Why Is Illicit Drug Abuse Most Frequently Associated With...

Why Is Illicit Drug Abuse Most Frequently Associated With...
Why is illicit drug abuse most often associated with poor oral health?
Trevor Zlatnik
University of Saskatchewan
Abstract
This paper reviews eight published articles that all look at oral health and some form of drug use.
The articles vary in how they describe drug use. The articles may refer to drug use as drug abuse,
substance use, drug addiction, or drug–dependency. The articles look at various drugs including
methamphetamine, cocaine, morphine, heroin, ecstasy, and cannabis. The frequency and amount of
drugs used also varies in the articles. Poor oral health among many drug users is found to be
multifactorial. Direct drug use and many indirect factors including lifestyle, diet, and behavior are
found to correlate with ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
In many of the studies that are looked at the definition of drug use varies in some ways including the
type of drug and frequency. There is a large collection of drugs that can be abused but some
common classes include opiates, amphetamines, hallucinogens, stimulants, and cannabis.
Throughout the literature there is not just one answer to why many drug abusers have poor oral
health. There is a combination of many factors including side effects from the drug itself, the
behavior of the drug abuser, their lifestyle, and their access to oral health care. Throughout the
literature many drugs are found to have a direct negative effects on oral health. Shekarchizadeh,
Khami, Mohebbi, Ekhtiari, and Virtanen (2013) reviewed oral health complications associated with
various drugs. The opiate class of drugs including morphine and heroin were found to cause salivary
hypofunction leading to xerostomia, burning mouth, taste impairment, mucosal infections, and
periodontal disease (Shekarchizadeh et al., 2013). Cannabis was found to increase the risk of oral
cancer, dry mouth, and periodontitis (Shekarchizadeh et al., 2013). Stimulants such as amphetamine,
methamphetamine, and cocaine were found to cause dental attrition from bruxism, and cocaine was
found to reduce saliva pH increasing dental erosion, and methamphetamine was also shown to cause
xerostomia (Shekarchizadeh et al., 2013). Hallucinogens including ecstasy and lysergic acid
diethylamide also caused oral
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Dental Caries: Tooth Decay
Introduction Dental Caries is becoming a real major concern for public health professionals.
Globally, around 60–90% of school children and 100% of adults have dental caries (1). Dental
Caries commonly known as tooth decay can be defined as a transmissible bacterial disease caused
mainly by bacteria producing acids and dissolving tooth minerals(2). Prevalence of tooth decay
showed that the mandibular central incisors have the lowest percentage to experience tooth decay,
while maxillary and mandibular molars showed the highest incidence rate for caries. Caries also
showed surface specificity in which occlusal surfaces in molars and proximal surfaces of incisors,
canines and premolar have greater number of tooth decay compared to other sites ... Show more
content on Helpwriting.net ...
Unidentified factors is a possibility due to the observational study design. Questionnaires in several
studies requires the guardian to recall some necessary data, which might lead to inaccurate
information depending on the memory of the guardian leading to a bias in results (6,9,11). It should
be noted that in multiple studies there was variations in defining and assessment of dental caries as
some used dft, DMFS and DMFT or a combination, which might lead to indifference in caries
identification (6). Further studies is needed to accurately identify the risk factors by having a
specific defined research including longitudinal studies to identify factors influencing both pathways
of obesity and dental caries.(9) It is recommended that more effective health programs are made to
educate the community on how to prevent both dental caries and obesity and what is the proper way
to treat them if they occur. Objective Prevalence of Dental Caries in Saudi children. Prevalence of
Obesity in Saudi children. Examine the potential association between Dental Caries and Obesity in
Saudi children. Education and parent counseling about the importance of healthy diet and on both
oral health and physical health and fluoride

How Dental Caries Is A Disease Associated With Social...
Contents
Abstract 3
Introduction 4
Method 4
Results 5
Discussion 6
Knowledge/Skills Required 6
Planning/Venue/Length of Event 6
Other Disciplines/Experts Used 7
Size/Age of Group 7
Resources 7
Aim/Objectives 8
Rationale 9
Conclusion 9
Recommendations 10
Bibliography 11
Appendix 1 12
Appendix 2 12
Appendix 3 13
Appendix 4 14
Appendix 5 14
Appendix 6 15
Appendix 7 16
Appendix 8 17
Appendix 9 18
Appendix 10 18
Abstract
Improvements in children's oral health in Scotland, is evident. However, it is clear inequalities
remain "It has become apparent that dental caries is essentially a disease associated with social
deprivation" (Childsmile, 2013).
According to current statistics, particularly those relating to oral health in children; compared ...
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Introduction
Social–economic differences in dental health exist within Scotland and are clearly marked within the

most deprived areas, such as Glasgow. Publication document 'Towards Better Oral Health in
Children' from the Scottish Government states "Children from the most deprived areas are three
times more likely to have already had dental decay at the age of 5 years than children from the least
deprived area" (Scottish Government, 2002).
Therefore, this report will focus on the dental health of nursery children, in Glasgow, aged 4–5 years
and a health promotion activity within a Glasgow nursery; to raise awareness of the importance of
good dental health.
Method
The health promotion models being used to carry out this activity will be the Educational and Client
Centred models. By using the Educational model, it allows information on good oral health to be
provided and ensures knowledge and understanding. Client Centred model encourages self–
empowerment, by providing appropriate resources to help make informed choices (Naidoo, J; Wills,
J, 2009).
Using qualitative and quantitative data, in order to establish the chosen snacks and foods of the
children, and find out how many use the tooth brushing programme. An initial observation of them
during

Prevalence of Caries and Dental Fluorosis in School going...
To assess the prevalence and severity of dental fluorosis and caries among the school–children
living in Dammam, Saudi Arabia.
Study Design:
Study was conducted in both Public and Private schools located in Dammam, KSA. The prevalence
among the Students was scan using WHO designed criteria. Students was examined for dental
fluorosis and caries prevalence in their primary and permanent teeth. Students having age between 6
to 7 years old was examined for primary teeth and 11–12 years old was examined for secondary
teeth. The outcome variables were DMFT and level of fluorosis in the primary and secondary teeth.
Sample size calculated using stratified random sampling. Total 650 students was examined, out of
which 333(51%) was male and 317(49%) was female. Prevalence of Fluorosis was determined using
Dean's Index.
Data was recorded and analyzed by Statistical Package for Social Science SPSS v.11. Correlation
studies and ANOVA used for statistical analysis. The P–value less than 0.05 considered as
statistically significant.
Results:
We will find out the average decay and overall DMFT in children aged between 9–7 years in their
primary teeth in association with different level of fluorosis and the same procedure will repeat for
the children of age 11–12 years old.
We will be able to determine the relation and significance among the gender and nationality with
different level of dental fluorosis. Anticipated Outcome:
This study will show prevalence of level of

Childhood Caries Essay
Title Children with disabilities or other health impairments require assistance of adults to live to
their fullest potential. Although childhood caries, the cause of cavities in teeth, is not a typical
disease when considering disabling chronic illnesses, it falls under the "other health impairments
category". Turnbull and Turnbull (2013) define this category of disablement in their text as a
"condition that limits his or her strength, vitality, or alertness to such a degree that the student's
educational progress is adversely affected." Childhood caries is becoming a global health crisis that
affects children in many ways, including academically. According to the United States Surgeon
General's report from the US Department of Health and ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Teachers and parents in the United States and the world are not taking this preventable, chronic
disease seriously enough. Doctors Bagramian, Garcia–Godoy, and Volpe found that "International
research conferences convened over the past 25 years proudly reported that dental caries prevalence
was declining on a global basis. However, during the past decade, the situation has reversed and
scientific report after report signal an alarming increase in the global prevalence of dental caries in
children and adults, primary and permanent teeth (2009)." Several countries including China
fluoridate their water supply in efforts to decrease dental decay, much like the United States. The
article also alludes to several recent summits where dental professionals from around the world met
to discuss the growing prevalence of dental caries and planned efforts to reverse the trend. These
meetings are important in creating a greater awareness on oral disease and the importance of
prevention, but prevention starts at a young age. Teachers, daycare providers, parents, and others
who have direct contact with children are the best individuals for dental professionals in which to

How Does Acid Cause Dental Erosion?
Previous scientific research findings have helped to warn consumers that the pH (potential of
hydrogen) levels in beverages such as soda could lead to tooth erosion, the breakdown of tooth
structure caused by the effect of acid on the teeth that leads to decay. However, the pH level of soft
drinks isn't the only factor that causes dental erosion. A beverage's "buffering capacity," or the
ability to neutralize acid, plays a significant role in the cause of dental erosion. Popular energy
drinks also cause tooth erosion.
Clinical Feature
figure 1 Effects of soft drinks ....teeth figure 1 Effects of soft drinks ....teeth
Acid Versus Enamel:–It is well known by the medical profession that disease loves acid,2 and this is
particularly true of dental ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
As dental professsionals,we need to educate our patients about the consequences of soft drink
consumption and provide suggestions to minimize the risk.We also need to be active in educating
school administrators on the negative impact soft drinks have on students'teeth.The place where
children spend agre at portion of their day and where they are influenced greatly by their
surroundingsis their school. Schools are therefore the most suitable environment to provide health
information tochildren in order to achieve the goal ofhealth promotion programs. It isquite a
contradiction to teach principlesof good nutrition in health education,then adjourn the class to
thereality that the children have highaccessibility to soft drinks right outsidethe

Tooth Decay: Proper Home Care
Proper home care plays an important role in the health of the oral cavity. Tooth decay in children has
been considered to be number one when it comes to childhood illnesses and can affect their quality
of life. Most dental diseases are preventable. By developing good dietary habits, proper homecare
and the use of fluoride, you are able to prevent having to spend major bucks on restorative work in
the future.
Smedley (2014) suggests that if you can show children videos that engage them and educate them at
the same time, it is a win–win situation. It is easy to tell a child that they must brush their teeth twice
a day and for two minutes as well as floss, but we have to remember that they are children and that
children sometimes need to motivated ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Some orthodontists believe in things such as space maintainers, while others believe it's best to let
the teeth come in naturally before mechanical involvement. The focus here is spending money early
on over further, more invasive and costly treatment down the road. Clinicians need to stress factors
about how not having orthodontic treatment could potentially cause costly detrimental effects. For
example, if the mandibular anterior teeth were crowding upon eruption we would want to point this
out to our patients. Keeping that area clean may be hard to do even to this avid flossing and brushing
patient. If the area is never corrected with orthodontics it will likely be an area that accumulates a lot
of plaque and later calculus. Which in turn will be difficult to remove at home and could lead to
caries, mobile teeth, and pain. A child may end up in mixed dentition and a dentist could recommend
extraction of some of the primary teeth to allow for growth of the permanent dentition or for spacing
purposes. Furthermore, sometimes patients permanent dentition even with orthodontics is going to
be crowded so the removal of a certain number, determined by the dentist, of permanent teeth are to
be extracted to create enough room for a healthy mouth full of functional teeth. Once again, this is a
process that needs to begin early in life. A child should be monitored for growth and spacing

Advantages And Disadvantages Of Lesion
The bacteria which are the main culprit for caries, known as the streptococcus mutans, initiate the
lesion formation. Once it started to dissolve the collagen content of enamel, the second group of
microorganism, known as lactobacillus acidophilus, will metabolized the refined sugar turning them
into organic acid as their by–products, the critical pH level for enamel is 5.5 and 6.2 for dentin to
initiate the caries progression. (Marsh 2006) There are two known types of lesion based on affected
tooth structure; Cavitated and Non–cavitated lesion. The old method of clinical distinction between
a cavitated and non–cavitated lesion is based on the detectable roughness by using explorer, but
more recent detection system requires the use of a probe to assess if a lesion has tooth structure
breakage. (Sturdevants 2012, p.43) Proper diagnosis is the key for fixing any problem. Early
diagnosis of any carious lesion is the key to proper treatment and ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
Recently the FDI, WHO, International Association for Dental Research have embarked on preparing
new goals regarding oral health for the year 2020. One of their goals is "to strengthen systems and
methods for oral health surveillance, both processes and outcomes." (FDI, WHO, IADR 2003)
International Caries Detection and Assessment System (ICDAS) was first introduced in 2001,
created through the efforts of large number of researchers, restorative dentists and epidemiologist, to
answer the needs of having a systematically and standardize systems for caries assessment. The first
version of ICDAS was meant to include caries, whether cavitated or non cavitated, detection (D) by
its stage process and anatomy, and assessment (A) for its caries process, though the system only
includes the detection of coronal caries. (Ismael

7)How To Fight Dental Caries. •Eat A Balanced Diet And
7) How to fight dental caries
eat a balanced diet and limit inbetween–meal snacks.
brush twice a day with fluoride toothpaste
spit toothpaste out instead of rinsing
use mouthwash separately during the day, not after brushing
floss daily
visit your dentist regularly
drink soft drinks in moderation
drink of water after a sugary or acidic drink to help rinse out mouth
after drinking sugary beverages, don 't brush teeth right away, but wait for hour to let teeth recover
from acid attack
do not sip a sugary or acidic drink slowly, because you expose your teeth to acid attacks for longer
period of the time in this way
never drink sugary or acidic drinks before you go to bed
8) Science experiment– Test the fluoride ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Cut down on frequency in sugary foods and drinks (it's better to have large amount of sweets once a
day rather than small amounts few times a day)
Visit dentist as regularly, as recommended.
This is the message proclaim for 40 years by National Smile Month, UK's largest and longest
running oral health campaign. It's address to anyone who is interesting in good oral health. National
Smile Month co–operate with schools, health professionals, colleges, pharmacies, community
groups or workplaces to raise awareness and interest in healthy eating habits and good oral hygiene
with smile and lots of fun along the way. Running usually between 18 May and 18 June.
Target audience– anyone who is interesting in good oral hygiene and groups more prone to snack on
the sweets like kids.
Stoptober
It's 28–day national stop smoking challenge stating that by stopping smoking for 28 days means you
are five times more likely to quit for good. Stoptober support is free and

Problems With Dental Caries, Gum, Teeth Or A Smile On That...
Think of the characteristics that you notice upon first meeting an individual: are
teeth or a smile on that list? Having good oral health can improve one's ability to speak,
taste, chew, swallow, and make facial expressions that allow emotion to be shown,
among many other aspects. There is a great lack of access to dental care that persists
in all ages which makes these individuals more likely to suffer from dental caries, gum
diseases, and various other oral and craniofacial diseases or conditions. This problem
has been linked to multiple determinants but has a strong correlation with income levels
and insurance access. Many uninsured and underinsured individuals have begun to
resort to emergency rooms when they are unable to find dental offices that are
affordable or will take their insurance. One potential solution to this problem would be to
dedicate a day each month that dentist offices accept these individuals at little to no
cost in order to assess and care for their dental care needs. While this would take some
serious reform and serious planning, it is a potential solution to a serious problem that
has been a plague for many years in our country.
Oral health is important for many reasons and having good oral health is much
more than just having clean teeth. To have good oral health means to be "free of
chronic oral–facial pain conditions, oral and pharyngeal (throat) cancers, oral soft tissue
lesions, birth defects such as cleft lip

Essay about Root Surface Caries
Root Surface Caries
Caries can affect any surface of the teeth. The most commonly seen caries are found on the crown of
a tooth, above the cemento–enamel junction, it is also possible for caries to form on the root surface,
below the cemento–enamel junction. Dental root caries has received a great deal of attention in the
past few decades. A variety of different patients are at risk for root surface caries. Dentists use
several methods of treatment.
Root surface caries are also called cemental caries, cervical caries, or radicular caries. (Wilkins)
Root surface caries only involves the roots of teeth. The cementum and dentin located just below the
crown of the tooth is involved. No involvement of enamel is seen with root surface caries. ... Show
more content on Helpwriting.net ...
This process is enhanced with the presence of gingival recession.(Hammel)
Clinically, root caries appears as a soft, irregularly shaped lesion, either totally confined to the root
surface or also involving the enamel at the cemento–enamel junction. (Flaitz) It is more easily
detected on exposed root surfaces. It has been found that 10% to 20% of root caries lesions are
found subgingivally, especially at the interproximal region. The most common locations also include
exposed roots of the mandibular premolar and molar areas. On a dental radiograph, root surface
caries appears as a cupped–out or crater–shaped radiolucency just below the cemento–enamel
junction. Early lesions may be difficult to detect on a dental radiograph.(Hassan)
Clinical description is very subjective and is based on color, texture, surface smoothness, depth of
the lesion, and distinctiveness of its border. Root caries can be classified as active or inactive. Active
lesions are leathery or soft, and inactive or arrested lesions are hard upon touch with an explorer.
Root caries can vary in color from black or dark brown to yellowish or light brown.(Wilkins)
Measures that can be taken to prevent root surface caries are just as one would perform to prevent
coronal caries. Oral hygiene is most important. Brush your teeth at least twice a day, preferably after
each meal. Floss your teeth regularly to remove food particles between your teeth that cannot be
removed by ordinary brushing. Because you

Clinical Overview Template ( Dental Pain )
CLINICAL OVERVIEW TEMPLATE (Dental Pain)
TERMINOLOGY
CLINICAL CLARIFICATION o Pain arising from the vicinity of the teeth1 CLASSIFICATION o
No formal classification exists, but may be categorized based on cause of pain2 o Tooth
 Dental caries
 Pulpitis
Reversible
Irreversible
 Trauma
 Cracked tooth syndrome
 Alveolar osteitis o Peridontium
 Dental hypersensitivity
 Pericoronitis
 Periodontal disease DIAGNOSIS CLINICAL PRESENTATION History
 Symptoms vary based on origin of pain2
 Dental caries
Pain generally localized, intermittent, moderate intensity, and dull.
May be aggravated by hot, cold, and/or sweet foods
 Pulpitis
Reversible o Pain generally localized, intermittent, severe intensity, and throbbing. o May ... Show
s
Pain at location of partially erupted tooth (most commonly 3rd molar), continuous, moderate to
severe intensity, and aching/throbbing
Aggravated by biting
 Periodontal disease
Pain localized to one or more affected teeth, dull ache, low intensity
Aggravated by eating
 Alveolar osteitis
Pain localized to tooth socket and sharp, deep ache
Typically occurs 4–5 days post–extraction Physical Examination2
 Surface of the gingiva may appear red, smooth, and shiny
 Gingiva may be receded in patients with dental hypersensitivity
 Tooth decay may be present if cause of pain is due to dental caries or reversible pulpitis

 Patient may have facial swelling
 Patients with pericoronitis have an impacted tooth surrounded by red gingiva
 Tooth may be mobile upon percussion in patients with irreversible pulpitis or periodontal disease
 Patients with alveolar osteitis have loss of clot and exposed bone CAUSES AND RISK
FACTORS Causes2
 Dental caries
 Pulpitis
Reversible
Irreversible
 Cracked tooth syndrome
 Dentinal hypersensitivity
 Pericoronitis
 Periodontal disease
 Alveolar osteitis Risk factors and/or associations Age
Adults age ≥65 years tend to have higher rates of periodontal disease than younger age groups3 Sex
Periodontal disease is more common in men vs women3 Genetics
Not applicable Ethnicity/race
Non–Hispanic blacks, Hispanics, American Indians, and Alaskan Natives tend to have the poorest
oral health relative to other racial

Biofilm Formation and Colonization are of Prime Importance...
An ideal restorative material should have a property of adhesion to tooth structure and an ability to
withstand the occlusal forces. However, some therapeutic and caries preventing efficacy might be
desirable. Glass ionomer cement has been shown to produce some degree of antibacterial effect due
to release of fluoride [3]. Several studies have been done to increase the antimicrobial effect of GIC
without compromising the physical properties of the restoration. Takahashi Y [4] in 2006 and
Tuzuner T [1] in 2011 advocated that the incorporation of chlorhexidine into GICs has resulted in an
excellent antibacterial effect in vitro. Frencken JE [5,6] observed that microorganisms counts in both
affected and infected dentine were significantly ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Biofilm formation and colonization are of prime importance in initiation and progression of dental
caries. Igarashi K et al. [12] concluded in their study that an undisturbed plaque up to 2 days is more
acidic as compared to immature plaque. Therefore, in the present study antimicrobial efficacy of
modified glass ionomer cement was evaluated by estimating the bacterial load on 2 days old dental
biofilm. The results revealed statistically significant difference in bacterial load among the three
groups, i.e. CFUs were lowest in chitosan modified GIC followed by chlorhexidine–cetrimide
modified GIC and maximum CFUs were observed in conventional GIC. The findings of present
study suggested that antimicrobial effect of GIC is enhanced after addition of CH and CHX–CT in
GIC. However, chitosan modified GIC showed a significantly lower bacterial load when compared
with chlorhexidine–cetrimide modified GIC. The observations depicted that degree of bacterial
attachment or plaque accumulation was less on chitosan modified GIC than on chlorhexidine–
cetrimide modified GIC. Tarsi et al. [13] suggested that the mechanism of anti–adherence activity of
chitosan involved bacterial surface modifications, alterations in expression of bacterial surface
ligands, and chitosan adsorption to host surfaces to change in hydroxyapatite ionic

Dental Sealants Essay
Dental Sealants & Caries Risk
Dental sealants are used to fill pits and fissures on the occlusal, or chewing, surfaces of the
premolars and molars to help protect them from carious lesions and tooth decay ("Dental Sealants",
2016). Posterior teeth that are selected for placement of sealants are either newly erupted, when
occlusal surface is deep and irregular, and have a history of dental caries (Wilkins, 621). So it is very
important, especially for children, to get sealants placed as soon as their molars erupt in order to
lower their risk for childhood caries. However, there are many factors that have caused children to
be withheld from radiographic screenings and treatment; one major factor is parents not being able
to afford the treatment. But, one thing that has helped many children get sealants placed is a school
sealant programs; funded by the Centers for Disease Control. The CDC has supported for the
placement of sealants along with other oral health care activities in many states, including South
Carolina. In South Carolina, school sealants programs have been helping save high caries risk teeth
since ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
There are many factors that can cause caries such as xerostomia, diet high in sugars, low
socioeconomic status, and inadequate daily oral hygiene, affecting both children and adults
(Wilkins, 621). I also learned that there are sealant programs where dental hygienists volunteer their
time to host these programs by providing services such as placement of sealants, radiographic
screenings, prophylaxis, application of topical fluorides, and oral health care and treatment free of
charge for children who come from low–income households (Collins, 2016). Another thing I learned
was that the, "incidence of new pit and fissure caries can be lowered by 86% if the sealant is
retained at 1 year, 78.6% at 2 years, and 58.6% at 4 years" (Wilkins,

Southern Dominion Health Systems Invites The Investment...
Grant Purpose
Southern Dominion Health Systems invites the investment from the ADA Foundation of $5000.00 to
improve the quality of oral health through education in our underserved and vulnerable population
of Lunenburg County. This grant will be for a one year period.
Problem/Background
"Oral health care is not uniformly attainable across the nation" (Fineberg, H, 2011, p. ix).
"Unfortunately, individuals who face the greatest barriers to care are often among the most
vulnerable members of our society" (Yi, G., Logan, H. L., Dodd, V. J., Muller, K. E., Marks, J. G., &
Riley III, J. L. 2014). It has been said that low health literacy may be associated with barriers to
accessing care and with oral health behaviors such as seeking preventive care (Ratzan S, Parker R.,
2000). It has also been suggested that those with low health literacy are at highest risk for oral
diseases and problems (Horowitz, A., Kleinman D., 2012).
"The impact of unmet oral health care needs is magnified by the well–established connection
between oral health and overall health" (Fineberg, H. 2011, p. ix). Oral health status is linked with
general health, as evidenced by the association between poor oral health and chronic diseases, such
as diabetes, cardiovascular disease, and respiratory disease. Poor oral hygiene can also lead to other
health issues such as, oral facial pain and digestive problems. "The silent epidemic of oral diseases
disproportionately affects disadvantaged communities,

Dental Caries Over Time Essay
This study shows an increasing search volume tendency of dental caries over time in most countries,
except for Italy, which seems to remain stable and India and Brazil with a decreasing SV tendency
over the years. However, when comparing with the prediction of the next 12–month period there is
an overall SV tendency increase, information that may lead us to believe there is an increasing
interest for dental caries related information. However, what could help explain this continuous rise
in the population's interest in dental caries information when overall literature manifests a decrease
of dental caries across time? First of all, is well known in the literature that thanks to the
introduction of fluoride in water and toothpaste, there has been a decline in the prevalence of dental
caries in the past decades. (14–16) Several studies ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Untreated dental caries, more even in their advanced stages, frequently causes oral pain and it
affects up to seven out of ten children in India and almost one in three adults in Brazil. (9) The
Global Burden of Disease Study also showed that oral conditions combined accounted for 15
million DALYs globally, which represents an average of health loss of 224 years per 100,000
people. (8) With these facts in mind, if dental caries still represents a high burden disease, especially
in adults, could this mean that people experiencing tooth decay or at least one person they know
suffering tooth decay, are looking for dental caries related information on the Web?

Baby Bottle Tooth Decay Research Paper
Introduction: Baby bottle tooth decay, also known as early childhood carries, is often used to refer to
tooth decay in young children. Even though primary teeth are only temporary, it is important to take
care of it because children needs healthy and strong primary teeth to help them speak and chew their
food. While there are many factors that can contribute to tooth decay in young children, the main
factor is taking a bottle with sweetened liquid in it to bed. When a child takes sweet liquids such as
milk, formula, or fruit juice to bed, the sugar in the liquid clings to the teeth for a very long time and
bacteria in the mouth will feed on the sugar creating acid that attacks the teeth. To avoid baby bottle
tooth decay, parents should avoid putting children to bed with juice, soft drinks, or even liquids with
natural sugar such as milk and formula.
If decay in primary teeth is not addressed in a timely fashion, not only will it affect the children's
ability to chew and speak but it can also have a significant impact on the permanent teeth as well.
Once a tooth has a cavity in it, that bacteria will spread to the neighboring teeth. If bacteria migrates
below the gingiva, an abscess could occur which will delay or prevent the permanent teeth from
erupting. An abscess will cause a lot of pain to the children and the affected tooth can be ... Show
"although it is not life–threatening, if left untreated can lead to significant acute and chronic
conditions, bacteremia, early loss of tooth, malocclusion in the permanent dentition, high cost of
treatment, low self–esteem and failure to thrive."1 A study was done by the Department of Child
Dental Health in Nigeria by observing children aged 6–71 months to determine the prevalence of
early childhood caries and its association with infant feeding and oral health

Dental Caries: Adult
Dental Caries, Adult
Dental caries are spots of decay (cavities) in the outer layer of your tooth (enamel). The natural
bacteria in your mouth produce acid when breaking down sugary foods. When you eat a lot of
sugary foods, a lot of acid is produced. The acid destroys the protective enamel of your tooth,
leading to tooth decay.
It is important to treat your tooth decay as soon as possible. Untreated dental caries can spread decay
and lead to painful infection. Brushing regularly with fluoride toothpaste (oral hygiene) and getting
regular dental checkups can help prevent dental caries.
CAUSES
Dental caries are caused by the acid produced when bacteria break down sugary foods.
RISK FACTORS
This condition is more likely to develop in

The Dental Health Of Australian Children
Despite the significant improvement of Australian children dental health over the years, there were
significant proportions of children continuing to have caries problem that cannot be overlook. For
example 7.3 per cent of 12–year–old children had a DIMF score of six or more in 1985, and 8.2 per
cent had three or more teeth recorded as carious (D or I), which would result in uneven distribution
of dental caries as well as highlighted the importance of identification of caries–susceptible children
that could be targeted for specific preventive programs.
Dental health of children in Australia 1985 – 1993
Since 1989 the dental health of Australian children have been reported annually for each state and
territory, the Australian Institute ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
However, such a relationship need to consider that only part (if any) of the observed effect may be
due to ageing related processes, with the remainder of the effect being due to period effect 79. The
data were collected from the routine dental examinations conducted by uncalibrated dentists and
dental therapists working within the school dental service of each State and Territory of Australia.
Where the methodology followed that of WHO recommendation in which dmft and DMFT indices
are used, dmft is the sum of deciduous teeth that are decayed, missing due to caries, or filled due to
caries. The DMFT measure is the corresponding index for permanent teeth. In order to consider the
tooth decayed the caries lesion need be detected at the dentinal level 80. The deciduous carious
experience dmft at age 5 years was a mean of 1.80. There was a slight increase across age groups
until the peak at 8 years (dmf~2.21) that can be attributed to the exfoliation of deciduous molars due
to caries. While the permanent caries experiences at age 5 was barely noticeable. The mean DMFT
increased across age groups to a mean of 1.10 by the age of 12 years which can be illustrated better
in figure 6 79.
Fig. 6. –Mean dmft and DMFT scores for children aged 5 to 12 years in Australia in 199379.
Furthermore, presenting the caries experiences for Australian children from 1985 to 1993 can be
highly informative as we can see the decline in caries experiences and the improvement of children

Fluoride Essay For Kids
Fluoride is a must on your child toothpaste
Many children's toothpastes are the cutest team and smells like a whole candy store, showing
Advice & Rön review. But the worst is still the alternative children's toothpastes that lacks fluoride –
it's crazy because fluoride is the best protection against tooth decay.
Advice & Findings have examined 14 children's toothpastes. Blue and pink jelly, strong, synthetic
aromas of strawberry and bubble gum is not uncommon. And all the more or less sweet taste.
Must kids really have a special children's toothpaste? Can not brush with mom's and dad's
toothpaste? We let the matter proceed to the Bibi Stenman, dental hygienist and "of fluoride Auntie",
development and public health coordinator in the Public Dental Service in Stockholm County. ...
Many children find it far too strong taste of adult toothpaste. But yes, it is as well to let the kids
brush their teeth with adult toothpaste as long as they have no special additives with additional
grinding or bleach, for example.
– Personally, I think it is unfortunate that most children toothpastes are so cute, and many parents
have contacted us about it. Lately there have been some child toothpastes with milder taste, such as
mint. This is good, this has listened to consumers, she says.
Nowadays, it is not much difference in the fluoride content of children's and adult toothpastes. The
fluorine content in children previously toothpaste was substantially lower than in adult toothpaste
and low in most cases around 500 ppm (milligrams per kilogram toothpaste). Small child swallows
the toothpaste easily, and too much fluoride can damage the enamel of the teeth as they

The Effect Of Breastfeeding On Ovarian And Breast Cancer...
Introduction
Since some years, there has been fundamental shift in infant nutrition research due to increasing
evidence that the role of early nutrition during this vital period of life has deep biological effects and
has an important consequence both in long and short–term health (Fewtrell 2007).
The research that has been done in this area offers strong evidence that human milk feeding
decreases the severity and incidence of a vast range of infectious diseases (Garner 1997). There are
many benefits of breastfeeding reduces the ovarian and breast cancer risks and a reduction in other
types of systemic health such as obesity, overweight, asthma and morbidity. In this way
breastfeeding also becomes one of the main causes of benefits for the mothers (Horta 2013).
In their report, WHO also recommends the exclusive breastfeeding until the infant is six months old.
They further, recommend that the children should consume breastfeeding complemented with food
intake until they are two years old (Horta 2013).
Formula fed vs. Breastfed
The evidence that is present regarding the infant feeding as a risk factor for dental caries in
inconsistent in many ways. The risk regarding dental caries is closely related to carbohydrate
content in breast milk besides the factors that decide the length of contact between the erupted
dentition and the breast milk (Danielsson 2009).
In contrast to formula, breast milk contains breast–specific Lactobacilli and other substances that
include secretory

Crafting a Research Study Outline Essays
The title of my research simulation is Early childhood caries and the effects on young children's
emotional well–being. This study will examine how parental perception of early childhood caries
impacts young children's emotional well– being. The overall goal of this study is to identify barriers
to treatment of early childhood caries in preschoolers. In addition, the study will describe the 1)
prevalence of ECC in a preschool population, 2) parent oral health knowledge, attitudes, beliefs and
behaviors, and 3) the impact that early childhood caries have on young children's quality of life.
"Early childhood caries (ECC) has been defined as the presence of one or more decayed
(noncavitated or cavitated lesions), missing (due to caries), or ... Show more content on
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Good oral health is essential to a child's physical, verbal and socio–emotional growth and
development.
Oral health care is the most prevalent unmet health need among children. Tooth decay accounts for
the majority of missed school days for children. Tooth decay is the most common chronic disease of
childhood; an estimated 50% to 80% of children will develop detectable dental caries by late
adolescence. Poor oral health has a direct effect on a child's school performance. "One study
documented a significant loss of school time due to poor oral health among females, Hispanic
students, and those with lower income or no health insurance" (Berg & Coniglio, 2006). Effective
strategies in the area of prevention and intervention are needed to strengthen efforts to improve
young children's quality of life. In recognizing the need for prevention and intervention strategies, it
is even more crucial to identify and to focus on the barriers that impact the successful eradication of
early childhood caries; thus, those barriers which impact the quality of life for young children.
The dependent variable in this study is parents of preschool age children. The study will measure
and compare parents' attitudes and beliefs on their children oral health status in

Dental Caries And Gum Disease
The tongue surface has also been misconstrued when cleaning the mouth. It is understood to use the
toothbrush in cleaning the dorsal surface of the tongue. However, that technique only spreads the
bacteria around the mouth. A tongue scraper can be purchased instead and will help with bacteria
from spreading and malodor. Black 's Classification of dental caries can range from pits, fissures,
mesial surfaces, distal surfaces, incisal angle, gingival third, and on cusp tips (Darby, Walsh, 2010,
265). The occlusal and pits on the posterior teeth are the common places to see dental caries. These
caries are all seen in the dental facility and can be corrected by a filling if caught in time before
traveling to the nerve of the tooth. A root canal would be performed in case the bacteria progresses
to the root. In some cases, an abscess is possible if not caught in time. All ages can be at risk for
dental caries and gum disease. Early childhood caries (ECC) is a major concern for children all over
the world (See Appendix B for an image of early childhood caries). "This type of ECC appears
rapidly, commonly affecting maxillary anterior teeth, particularly the facial surfaces not generally
considered to be at high risk for decay" (Darby, Walsh, 2010, 262). Commonly this type of caries
can be associated with baby bottle syndrome. Risk factors can include lack of fluoride in the water
system, low–income family, sleeping with a bottle, not properly cleaning the teeth, and

Pediatric Dentistry Essay
Pediatric Dentistry is the practice of dentistry from the moment of a child's birth through to
adolescence. In short, pediatric dentists work in promoting the dental health of children as well
providing their parents with the educational knowledge in sustaining their children's oral hygiene.
Normally it is advised that a visit with a dental professional should occur within the first six months
of the first tooth eruption or by the time of the child's first birthday, with latter visits taking place
every six months. Pediatric Dentists, when performing oral examinations look for abnormalities
such as caries in both mother and child. A recent study showed Xylitol gum, which is a sugar
alcohol widely known to be used in dental health (as it is said to be non–cariogenic in comparison to
Sucrose) in helping the reduction of caries to a third as well as being beneficial for remineralization,
can be used by mothers to prevent the spread of bacterial infections such as MS (Mutans
Streptococci) and the formation of caries in neonatal teeth. Caries, also known as tooth decay or ...
Implementing certain substances to incipient dental decay, such as Fluoride, we can can help prevent
further progress of decay. Fluoride Varnish is a great example of such a substance, applying this to a
child's teeth can prevent cavities and it can also be applied to already existing cavities, it will help in
halting further growth of the cavity. Brushing teeth at regular times can drastically decrease the
formation of caries. Fluoride toothpastes, can be used from the moment of the eruption of the first
tooth. There are certain recommendations in place of the required Fluoride concentration for the
child: 6–months – 2 yo = 500 ppm F 2 – 6 yo = 1000 ppm F > 6 yo = 1450 ppm F In order to
prevent a child from swallowing the toothpaste, it is recommended that cleaning with a cotton swab
should follow

Early Childhood Caries
Early childhood caries is defined as the presence of one or more decayed, missing, or filled tooth
surfaces in any primary tooth in a child 71 months of age or younger (AAPD Definition 2004). This
problem is seen in poor families most of the time and can cause health and learning problems for
children. The food consumed by the poor children can also affect their tooth problems. Families who
are at a social, economic, or environmental disadvantage are groups who have greater obstacles to
dental care. High–risk groups include children living in poverty, racial and ethnic minority
communities, homelessness, and special needs children. Eighty percent of untreated caries occur in
twenty–five percent of children ages five to seventeen (Dye et al.

Fluoride Mouth Rinses
Focus on Fluorides: Update on the use of Fluoride for the Prevention of Dental Caries This article is
based on the negative and positive impacts of fluoride uses. Topics discussed include: updates on
community water fluoridation, fluoride available in dentifrices, and fluoride varnish, use and
recommendations. Fluoride is the first line of defense, along with education, for preventing caries.
Fluoride is the only compound recognized by the FDA for the prevention of dental caries (Carey,
2014). Fluoride comes primarily from fluoridated community water, toothpastes, and mouth rinses.
The intake of water and processed beverages in the United States provides about 75% of a person's
fluoride intake (Carey, 2014). Community water fluoridation began ... Show more content on
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Products that contain sodium fluoride (NaF) as the active ingredient also need to have sufficient
detergent to prevent the fluoride ions from reacting with the silica abrasives forming insoluble
fluorosilicates (Carey, 2014). There is a large effort to develop reliable methods of measurement of
available fluoride. The difficulty in achieving the analytical methods is related to the large variety of
ingredients used in toothpaste products and the different forms of fluoride delivered during tooth
brushing (Carey, 2014). There are three categories of fluoride form toothpaste during tooth brushing:
free ionic fluoride which has the ability to react with tooth structure, interfere with microbial
metabolism, absorb to the oral mucosa, and has anticaries efficacy; profluoride compounds that are
delivered or precipitate in the oral cavity during brushing, release ionic fluoride over time, and
contribute to anticaries efficacy; and unavailable fluoride compounds that do not release fluoride
ions, are either spat out or swallowed, and have no anticaries efficacy (Carey, 2014).
Monofluorophosphate is an example of a profluoride compound that is hydrolyzed to release ionic
fluoride through salivary enzyme action (Carey, 2014). The total and potentially available fluoride
can be

Oral Health System in Saudi Arabia
I. GEOGRAPHICAL LOCATION The kingdom of Saudi Arabia is located in the Southwest of the
continent of Asia, with approximately 29.196 million people as explained by the world population
statistics in 2013 (1). The percentage of the population over 60 years olds is expected to rise by 7%
by the 2020 (2). A proper understanding of the structure and infrastructure of the oral healthcare
system in Saudi Arabia is substantial in order to improve the existing oral health policies and the
outcomes in the country. Certainly, Saudi Arabia had shown a remarkable improvement in its overall
health indicators including life expectancy at birth, infant mortality rate, maternal mortality rate,
immunization level and infectious disease (3). The ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Furthermore, there are about 220 general and specialist hospitals to deliver advanced treatment to
the population (3). According to the current statistics presented by the MOH in 2014, the total
number of dentists who registered for the MOH estimated to be 10,150 dentists. According to the
latest disclosure by Dr. Al–Obaida'a on one of the local journals in Saudi Arabia (Al–Riyadh, April
22, 2014) that the ratio of dentists to population estimated to be one dentist for 7,690 individuals
comparing to what recommended nationally that should one dentist to 1,700 individuals (6). SDS is
one of the main active organizations in dentistry in Saudi Arabia. Its aims are to encourage scientific
researches in oral health, encourage dentists to publish their finding, organize the weekly scientific
seminars and international meetings, and distribute awareness through campaigns (6). In the same
way, other governmental bodies delivered free dental services to those people who belong them. To
illustrate that, the National Guard offers comprehensively medical and dental treatment with drugs
supply to their employees and their dependents (4). Likewise, the Armed Forces, the Interior
Security Forces and The Saudi Intelligence Agency have provided their health services (4). The
university hospitals of the Ministry of Higher Education serve all Saudis with no restriction, and

Dental Caries
According to the Centers for Disease Control and Preventions reports, Dental Caries is the
Most prevalent infectious disease affecting US children [1]. Early childhood caries (ECC) and the
More severe form of ECC (S–ECC) can be particularly virulent forms of caries, beginning soon
After tooth eruption, developing on smooth surfaces, progressing rapidly, and having a lasting
detrimental impact on the dentition [2]. It is highly prevalent and increasing in poor and near poor
US preschool children and is largely untreated in children under age three [3]. Moreover,
This disease can affect the ability of children to learn [4], may delay their physical growth and
Development [5], and diminished oral health– related quality of life [6]. Several ... Show more
Although the role of human milk in the etiology of dental caries is a still controversial issue [8],
however, most literature agreed that prolonged
Breastfeeding after 12 months can be considered as a risk factor in the development of ECC in
Infants. thus the AAPD recommend the mother to avoid ad labium breastfeeding especially at
Night time where the protective role of saliva is reduced due to decreased the flow rate during
The night.The overall state of the research quality related to ECC and breastfeeding is relatively
weak
(Valaitis et al., 2000), the main reason for such weakness is the lack of methodological
Consistency related to the study of the relation between of breastfeeding and ECC, also the
Contradictory finding makes it really difficult to draw conclusions.
Another problem in studies on ECC and associated factors is that the information obtained from
Mothers regarding their child–rearing practices may not be totally reliable [7]
Parents received mixed message from different organization in regards to breastfeeding where
WHO encouraged mom to exclusively breastfed up to six months and continued up to 2 years
Most dental professionals recommend mothers to wean their babies at age

Eating Disorders: Dental Caries And Periodontal Disease
To keep your teeth and gums healthy, think before you eat and drink. It's what you eat as well as
when you choose to eat it that can influence your dental wellbeing. Scientific and epidemiological
data demonstrate a lifelong synergy between nutrition and the integrity of the oral cavity in health
and disease. Have a well–adjusted eating regimen and limit your snacks between your meals.
Having poor nutrition habits affects your whole immune system and increases your chances of
acquiring certain dental problems. If your immune system is low, studies show that you are at a
higher danger for periodontal diseases. "Dental caries and periodontal disease are the most prevalent
chronic, common, and transmissible infectious oral conditions in humans." ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
For me, personally I have not always paid attention to the effects of what I eat and how it affects my
teeth. In my early 20s I struggled with anorexia and bulimia. Back then I had no idea the trouble I
would be facing later on in life with my teeth. Even though I brushed and flossed regularly the acids
from throwing up still cause tooth decay on my back teeth and caused me to have to have them
extracted. Because of this I have also had problems with my tooth enamel and sensitivity throughout
my life. Choosing the medical field as my career, forces me to have to deal with people every day.
Even though the problems I've had with my teeth and the extractions are not extremely visible to
others, I still have self–esteem issues. Had I known how important nutrition was to the care of my
teeth, I would have done things differently, and wouldn't be facing these struggles today. But
because I have experienced it firsthand, I am able to give testimony to the people that I will care for
in the medical

How Does Dental Health Affect Australian School Children
Dental health is continuing to play a substantial role in the overall health for both adults and
children. Dental health may affect several domains of child development and growth69. Good child
dental health is essential for developing several physical and social functions such as feeding,
breathing, speaking, smiling, and social adaptation. In the other hand, dental diseases can impact the
children in many ways which may include pain, discomfort, embarrassment, challenged cognitive
development, reduced self–esteem, and impairments of daily life activities70. In order to create a
healthy future for Australian school children, we need to understand the epidemiology of child oral
health and oral health behaviors 71. Establishing good oral health behaviors and attitudes at early
age can create an opportunities to minimize the oral disease burden in the future 72, which may
reduce the overwhelming cost of treating oral diseases that has been accounting for around 6.5%
($5.3 billion) of total health care expenditure 73. In addition, a good oral health has not being a
privilege for all Australian school children; obvious differences exist across each state and territory
72. Such differences can be related to socio–economic disadvantage, residence in geographical
locations that have restricted access to health and other services, and Indigenous or non–English ...
Research has been showed that such an improvement is due to many factors that combined together.
One of these factors is systemic water fluoridation, which has been announced to have a substantial
impact on children dental health, alongside with topical fluoride that can be found in mouthwash,
toothpaste, and fluoride supplements. In addition to better nutrition, rising standards of living, and
better access to dental care 76. Dental health of children in Australia

Early Childhood Caries Treatment
Early childhood caries impacts many children under the age of five.
Early childhood caries (ECC), also known as baby bottle tooth decay, is a common tooth decay
problem that usually occurs in children under five years old. On occasion, bacteria around your
child's teeth will create acid that can lead to the development of cavities and standard tooth decay. If
you're a parent, being aware of ECC and all that it entails will allow you to prevent the issue
altogether.
Primary Causes and Associated Symptoms
Poor oral hygiene greatly increases the chances that your child will start to experience tooth decay.
For example, if your infant's teeth aren't brushed properly, there's a good chance that these teeth may
... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
By requesting early dental care, your child will receive a wide array of useful benefits. For one, the
chances of preventing the development of early childhood caries is substantially greater when doing
so. You'll also help get your child used to the dentist, which will help build a trusting relationship
between dentist and patient that will subsist through any future visits.
The proper management of cavities is essential if your child does start to suffer from this condition.
The longer you go without obtaining dental treatment will only worsen the severity of the decay.
The most common remedy is fluoride treatment. This treatment helps by taking the affected teeth
through the remineralization process. Diet changes for the infant might also be suggested. If the
decay worsens, then unfortunately the tooth as a whole might need to be pulled.
How Padden Dental Can Help
Here at Padden Dental, we offer a large selection of services aimed at keeping your child's teeth
healthy. Our trained employees will help your child establish good dental health practices early in
their life, such as proper brushing and flossing techniques. If you believe that your child is at risk of
losing teeth, don't wait! Schedule an appointment with Padden Dental

Disparities In Dental Caries
According to the United States Surgeon's General Report, dental caries is the most common chronic
childhood disease. It is five times more common than asthma and seven times more common than
hay fever1. Poor diet choices and poor nutritional intake are associated with an increased risk for
dental caries. According to the American Dietetic Association, "nutrition is an integral component of
oral health." Oral health and nutrition have a synergistic relation. Nutrition and diet affects integrity
of the oral cavity and act as source for progression of many dental diseases2.
More than 50% of children of age 5 to 9 years are affected with caries which increases to 78% in
adolescents. Children of age below 5 years are also affected but the proportion ... Show more
Diet history concerning food intake patterns, diet adequacy, consumption of fermentable
carbohydrates, and use of fluoridated toothpaste is a strategy for health professionals to use to caries
risk. Diet recommendations include those aiming at minimizing sugar intake, foods that favor re–
mineralization, buffering action, decreasing contact time with tooth and low retentive capacity.
A balanced diet rich in whole grains, fruits and vegetables to be followed at a recommended intake
level. There is need to incorporate foods which reduce the risk of caries like dairy products, even in
between meals, raw fruits and vegetables to increase salivary flow. Cheese is considered to be best
anti–cariogenic food since it favors re–mineralization. Use xylitol gums in between meals and
snacks for increasing salivary flow. Avoid frequent exposure to sugars, sweetened and acidic
beverages.
Avoid putting an infant or child to bed with a bottle of milk, juice, or other sugar–containing
beverage. Adequate dietary intake of fluoride and Vitamin D is necessary during maternal cycle to
prevent dental caries in children because they help in re–mineralization. Taking care of baby's diet
and visit dentist at age of 1 year and continuing regular visits for initial diagnosis and better
treatment. COLLOBORATION

High Rate of Salivary Nitric Oxide Levels in Children with...
ESTIMATION OF SALIVARY NITRIC OXIDE LEVELS IN CHILDREN WITH CONGENITAL
HEART DISEASES
INTRODUCTION
Heart disease is one of the most common developmental abnormalities among children, affecting
approximately 6 per 1,000 live births , .Dental management of children with congenital heart disease
requires special attention, because of their increased susceptibility to infectious endocarditis,
associated with bacteraemia induced by invasive dental procedures. Oral health in these patients is
not given due importance and thus they often have poor oral health. These patients also have
increased caries risk which may be largely attributed to the developmental enamel defects. , ,
There has been a mounting interest in the role of nitrates and nitrites in protection against oral
diseases particularly dental caries in the last few years. , There is a constant supply of concentrated
nitrates, the metabolic products of nitric oxide (NO) in the human oral cavity. It is generated either
directly from the physiological reduction of dietary nitrates or it originates from L –arginine
undergoing the reaction catalyzed by inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) which is an enzyme
expressed in salivary glands and duct epithelial cells when induced by pro–inflammatory stimuli. , ,
,
Nitric oxide and its metabolic products, nitrates and nitrites, have been associated with various
deleterious effects in humans in the past decades. However, the recent evidence has suggested that
NO has a

Fairy : The Myth Fairy
The tooth fairy. A magical creature that exists in the lives of most adolescents. Interactions with the
fairy are cherished by children. The excitement of wiggling out that baby tooth, and being able to
put it underneath the pillow to be traded in by the tooth fairy for a small fortune. Along with this
wonderful memory is an underlying darkness.
Ganga mahat and Felicia Bowen, both professors at the State University of New Jersey, wrote in
their article the shocking fact that "More than one fourth of children between the ages of two and
five experience early childhood caries before entering kindergarten" (Mahat). Which means that
most of the primary (baby) teeth being offered to the tooth fairy are either exposed to, or have
experienced ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Lacking the confidence to show off things life their smile, or even to interact with other humans
makes a huge impact on adolescents life.
A child who isn't taught proper oral hygiene when they are young may suffer with oral and overall
health problems the rest of their life. Studied have shown a correlation between the two. The
National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research notes that "studies have reported associations
between oral infections–primarily periodontal infections–and diabetes, heart disease and stroke, and
adverse pregnancy outcomes". Which means that those who suffer from other bodily diseases tend
to also suffer from bad oral health. Another author named Susan Griffin supporting the same cause
wrote "Poor oral health profoundly diminishes quality of life among persons with poor general
health" (Griffin).
Wrapping back to the main point. Children who lack the education and ability to maintain good
dental hygiene have a dark future ahead of them with other problems that appear because of the
same situation: lack of education about health. Not only is that about the child, but also the
parents/caregivers whose main job is to provide the necessary information about their health. Mahat
and Bowen mentioned a connection between the parents

Occlusal Caries Development
The epidemiological studies in caries do not show a consistent distribution for all tooth surfaces.
The occlusal surface caries still show high prevalence compared to interproximal caries. The
incidence of caries in the occlusal surfaces of the teeth constitutes more than two–thirds of all caries
types. The propensity of occlusal caries to develop is closely related with the depth and morphology
of the pits and fissures. Caries development is caused by the fact that bacteria and food accumulate
in the pit and fissures and these areas cannot be cleaned properly due to the lack of both cleansing
effect of saliva and mechanical cleaning (3).
National data indicate that 80 percent of dental caries in the permanent teeth found in children is
concentrated ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
In this case, the patient should be referred to the dentist for restorative treatment. Also, it is
contraindicated if the pits and fissures on the tooth surface are well coalesced and self–cleansing;
sealants are contraindicated because such occlusal contour are at low risk of developing caries (5)
Dental sealants can be accomplished through the use of either glass ionomer sealant (GIS) or
through the use of resin based sealants (RBS) as currently recommended by the American Dental
Association. Resin based sealants form a micromechanical–bonded resin layer that acts as a physical
barrier between enamel and surface and the oral environment and thus changes the occlusal
morphology (3) Resin based sealants can be either filled or unfilled. Filler particles improve the
dental sealants wear resistance. Unfilled sealants are beneficial when "high spots" in the occlusion
cannot be adjusted with dental hand pieces. These type of sealants are mostly used in school–based
settings. Most of the clinical studies have demonstrated that glass ionomer has lower retention rates
compared with Resin based sealants

Sealant In Schools
Preventing Dental Caries with School–based Sealant Program Establishing school–based sealant
program at local elementary schools through in–terpersonal communication can protect the general
population from developing dental car–ies by 60% (Oral Health 310). According to the article, Oral
Health, the prevention of dental caries in young students is essential to protecting not only dental
health but also their overall physical health as dental caries may affect their health negatively due to
built up bacteria and malnutrition caused by decreased consumption from dental pain (Oral Health
312). School aged children are the most at risk group for developing dental caries. College students
in Health Psychology could help to protect dental health of children by increasing the number that
get pit and fissure in several different ways. College students involved in a service– learning project
will be divided in to three different groups. One group will be responsible for calling the parents or
meeting with them in order to educate them and answer any questions they may have and to
schedule appointments at the school in order to apply the pit or fissure sealant. Another group will
be responsible for calling the parents back after the initial application or sealant for a follow up ...
This can broaden parents' understanding of general oral health in children and ensure continued care
and awareness of oral health in children. Parents will also be offered with a phone number that
students can be reached at in order to clarify any questions. Talking to parents and offering to
schedule appoint–ments over the phone would complete the project's goal of improving oral health
and making parents comfortable with their child's school sealant application

Carlos Smith: Dental Case Study
Seven–year–old Carlos Smith came to Universal Pediatric Dental Clinic for his first dental
appointment. During his dental visit his hygienist learned he has a sweet tooth and rather drink
juice/soda than water and never turn down candy. He is a big chocolate fan, of course the gummy
stuff, the Mike, cheerios and Ikes. His hygienist already see two area of caries on his primary teeth.
Dr. Jonathan CalBrim, suggested dental sealants, which could help keep tooth decay at Carlos'
permanent molar as well as other teeth. His parents had no idea about caries as well as sealant. His
parents have many questions and worried that information may not have been disclosed to public
about sealant. 1)What the hygienist can tell Carlos' parents about caries

Early Childhood Caries
Early childhood caries (ECC) was the most widespread chronic childhood disease, albeit largely
preventable if parents and caregivers adhered to oral hygiene guidelines, followed proper diet and
nutritional practices, and kept regular dental visits for their child (Badri, 2014). Professional and
academic bodies have long held and researched the importance of establishing and maintaining oral
health at an early age. Early childhood oral health has influenced the trajectory of oral health and
overall health in adulthood. Possible complications from ECC caries have included not only dental
difficulty but medical consequences, pain, decreased quality of life, lost time of children from
school and caregivers from work, increased medical bill expenses, ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
Pathological factors were frequency of ingested fermentable carbs and cariogenic foods, and
protective factors such as educated caregivers, proper eating habits, and host salivary components.
The prevention, intervention, and reversal of dental caries could have been enhanced by either
reduced pathological factors or enhanced protective factors (Featherstone, 2004). Caretakers that
had received preventative information in the form of dental anticipatory guidance equipped them on
the methods and practices for infant oral hygiene, benefits and application methods of fluoride, diet
and nutritional counseling, advice for infant oral habits (i.e. thumb sucking, pacifier use), and
prevention of dental injuries. The dental community has long advocated the need for early
prevention measures to reduce or possibly even eliminate future dental caries and other oral
complications (Savage,

Dental Caries Research Paper
Though there is a link between dental caries and sugar, rethinking the addition of sugar to your
coffee is not the only answer to the "dental caries prevention" question. Simply understanding the
link between the two; the causes of dental caries and some preventative measures is enough to keep
your mouth, teeth and gums healthy.
Dental caries, also known as tooth decay, begins when tooth enamel dissolves. This is brought on by
acid that develops when bacteria in the mouth ferments sugar. It matters not whether the sugars are
from the partial digestion of carbohydrates, or from foods – either naturally derived or added. It does
matter though, when eating sugary foods, what the sugary product is in regard to how long it is kept
in the mouth

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