Lectures notes for Physiotherapy and Respiratory under-graduateCare students

1. Dr. Kamal Motawei PT & RC Anatomy1 (ANAT 213)
Unit 1: Descriptive Anatomical Terms
As the human body can assume many different positions, it was a must to suppose a fixed body position to be a reference in describing the relations of body parts. This body position is called the “anatomical position”.
Anatomical position: The person is standing erect, with the upper limbs by the sides and the face and palms of the hands directed forward.
I. Terms used to describe position:
The following terms are used to describe the position of different body parts:
1. Anterior (Ventral)
X
2. Posterior (Dorsal)
3. Superior (Cephalic)
X
4. Inferior (Caudal)
5. Upper
X
6. Lower
7. Medial
X
8. Lateral
9. Superficial
X
10. Deep
11. Internal
X
12. External
13. Proximal
X
14. Distal
15. Palmar (anterior aspect of the hand)
X
16. Dorsal
17. plantar (inferior aspect of the foot, towards the sole of foot)
II. Anatomical Planes (Sections):
1. Median sagittal (Midsagittal): It divides the body into equal right and left halves.
2. Paramedian Plane: It divides the body into unequal right and left parts.
3. Coronal plane: It divides the body into anterior and posterior parts.
4. Transverse (Horizontal) plane: It divides the body into upper and lower
parts.

2. Dr. Kamal Motawei PT & RC Anatomy1 (ANAT 213)
III. Terms used to describe Body Movements:
1. Flexion
2. Extension
3. Adduction
4. Abduction
5. Circumduction :It is the sum of the upper four movements (2 axes).
6. Rotation: It is a movement around one axis.
7. Pronation
8. Supination
9. Protraction
10. Retraction
11. Inversion
12. Eversion

3. Dr. Kamal Motawei PT & RC Anatomy1 (ANAT 213)
Body Regions
The body can be divided into:
Trunk
Head
Cranium
Face
Neck
Thorax
Abdomen
Pelvis and perineum
Extremities
Upper limb
Shoulder girdle
Upper arm
Forearm
Hand
Lower limb
Pelvic girdle & gluteal region
Thigh
Leg
Foot
Body Cavities
1. Dorsal cavities: (cranial cavity and vertebral canal) for the central nervous system.
2. Ventral cavities: (for body systems)
a) Thoracic cavity, which is divided into 3 cavities; 2 pleural cavities (for the lungs) and pericardiac cavity (for the heart).
b) Pelviabdominal cavity.
3. Cavities of organs: e.g. cavities of the ear, nose, stomach, bone marrow cavities, synovial cavities of joints and bursae.

4. Dr. Kamal Motawei PT & RC Anatomy1 (ANAT 213)
Body Systems
The body is formed of the following systems:
1. Integumentary system: skin and its appendages.
2. Skeletal system: Bones, cartilages, joints and ligaments.
3. Muscular system: skeletal, smooth and cardiac muscles.
4. Cardiovascular system.
5. Lymphatic and immune systems.
6. Respiratory system.
7. Digestive system.
8. Urinary system.
9. Endocrine system
10. Nervous system and organs of special sense.
11. Reproductive system.
Skeletal System Muscular System Digestive System
Cardiovascular System Lymphatic system

5. Dr. Kamal Motawei PT & RC Anatomy1 (ANAT 213)
Respiratory system

6. Dr. Kamal Motawei PT & RC Anatomy1 (ANAT 213)
Endocrine System
Female genital system Male genital system