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Microprocessors & Microcontrollers: Interrupt controller 8259; The 8259 is known as the Programmable Interrupt Controller (PIC) microprocessor. In 8085 and 8086 there are five hardware interrupts and two hardware interrupts respectively. Bu adding 8259, we can increase the interrupt handling capability. This chip combines the multi-interrupt input source to single interrupt output. This provides 8-interrupts from IR0 to IR7. Let us see some features of this microprocessor. This chip is designed for 8085 and 8086. It can be programmed either in edge triggered, or in level triggered mode We can mask individual bits of Interrupt Request Register. By cascading 8259 chips, we can increase interrupts up to 64 interrupt lines Clock cycle is not needed. 8259 microprocessor can be programmed according to given interrupts condition and it can be provided either with level or edge-triggered interrupt level. It can be programmed to either work in 8085 or in 8086 microprocessors. Individual interrupt bits can be masked. By cascading Nine 8259’s in Master-Slave Configuration we can handle up to 64 interrupt pins. It contains 3 registers commonly known as ISR, IRR, IMR & there is 1 priority resolver (PR). Interrupt Request Register (IRR): It stores those bits which are requested for their interrupt services. Interrupt Service Register (ISR): It stores the interrupt levels which is currently being served. Interrupt Mask Register (IMR): It stores interrupt levels that have to be masked. These interrupt levels are already accepted by the 8259 microprocessor. Priority Resolver (PR): It examines all the 3 registers and sets the priority of interrupts and sets the interrupt levels in ISR which has the highest priority and the rest of the interrupt bit is IRR which is already accepted. SP/EN (low active pin): If its value is 1 it works in master mode & if its value=e is 0 then it works in slave mode. Cascade Buffer: It is used to cascade more number of Programmable Interrupt Controller to increase the interrupts handling capability up to 64 levels. Advantages: Interrupt management: The 8259 microprocessor is a specialized chip that is dedicated to managing interrupts, which can help to improve system performance and reduce the workload on the main CPU. Programmability: The 8259 microprocessor is programmable, which means that it can be customized to handle specific types of interrupts and to prioritize different interrupt requests. Compatibility: The 8259 microprocessor is compatible with a wide range of microprocessors, making it a popular choice for interrupt management in many different systems. Multiple interrupt inputs: The 8259 microprocessor can handle multiple interrupt inputs, which makes it a useful peripheral for managing complex systems with multiple devices. Ease of use: The 8259 microprocessor includes simple interface pins and registers, making it relatively easy to use and program.

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Although the Dark web was originally used for maintaining privacy-sensitive communication for business or intelligence services for defence, government and business organizations, fighting against censorship and blocked content, later, the advantage of technologies behind the Dark web were abused by criminals to conduct crimes which involve drug dealing to the contract of assassinations in a widespread manner. Since the communication remains secure and untraceable, criminals can easily use dark web service via The Onion Router (TOR), can hide their illegal motives and can conceal their criminal activities. This makes it very difficult to monitor and detect cybercrimes over the dark web. With the evolution of machine learning, natural language processing techniques, computational big data applications and hardware, there is a growing interest in exploiting dark web data to monitor and detect criminal activities. Due to the anonymity provided by the Dark Web, the rapid disappearance and the change of the uniform resource locators (URLs) of the resources, it is not as easy to crawl the Drak web and get the data as the usual surface web which limits the researchers and law enforcement agencies to analyse the data. Therefore, there is an urgent need to study the technology behind the Dark web, its widespread abuse, its impact on society and the existing systems, to identify the sources of drug deal or terrorism activities. In this research, we analysed the predominant darker sides of the world wide web (WWW), their volumes, their contents and their ratios. We have performed the analysis of the larger malicious or hidden activities that occupy the major portions of the Dark net; tools and techniques used to identify cybercrimes which happen inside the dark web. We applied a systematic literature review (SLR) approach on the resources where the actual dark net data have been used for research purposes in several areas. From this SLR, we identified the approaches (tools and algorithms) which have been applied to analyse the Dark net data, the key gaps as well as the key contributions of the existing works in the literature. In our study, we find the main challenges to crawl the dark web and collect forum data are: scalability of crawler, content selection trade off, and social obligation for TOR crawler and the limitations of techniques used in automatic sentiment analysis to understand criminals’ forums and thereby monitor the forums. From the comprehensive analysis of existing tools, our study summarizes the most tools. However the forum topics rapidly change as their sources changes; criminals inject noises to obfuscate the forum’s main topic and thus remain undetectable. Therefore supervised techniques fail to address the above challenges. Semi-supervised techniques would be an interesting research direction.

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