The Ring programming language version 1.5.3 book - Part 19 of 194
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The document provides the language grammar for Ring, including statements, expressions, and virtual machine instructions. It defines statements like package, class, func, if/else, for/in loops, and expressions involving operators, comparisons, math, logic, lists, and functions. The virtual machine section describes over 70 instructions for operations on the stack, variables, functions, comparisons, math, logic, lists, control flow, and more.
![Ring Documentation, Release 1.5.3
97.6 Language Grammar
Program —> {statement}
Statement —> ‘package’ <Identifier> { ‘.’ <Identifier> } [’{‘ {statement} ‘}’] [’end’|’endpackage’]
Statement —> ‘class’ <Identifier> [ ‘from’|’:’|’<’ <Identifier> ] [’{‘ {statement} ‘}’][’end’|’endclass’]
Statement —> ‘func’|’def’ <Identifier> [ParaList] [’{‘ {statement} ‘}’][’end’|’endfunc’]
Statement —> ‘import’ <Identifier> { ‘.’ <Identifier> }
Statement —> ‘private’
Statement —> ‘load’ <Literal>
Statement —> ‘loadsyntax’ <Literal>
Statement —> ‘changeringkeyword’ <OldKeyword> <NewKeyword>
Statement —> ‘changeringoperator’ <OldOperator> <NewOperator>
Statement —> ‘see’|’put’ <Expr>
Statement —> ‘give’|’get’ <Identifier>
Statement —> ‘if’ <Expr> [’{‘] {statement} [ {‘but’|’elseif’ <Expr> {Statement} } ] [’else’ {Statement} ]
‘ok’|’end’|’}’
Statement —> ‘Switch’ <Expr> [’{‘] { ‘on’|’case’ <Expr> {statement} } [’other’ {Statement} ] ‘off’|’end’|’}’
Statement —> ‘for’ <Identifier> ‘=’ <Expr> ‘to’ <Expr> [ ‘step’ <Expr> ] [’{‘] {Statement} ‘next’|’end’|’}’
Statement —> ‘for’ <Identifier> ‘in’ <Expr> [ ‘step’ <Expr> ] [’{‘] {statement} ‘next’|’end’|’}’
Statement —> ‘while’ <Expr> [’{‘] {statement} ‘end’|’}’
Statement —> ‘do’ {statement} ‘again’ <Expr>
Statement —> ‘try’ {statement} [’{‘] ‘catch’ {statement} ‘done’|’end’|’}’
Statement —> ‘return’ <Expr>
Statement —> ‘bye’
Statement —> ‘exit’
Statement —> ‘loop’
Statement —> <Expr>
Statement —> epslion
ParaList —> epslion
ParaList —> [’(‘] <Identifier> [{ ‘,’ <Identifier> }] [’)’]
Expr —> <LogicNot> [{ ‘and’|’or’ <LogicNot> }]
LogicNot –> [’not’] <EqualOrNot>
EqualOrNot –> [ ‘=’|’!=’ ] <Compare>
Compare —> <BitOrXor> [ { ‘<’ | ‘>’ | ‘<=’ | ‘>=’ <BitOrXor> } ]
BitOrXor —> <BitAnd> [ { ‘|’ | ‘^’ <BitAnd> } ]
BitAnd —> <BitShift> [ { ‘&’ <BitShift> } ]
BitShift —> <Arithmetic> [ { ‘<<’ | ‘>>’ <Arithmetic> } ]
97.6. Language Grammar 1765](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/1791fayedringdoc1-180401102829/85/The-Ring-programming-language-version-1-5-3-book-Part-19-of-194-1-320.jpg)
![Ring Documentation, Release 1.5.3
Arithmetic —> <Term> [ { ‘+’ | ‘-‘ <Term> } ]
Term —> <Range> [ { ‘*’ | ‘/’ | ‘%’ <Range> } ]
Range —> <Factor> [ ‘:’ <Factor> ]
Factor —> <Identifier> [ {Mixer} ] [ ‘=’ <Expr> ]
Factor —> <Number>
Factor —> <Literal>
Factor —> ‘:’ <Identifier>
Factor —> ‘-‘ <Expr>
Factor —> ‘(‘ <Expr> ‘)’
Factor —> <List>
Factor —> ‘new’ <Identifier>
Factor —> <AnonymousFunction>
Factor —> ‘call’ <identifier> { ‘.’ <Identifier> } ‘(‘ <Parameters> ‘)’
List —> ‘[’ [ <Expr> { ‘,’ <Expr> } ] ‘]’
Mixer —> { ‘.’ <Identifier> }
Mixer —> ‘[’ <Expr> ‘]’
Mixer —> ‘(‘ [ <Expr> [ { ‘,’ <Expr> }] ] ‘)’
Mixer —> ‘{‘ {Statement} ‘}’
AnonymousFunction —> ‘func’|’def’| [<ParaList>] ‘{‘ {Statement} ‘}’
97.7 Virtual Machine (VM) Instructions
Definitions :-
• VM : Virtual Machine
• Stack : VM Stack
• IR : Instruction Register
• PC : Program Counter
• VP : Variable Pointer
• Stack[nSize] : Last Item in the Stack (Last In - First Out)
• VV : Variable Value (We have a Pointer to a variable, And we access this variable value)
(Stack and Variables)
97.7. Virtual Machine (VM) Instructions 1766](data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAIAAAAAAAP///yH5BAEAAAAALAAAAAABAAEAAAIBRAA7)
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The Ring programming language version 1.5.3 book - Part 19 of 194
- 1. Ring Documentation, Release 1.5.3 97.6 Language Grammar Program —> {statement} Statement —> ‘package’ <Identifier> { ‘.’ <Identifier> } [’{‘ {statement} ‘}’] [’end’|’endpackage’] Statement —> ‘class’ <Identifier> [ ‘from’|’:’|’<’ <Identifier> ] [’{‘ {statement} ‘}’][’end’|’endclass’] Statement —> ‘func’|’def’ <Identifier> [ParaList] [’{‘ {statement} ‘}’][’end’|’endfunc’] Statement —> ‘import’ <Identifier> { ‘.’ <Identifier> } Statement —> ‘private’ Statement —> ‘load’ <Literal> Statement —> ‘loadsyntax’ <Literal> Statement —> ‘changeringkeyword’ <OldKeyword> <NewKeyword> Statement —> ‘changeringoperator’ <OldOperator> <NewOperator> Statement —> ‘see’|’put’ <Expr> Statement —> ‘give’|’get’ <Identifier> Statement —> ‘if’ <Expr> [’{‘] {statement} [ {‘but’|’elseif’ <Expr> {Statement} } ] [’else’ {Statement} ] ‘ok’|’end’|’}’ Statement —> ‘Switch’ <Expr> [’{‘] { ‘on’|’case’ <Expr> {statement} } [’other’ {Statement} ] ‘off’|’end’|’}’ Statement —> ‘for’ <Identifier> ‘=’ <Expr> ‘to’ <Expr> [ ‘step’ <Expr> ] [’{‘] {Statement} ‘next’|’end’|’}’ Statement —> ‘for’ <Identifier> ‘in’ <Expr> [ ‘step’ <Expr> ] [’{‘] {statement} ‘next’|’end’|’}’ Statement —> ‘while’ <Expr> [’{‘] {statement} ‘end’|’}’ Statement —> ‘do’ {statement} ‘again’ <Expr> Statement —> ‘try’ {statement} [’{‘] ‘catch’ {statement} ‘done’|’end’|’}’ Statement —> ‘return’ <Expr> Statement —> ‘bye’ Statement —> ‘exit’ Statement —> ‘loop’ Statement —> <Expr> Statement —> epslion ParaList —> epslion ParaList —> [’(‘] <Identifier> [{ ‘,’ <Identifier> }] [’)’] Expr —> <LogicNot> [{ ‘and’|’or’ <LogicNot> }] LogicNot –> [’not’] <EqualOrNot> EqualOrNot –> [ ‘=’|’!=’ ] <Compare> Compare —> <BitOrXor> [ { ‘<’ | ‘>’ | ‘<=’ | ‘>=’ <BitOrXor> } ] BitOrXor —> <BitAnd> [ { ‘|’ | ‘^’ <BitAnd> } ] BitAnd —> <BitShift> [ { ‘&’ <BitShift> } ] BitShift —> <Arithmetic> [ { ‘<<’ | ‘>>’ <Arithmetic> } ] 97.6. Language Grammar 1765
- 2. Ring Documentation, Release 1.5.3 Arithmetic —> <Term> [ { ‘+’ | ‘-‘ <Term> } ] Term —> <Range> [ { ‘*’ | ‘/’ | ‘%’ <Range> } ] Range —> <Factor> [ ‘:’ <Factor> ] Factor —> <Identifier> [ {Mixer} ] [ ‘=’ <Expr> ] Factor —> <Number> Factor —> <Literal> Factor —> ‘:’ <Identifier> Factor —> ‘-‘ <Expr> Factor —> ‘(‘ <Expr> ‘)’ Factor —> <List> Factor —> ‘new’ <Identifier> Factor —> <AnonymousFunction> Factor —> ‘call’ <identifier> { ‘.’ <Identifier> } ‘(‘ <Parameters> ‘)’ List —> ‘[’ [ <Expr> { ‘,’ <Expr> } ] ‘]’ Mixer —> { ‘.’ <Identifier> } Mixer —> ‘[’ <Expr> ‘]’ Mixer —> ‘(‘ [ <Expr> [ { ‘,’ <Expr> }] ] ‘)’ Mixer —> ‘{‘ {Statement} ‘}’ AnonymousFunction —> ‘func’|’def’| [<ParaList>] ‘{‘ {Statement} ‘}’ 97.7 Virtual Machine (VM) Instructions Definitions :- • VM : Virtual Machine • Stack : VM Stack • IR : Instruction Register • PC : Program Counter • VP : Variable Pointer • Stack[nSize] : Last Item in the Stack (Last In - First Out) • VV : Variable Value (We have a Pointer to a variable, And we access this variable value) (Stack and Variables) 97.7. Virtual Machine (VM) Instructions 1766
- 3. Ring Documentation, Release 1.5.3 Operation Description • ICO_PUSHC Add string from the IR to the stack • ICO_PUSHN Add number from the IR to the stack • ICO_PUSHV Replace VP in the stack[nSize] with the variable value • ICO_LOADADDRESS Read variable name from the IR, push VP to the stack • ICO_ASSIGNMENT Stack[nSize-1] VV = Stack[nSize] VV , POP Stack[nSize] • ICO_INC Increment Number in Stack[nSize] by 1 • ICO_LOADAPUSHV The same as ICO_LOADADDRESS then ICO_PUSHV • ICO_NEWLINE Store new line number (debug info) • ICO_FREESTACK Remove all items from the stack , nSize = 0 • ICO_FILENAME Store the source code file name (debug info) • ICO_FREELOADASCOPE Free the Scope List of the current Expression (Jump) Operation Description • ICO_JUMP Set PC to new value from the IR • ICO_JUMPZERO If Stack[nSize] is a number = 0 then Set PC to new value from the IR • ICO_JUMPFOR End of for loop • ICO_JUMPONE If Stack[nSize] is a number = 1 then Set PC to new value from the IR • ICO_JUMPZERO2 As ICO_JUMPZERO but add 1 to the stack (required for many ‘AND’ conditions) • ICO_JUMPONE2 As ICO_JUMPONE but add 1 to the stack (required for many ‘OR’ conditions) (Compare) 97.7. Virtual Machine (VM) Instructions 1767
- 4. Ring Documentation, Release 1.5.3 Operation Description • ICO_LESSEQUAL If stack[nSize-1] <= stack[nSize] , POP stack[nSize], set Stack[nSize-1] = 1 else set Stack[nSize-1] = 0 • ICO_EQUAL If stack[nSize-1] = stack[nSize] , POP stack[nSize], set Stack[nSize-1] = 1 else set Stack[nSize-1] = 0 • ICO_LESS If stack[nSize-1] < stack[nSize] , POP stack[nSize], set Stack[nSize-1] = 1 else set Stack[nSize-1] = 0 • ICO_GREATER If stack[nSize-1] > stack[nSize] , POP stack[nSize], set Stack[nSize-1] = 1 else set Stack[nSize-1] = 0 • ICO_GREATEREQUAL If stack[nSize-1] >= stack[nSize] , POP stack[nSize], set Stack[nSize-1] = 1 else set Stack[nSize-1] = 0 • ICO_NOTEQUAL If stack[nSize-1] != stack[nSize] , POP stack[nSize], set Stack[nSize-1] = 1 else set Stack[nSize-1] = 0 (Math) Operation Description • ICO_SUM Stack[nSize-1] = Stack[nSize-1] + Stack[nSize] , POP stack[nSize] • ICO_SUB Stack[nSize-1] = Stack[nSize-1] - Stack[nSize] , POP stack[nSize] • ICO_MUL Stack[nSize-1] = Stack[nSize-1] * Stack[nSize] , POP stack[nSize] • ICO_DIV Stack[nSize-1] = Stack[nSize-1] / Stack[nSize] , POP stack[nSize] • ICO_MOD Stack[nSize-1] = Stack[nSize-1] % Stack[nSize] , POP stack[nSize] • ICO_NEG Stack[nSize] = - Stack[nSize-1] • ICO_PLUSPLUS Stack[nSize] = Stack[nSize] + 1 • ICO_MINUSMINUS Stack[nSize] = Stack[nSize] - 1 (Logic) Operation Description • ICO_AND Stack[nSize-1] = Stack[nSize-1] && Stack[nSize] , POP stack[nSize] • ICO_OR Stack[nSize-1] = Stack[nSize-1] || Stack[nSize] , POP stack[nSize] • ICO_NOT Stack[nSize] = ! Stack[nSize] (Lists) 97.7. Virtual Machine (VM) Instructions 1768
- 5. Ring Documentation, Release 1.5.3 Operation Description • ICO_LISTSTART Start New List in Temp. Memory • ICO_LISTITEM Add List Item • ICO_LISTEND End List • ICO_LOADINDEXADDRESS Stack[nSize-1] = Stack[nSize-1] VV [ Stack[nSize] ] , POP stack[nSize] (Functions) Operation Description • ICO_LOADFUNC Find function • ICO_CALL Call function • ICO_RETURN Return from function • ICO_RETNULL Return NULl from function • ICO_RETFROMEVAL Return after eval() • ICO_RETITEMREF Return the list item reference - not the value • ICO_NEWFUNC Start new function • ICO_BLOCKFLAG Flag to determine where to jump later (after ICO_RETURN) • ICO_FUNCEXE Start executing function • ICO_ENDFUNCEXE End function execution • ICO_ANONYMOUS Anonymous function (User Interface) Operation Description • ICO_PRINT Print value to the standard output • ICO_GIVE Get input from the keyboard (End Program/Loop) 97.7. Virtual Machine (VM) Instructions 1769
- 6. Ring Documentation, Release 1.5.3 Operation Description • ICO_BYE End execution of VM • ICO_EXITMARK Place to exit to from a loop • ICO_POPEXITMARK Remove exit mark • ICO_EXIT Break from one loop or more • ICO_LOOP Continue to next loop (For Better Performance) Operation Description • ICO_PUSHP Push pointer to the stack • ICO_INCP Increment variable value using pointer • ICO_PUSHPV Push value of variable using variable pointer • ICO_INCJUMP Increment then jump • ICO_INCPJUMP Increment using pointer then jump • ICO_JUMPVARLENUM Jump if variable value is <= numeric value • ICO_JUMPVARPLENUM Jump if variable value (using pointer) <= numeric value • ICO_LOADFUNCP Push function pointer • ICO_PUSHPLOCAL Push pointer to local variable • ICO_INCLPJUMP Increment value using pointer to local variable then jump • ICO_JUMPVARLPLENUM Jump if the variable value (using pointer) <= numeric value • ICO_INCPJUMPSTEP1 Increment value using variable pointer then jump (for loop step = 1) • ICO_JUMPVARPLENUMSTEP1 Increment value using variable pointer then jump (for loop step = 1) (Try-Catch-Done) 97.7. Virtual Machine (VM) Instructions 1770
- 7. Ring Documentation, Release 1.5.3 Operation Description • ICO_TRY Start try region • ICO_DONE End try region (Duplicate and Range) Operation Description • ICO_DUPLICATE Duplicate stack value • ICO_RANGE Create list from value to value (OOP) Operation Description • ICO_NEWOBJ Create new object, get class name from the IR, push ob- ject pointer to the stack. • ICO_SETSCOPE Called after creating new object, set the active scope to be the object scope. • ICO_LOADSUBADDRESS Get object attribute, push the pointer to the stack. • ICO_LOADMETHOD Find object method • ICO_AFTERCALLMETHOD Used after calling a method - normal case • ICO_AFTERCALLMETHOD2 Used after calling a method - second case • ICO_NEWCLASS Start new class region • ICO_BRACESTART Open brace • ICO_BRACEEND End brace • ICO_IMPORT Import package • ICO_PRIVATE start private attributes region • ICO_SETPROPERTY set attribute value - check for setter. • ICO_CALLCLASSINIT call call init() method. (Other) 97.7. Virtual Machine (VM) Instructions 1771
- 8. Ring Documentation, Release 1.5.3 Operation Description • ICO_SETREFERENCE Copy by reference • ICO_KILLREFERENCE Remove reference • ICO_ASSIGNMENTPOINTER Determine the left side variable • ICO_BEFOREEQUAL Determine operators like += , -= , ... etc (Bitwise Operators) Operation Description • ICO_BITAND Stack[nSize-1] = Stack[nSize-1] & Stack[nSize] , POP stack[nSize] • ICO_BITOR Stack[nSize-1] = Stack[nSize-1] | Stack[nSize] , POP stack[nSize] • ICO_BITXOR Stack[nSize-1] = Stack[nSize-1] ^ Stack[nSize] , POP stack[nSize] • ICO_BITNOT Stack[nSize] = ! Stack[nSize] • ICO_BITSHL Stack[nSize-1] = Stack[nSize-1] << Stack[nSize] , POP stack[nSize] • ICO_BITSHR Stack[nSize-1] = Stack[nSize-1] >> Stack[nSize] , POP stack[nSize] (For Step) Operation Description • ICO_STEPNUMBER Determine step number in for loop • ICO_POPSTEP POP step number from steps stack • ICO_LOADAFIRST Load the first address of variable name 97.7. Virtual Machine (VM) Instructions 1772
- 9. CHAPTER NINETYEIGHT RESOURCES In this section you will find resources about the language 98.1 Ring Language Website For news about the language check the website http://ring-lang.net http://ring-lang.sf.net 98.2 Ring Group For questions use the Ring Group (English) https://groups.google.com/forum/#!forum/ring-lang 98.3 Contact the Authors Name : Eng. Mahmoud Samir Fayed Country : Egypt Email : msfclipper@yahoo.com Facebook : https://facebook.com/mahmoudfayed1986 LinkedIn : https://sa.linkedin.com/in/mahmoudfayed1986 Name : Dr. Atif M. Alamri Country : Saudi Arabia Email : atif@ksu.edu.sa LinkedIn : https://sa.linkedin.com/in/dr-atif-alamri-8b341747 Ring Team : http://ring-lang.sourceforge.net/team.html 1773
- 10. INDEX 3D Cube and Texture Using RingOpenGL and RingAllegro for 3D Graph- ics, 548 Access List Items by String Index Lists, 193 Access Objects Using Braces Object Oriented Programming, 270 Access String Letters Strings, 195 Accessing the class attributes from braces inside class methods Scope Rules, 695 Add Items Lists, 187 addattribute() Reflection and Meta-programming, 297 AddDays() Date and Time, 203 Adding code to the generated code Code Generator, 780 Adding Hyperlink to QLabel Desktop and Mobile Development, 599 addmethod() Reflection and Meta-programming, 297 Analog Clock Applications developed in little hours, 6 Animate Class Game Engine for 2D Games, 451 Animate Events Game Engine for 2D Games, 462 Animation Game Engine for 2D Games, 456 Animation and Functions Game Engine for 2D Games, 457 Anonymous and Nested Functions Functional Programming, 283 Application Class Web Development (CGI Library), 414 Applications How to contribute?, 128 Applications developed in little hours Analog Clock, 6 Calculator Application, 10 FetchStockData Application, 3 Fifteen Puzzle Game 2, 4 Google API Shortener Application, 5 Innovative, 19 Introduction, 1 Practical, 20 Quotes about Ring, 1 Samples in this book, 13 Squares Puzzle Game, 8 TicTacToe Game, 7 Video-Music-Player Application, 9 Werdy Application, 12 Windows StartUp Manager Application, 11 apppath() Stdlib Functions, 304 Arithmetic Operators Operators, 154 Ascii() Data Type, 211 Assert() Eval() and Debugging, 237 Assignment Operators Operators, 155 attributes() Reflection and Meta-programming, 294 Better Call Command What is new in Ring 1.2?, 108 Better Code Generator for Extensions What is new in Ring 1.1?, 118 What is new in Ring 1.5?, 60 Better Documentation What is new in Ring 1.1?, 118 Better Documentation Generator for Extensions What is new in Ring 1.5?, 61 Better Functions What is new in Ring 1.2?, 105 Better Loop|Exit Command What is new in Ring 1.3?, 99 Better Natural Language Programming Support What is new in Ring 1.1?, 110 Better Objects Library 1774