numeric value
• ICO_LOADFUNCP
Push function pointer
• ICO_PUSHPLOCAL
Push pointer to local variable
• ICO_INCLPJUMP
Increment value using pointer to local variable then
jump
• ICO_JUMPVARLPLENUM
Jump if the variable value (using pointer) <= numeric
value
• ICO_INCPJUMPSTEP1
Increment value using variable pointer then jump (for
loop step = 1)
• ICO_JUMPVARPLENUMSTEP1
Increment value using variable pointer then jump (for
loop step = 1)
(Try-Catch-Done)
86.7. Virtual Machine (VM) Instructions 975
8. Ring Documentation, Release 1.9
Operation Description
• ICO_TRY
Start try region
• ICO_DONE
End try region
(Duplicate and Range)
Operation Description
• ICO_DUPLICATE
Duplicate stack value
• ICO_RANGE
Create list from value to value
(OOP)
Operation Description
• ICO_NEWOBJ
Create new object, get class name from the IR, push ob-
ject pointer to the stack.
• ICO_SETSCOPE
Called after creating new object, set the active scope to
be the object scope.
• ICO_LOADSUBADDRESS
Get object attribute, push the pointer to the stack.
• ICO_LOADMETHOD
Find object method
• ICO_AFTERCALLMETHOD
Used after calling a method - normal case
• ICO_AFTERCALLMETHOD2
Used after calling a method - second case
• ICO_NEWCLASS
Start new class region
• ICO_BRACESTART
Open brace
• ICO_BRACEEND
End brace
• ICO_IMPORT
Import package
• ICO_PRIVATE
start private attributes region
• ICO_SETPROPERTY
set attribute value - check for setter.
• ICO_CALLCLASSINIT
call call init() method.
(Other)
86.7. Virtual Machine (VM) Instructions 976
9. Ring Documentation, Release 1.9
Operation Description
• ICO_SETREFERENCE
Copy by reference
• ICO_KILLREFERENCE
Remove reference
• ICO_ASSIGNMENTPOINTER
Determine the left side variable
• ICO_BEFOREEQUAL
Determine operators like += , -= , ... etc
(Bitwise Operators)
Operation Description
• ICO_BITAND
Stack[nSize-1] = Stack[nSize-1] & Stack[nSize] , POP
stack[nSize]
• ICO_BITOR
Stack[nSize-1] = Stack[nSize-1] | Stack[nSize] , POP
stack[nSize]
• ICO_BITXOR
Stack[nSize-1] = Stack[nSize-1] ^ Stack[nSize] , POP
stack[nSize]
• ICO_BITNOT
Stack[nSize] = ! Stack[nSize]
• ICO_BITSHL
Stack[nSize-1] = Stack[nSize-1] << Stack[nSize] , POP
stack[nSize]
• ICO_BITSHR
Stack[nSize-1] = Stack[nSize-1] >> Stack[nSize] , POP
stack[nSize]
(For Step)
Operation Description
• ICO_STEPNUMBER
Determine step number in for loop
• ICO_POPSTEP
POP step number from steps stack
• ICO_LOADAFIRST
Load the first address of variable name
(Custom Global Scope)
Operation Description
• ICO_NEWGLOBALSCOPE
Start new custom global scope - used by ‘load package’
command
• ICO_ENDGLOBALSCOPE
End of custom global scope - used by ‘load package’
command
• ICO_SETGLOBALSCOPE
Set the current global scope
86.7. Virtual Machine (VM) Instructions 977