Young firms often require venture capital to finance growth. Venture capital provides entrepreneurs with financing to grow their firms and obtain staged financing. Firms issue securities like stocks to further finance their growth. When firms need more capital than private investors can provide, they can conduct an initial public offering (IPO) to sell stocks to the public for the first time. The issuance of securities through public offerings or private placements is a complex process that involves underwriters, registration with regulatory agencies, and costs for the company.
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How Corporations Raise Venture
Capital and Issue Securities
Young firms often require venture capital to
finance growth.
The issuance of securities is a complex process that
the successful financier must comprehend.
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Company Growth
Venture Capital provides entrepreneurs with
financing to grow their firms.
Firms issue securities to further finance their
growth.
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Obtaining Venture Capital
Steps to obtaining venture funding:
1. Prepare a business plan.
2. Receive first-stage financing.
3. Receive subsequent staged financing.
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Venture Capital Ownership:
Example
Suppose a Venture Capital firm offers to purchase 1
million of your firm’s shares for $1 each, which will give
them 50% ownership in the firm. What value are they
placing on your firm?
Value of the Firm = $1,000,000 $2,000,000
.50
=
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Types of Venture Investors
Angel Investors
• Investors who finance companies in their earliest stages of
growth
Corporate Venturers
• Corporations that offer venture assistance to finance young,
promising companies.
Private Equity Investing
• Investors who offer funds to finance firms that do not trade on
public stock exchanges such as the NYSE or NASDAQ.
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Venture Capital Management
Venture Capitalist are not passive investors.
What do they provide beyond financing?
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The Initial Public Offering
When a firm requires more capital than private investors can
provide, it can choose to go public through an Initial Public
Offering, or IPO.
Primary Offering
– when new shares are sold to raise additional cash
for the company
Secondary Offering
– when the company’s founders and venture
capitalists cash in on some of their gains by selling
shares.
Does a secondary offering provide additional capital to the
firm?
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Benefits of Going Public
Ability to raise new capital
Stock price provides performance measure
Information more widely available
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Benefits of Going Public
Diversified sources of finance
Reduced borrowing costs
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Arranging Public Issues
Steps to issue a new public security:
1. SEC Registration
• Prospectus—a formal summary that provides
information on an issue of securities
2. Select Underwriter / Undertake Roadshow
3. Set final issue price for public
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IPO Flowchart
1
2
Underwriter Firm Investors
4
3
5
1. Underwriter provides advice to firm
2. Underwriter pays firm for a number of shares
3. Firm provides shares to underwriter to be resold
4. Underwriter offers shares to investors
5. Investors purchase shares from underwriter
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Underwriter Spread
Spread - the difference between the public offer
price and the price paid by underwriter
Assume the issuing company incurs $1 million in expenses to sell 3
million shares at $40 each to an underwriter; the underwriter sells
the shares at $43 each. What is the spread for this deal?
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Underwriting Arrangements
Firm Commitment:
Underwriters buy the securities from the firm and then
resell them to the public.
Best Efforts Commitment:
Underwriters agree to sell as much of the issue as possible
but do not guarantee the sale of the entire issue.
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Underwriting Arrangements:
Capital To Firm
How much will a firm receive in net funding from a firm commitment
underwriting of 250,000 shares priced to the public at $40 if a 10%
underwriting spread has been added to the price paid by the underwriter?
Additionally, the firm pays $600,000 in legal fees.
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Underpricing of an IPO
Underpricing: Issuing securities at an offering price set below
the true value of the security.
Example: Assume the issuer incurs $1 million in other expenses to sell 3
million shares at $40 each to an underwriter and the underwriter sells the
shares at $43 each. By the end of the first day’s trading, the issuing company’s
stock price had risen to $70. What is the total cost of underpricing?
Cost of Underpricing:
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Flotation Costs
Flotation Costs: The costs incurred when a firm
issues new securities to the public.
What are some of the specific costs incurred when a firm
issues new securities?
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Types of Offerings
After the IPO, successful firms may issue additional
equity or debt.
Seasoned Offering
Rights Issue
Issue of securities offered only to current stockholders.
General Cash Offer
Sale of securities open to all investors by an already-public
company.
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Rights Issue: Example
An investor exercises his right to buy one additional share at
$20 for every five shares held. How much should each share be
worth after the rights issue if they previously sold for $50 each?
Pre-Rights Issue:
Post-Rights Issue:
+
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General Cash Offer and
Shelf Registration
Shelf Registration: A procedure that allows firms to file one
registration statement for several issues of the same security.
Benefits of Shelf Registration:
1. Security issuance without excessive costs
2. Security issuance on very short notice
3. Timed issuance to capitalize on favorable market
conditions
4. Additional underwriter competition
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Private Placements
In order to avoid registering with the SEC, a
company can issue a security privately.
Private Placement: The sale of securities to a limited
number of investors without a public offering
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Private Placements-Advantages
Do not have to register with SEC
Private placements cost less than public issues
Contracts can be customized for each investor
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Private Placements-
Disadvantages
Difficult for investors to resell security
Lenders often require higher return to compensate
for higher risk.
• Private placements typically yield .5% higher than
public issues
Editor's Notes
Chapter 15 Learning Objectives
Understand how venture capital firms design successful deals.
Understand how firms make initial public offerings and the costs of such offerings.
Know what is involved when established firms make a general cash offer or a private placement of securities.
Explain the role of the underwriter in an issue of securities.
Describe the terms of a rights issue.
Chapter 15 Outline
Venture Capital
Capital Acquisition Process
Types of Venture Investors
The Initial Public Offering
Benefits of Going Public
Structure of Public Issues
Types of Offerings
Rights Issues
General Cash Offerings
Private Placements
Venture Capital – Money invested to finance a new firm.
Business Plan – A description of a firm’s products, market, production methods, and resources needed for success.
Staged Financing – Venture capital is rarely disbursed in one large lump sum payment, but instead is paid to the firm in stages. Each stage is usually just enough to guide the firm towards its next major checkpoint.
Angel Investors – Investors who finance companies in their earliest stages of growth. Typically wealthy individual investors.
Corporate Venturers – Corporations sometimes offer venture assistance to finance young, promising companies.
Example: Firms such as Intel and Johnson & Johnson often provide capital to new innovative companies.
Private Equity Investing – Venture capital is a subset of the larger class of private equity investing. Private equity investors offer funds to finance firms that do not trade on public stock exchanges such as the NYSE or NASDAQ.
Initial Public Offering (IPO) – First offering of stock to the general public.
Primary Offering – An offering when new shares are sold to raise additional cash for the company.
Secondary Offering – An offering when the company’s founders and venture capitalists cash in on some of their gains by selling shares.
Companies must prepare a prospectus and register with the Securities and Exchange Commission before they can sell any new stock to the public.
Prospectus – Formal summary that provides information on an issue of securities.
The roadshow attempts to gauge the interest that potential investors would have in purchasing the new securities.
If enough public interest, the underwriters issue shares to the public. Typically underwriters underprice shares upon issue.
Underpricing – Issuing securities at an offering price set below the true value of the security.
Underwriter – Firm that buys an issue of securities from a company and resells it to the public.
Underwriters serve three roles:
Provide firm with procedural and financial advice.
Buy the firm’s stock.
Resell the stock to the public.
Note: Underwriters do not simply help the company make its IPO; they are called in whenever a company wishes to raise cash by selling securities to the public.
Spread – Difference between public offer price and price paid by underwriter.
Firm commitment – Underwriters buy the securities from the firm and then resell them to the public. Underwriter pays for any shares they cannot resell to the public.
Best efforts basis commitment – Underwriter agrees to sell as much of the issue as possible but does not guarantee the sale of the entire issue.
Underpricing — Issuing securities at an offering price set below the true value of the security.
Flotation Costs – The costs incurred when a firm issues new securities to the public.
Seasoned Offering – Sale of securities by a firm that is already publicly traded.
Rights Issue – Issue of securities offered only to current stockholders.
General Cash Offer – Sale of securities open to all investors by an already-public company.
Shelf Registration – A procedure that allows firms to file one registration statement for several issues of the same security.
Private Placement – Sale of securities to a limited number of investors without a public offering.