Examples Of Colonialism In The Kite Runner

Examples Of Colonialism In The Kite Runner
Khaled Hussein's novel The Kite Runner is totally based on postcolonial theory. In the text, the
resistance of the native afghans against the coloniser quite matches with the resistance of the native
black people against the colonizers in the Chinua Achebe's novel things fall apart. Here in the article
I summed up and compared the resistance of the native against the colonizers and along with that I
also compared the diasporic elements which exists in both texts. Apart from these two elements here
in the research article I also compared the two minor and child characters Sohrab and Ezinma with
each other. Basically, the article states and defines the three comparative elements of both texts with
each other. Here in the article I define and ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
It depicts how Khaled Hosseini deals with diasporic life in the United States and reflects it through
the main character in his novel. There are four problems to discuss in this study. Firstly, the
discussion draws attention to Khaled Hosseini's memory of childhood reflected on the character of
Amir. Secondly, it focuses on Khaled Hosseini's reason coming to the United States expressed to
Amir. Next, it examines Khaled Hosseini's life in the United States reflected by Amir's character.
Lastly, it discusses the development of Khaled Hosseini's diasporic life portrayed in his novel. The
problems are analysed by using the expressive theory by Abrams. Expressive theory is used in this
study to analyse the data related to the problems of the reflection of the author's diasporic life in the
novel. The result of this study proves that Khaled Hosseini has a diasporic life and depicts it through
the character of Amir in The Kite
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Analysis Of ' S Americanah Through A Post Colonial Prism
Faniyi 15
Kayode Faniyi
129013097
Dr. Solomon Azumurana
ENG 894
REFRACTING CHIMAMANDA NGOZI ADICHIE'S AMERICANAH THROUGH A POST–
COLONIAL PRISM
1. Introduction
Respected Marxist critic Frederic Jameson once described every instance of "third world literature"
as necessarily nationally allegorical (69), an assertion spectacularly assailed by Aijaz Ahmad (77–
82).
But it is possible to close our eyes to Ahmad's very valid misgivings and take a bird's eye view of
Jameson's assertion: read in reaction to the phenomenon of imperialism, perhaps the literature of
dominated peoples is the literature of self–assertion, however blind to Jameson's national allegorical
(or anticolonial) imperative, and however "hybrid". That last expression might as ... Show more
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But first, I must situate Americanah in its post–colonial moment.
2. Situating Americanah in the Post–Colonial Moment
Since it is published in 2013, the material reality of Americanah is conditioned, however distantly it
seems now, by the phenomenon of colonialism–it is written in English, for instance. Although
published in 2013, the temporality and spatiality of Americanah's narrative extends backwards to the
late 70s when its major protagonist, Ifemelu, was born. As a child, she witnesses the death by firing
squad of that famous robbery kingpin, Lawrence Anini (148), and lives through coups, coups
attempts, strikes and the usual brand of public dysfunction that still haunts Nigeria, therefore linking
its post–coloniality with that decidedly African brand of introverted, introspective post–
independence post–coloniality of disillusionment exemplified by novels such as Ayi Kwei Armah's
The Beautyful Ones Are Not Yet Born, Chinua Achebe's No Longer at Ease and Anthills of the
Savannah, and soon enough with the post–coloniality of globalization (and the neoliberal ideology
that has hijacked it). As we see in the novel, this disillusionment is the animus of her exile. Ifemelu
arrives America in 1997, the year in which Kudirat Abiola, activist wife of M.K.O Abiola, was
killed (116). Here, Americanah's post–coloniality takes a new turn. This new turn, inaugurated by
Ifemelu's (voluntary

Heart Of Darkness Critical Analysis
The Heart of Darkness, written by Joseph Conrad , is a very interesting and intriguing novel . It was
originally published in 1899 . A great deal of the criticisms focused on racial tension and
imperialism, which were very important topics that stuck out in reading the Heart of Darkness .
Many literary criticisms praise the novel and the entertainment it brings to the audience . Although
the Heart of Darkness receives a lot of praise, many critics negatively criticize the novel for various
reasons . Joseph Conrad was huge on attacking the topic of racism , which was a problem associated
with this novel during this time period . Shockingly, racism was mostly looked over by other critics.
This was due to how racism was interpreted and defined as in 1902 . The meaning of racism has
changed over time . During this time period, racism, the word itself, wasn't in existence . However,
that does not mean that racism didn't occur during that time . In fact , racial tensions were so
common that the actual word racism wasn't used because it wasn't necessary. Chinua Achebe writes
a strong critique explaining his opposing thoughts against the Heart of Darkness and proving that
point. Achebe believes that Joseph Conrad was in fact a racist, and he also believes that a novel that
depersonalizes the human race shouldn't even be in the running to be called a great novel . He states
that the simple truth should not be overlooked in other criticisms. Achebe explains

Effects Of Africanization In This Side Jordan By Margret
Effects of Africanization in This Side Jordan by Margret Laurence
Post–colonial Literary Theory came in to challenge and scrutinize the European theories which were
the false perception that they had the universal culture despite the fact that their culture was not able
to handle the complexities in the divergent cultures as depicted in the in the postcolonial writings.
Therefore, there was the emergence of the indigenous culture developed specifically to
accommodate the extremes of the two cultures, that is the traditional and the modern culture.
European started the expansion of the political sovereignty. During this time, the political strategies
of the European were aimed at eroding the culture of the communities they expressed their ... Show
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The imperialists suppressed the culture of the countries they colonized through the use of conquest,
enslavement and finally the alienation of language to make their language superior to the language
of the original inhibitors of the land they conquered. Different writers, Margaret Laurence in her
book "The side Jordan" to be accurate have come up with the efforts of transforming the language to
the extent that it could capture the socio–cultural aspects of the geographical locations of the nation
's Ghana and British. Among the futures that the users employ are the capability to examine and
subvert the formation of the culture of the imperialists. Therefore, her use of English literature
responded to this quest by making an attempt to develop the usage of the language that handled the
sense of otherness.
In Canada, Margret Laura makes the effort of reconstructing the lost identity of the cultural groups
that add up in making of the society in Canada through the use of her literary work. Some of the key
issues that the novel handles in the quest to of reconstructing the lost identity include the strive
towards the social recognition, the rebel against the brutality inflicted on the communities by the
colonial masters and the experience the communities encountered in the amongst the ethnic groups.
In this connection, therefore, Laurence crafted her work in the manner that it focusses on the identity
whereby, the people

Examples Of Colonialism In Midnight's Children
Midnight's Children (1981) is a novel linking India's transition from British colonialism to
independence to its protagonist, Saleem Sinai – a boy with telepathic powers who is able to organize
the 1001 other children of special abilities born within an hour of Indian independence (which took
place at midnight on the 15th of August, 1947, hence the title). It is considered a seminal example of
both postcolonial literature and magical realism. In fact, it was used early on in postcolonial studies
as a definitive piece of postcolonial literature – that is, Midnight's Children helped postcolonial
theorists create a definition of postcolonialism. Consequently, Midnight's Children – at least the
postcolonial interpretation of it – has long been ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Why is it important that Midnight's Children is interpreted in just this way – and what does this
emphasis reveal? On the one hand, this is likely in response to criticism that Rushdie is not
representing India at all, because of his use of the English language or his assimilation into western
culture. This issue, which troubled Rushdie as well, continues to receive sensitive treatment. In
Teverson's biography of Rushdie (according to Christopher Rollason's review in the Atlantis

The Importance Of Writing In The Colonial Language
Additionally, it can be used to communicate with other indigenous people who speak different
languages, but understand the same issues of colonialism. "In the specific case of some African
states, such as Achebe's Nigeria, the English language became the lingua franca of the national
bourgeoisie representative of the various national ethnicities, on the one hand, and the forces of
colonialism and transnational capital, on the other."
Indeed, postcolonial literature in the colonial language is a double–edged sword. Without its use, the
writing may never reach a wide audience, as it is impossible to translate every work into each
different indigenous language. Furthermore, those who have experienced a diaspora after
colonization, such as the Africans who were transported to colonial lands, lost their indigenous
language. Their ancestors grew up with the colonial language, and unless they learn their indigenous
language, they have no choice to write in the colonial language. Yet, writing in the colonial language
furthermore reflects the power that colonists still exert today, that their language must be used to
describe the aftereffects of their subjugation of another country. "The colonial language becomes
culturally more powerful, devaluing the native language as it is brought into its domain,
domesticated, and accommodated." Ultimately, the writers must take into consideration the positives
and negatives of each approach. They have the choice to write in either language,

The Post Colonialism Theory : Opinions And Opposing View...
The Post Colonialism Theory: Opinions & Opposing View Points The postcolonialism theory is a
theory that has brought many controversies and opposing viewpoints across the world of literature.
In, –this theory, a set of lost identities, use of language in writing, and the questioning of the real
definition of this theory are some of the characteristics highlighted in this concept. On the other
hand, conflicting opinions, multiple perspectives, and authors not agreeing on the definition of this
theory are some of the problems that bring powerful discussions and arguments in the world of
literature. To begin with, the theory of post colonialism has been a very complicated concept to
define. Many authors and theorists that have responded and ... Show more content on
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Important European thinkers only wrote about their own identities and experiences setting other
cultural backgrounds aside.
Another important example of a characteristic of post colonialism is the lost identities of women
writers who others often look at as not being part of the culture or country they choose to focus and
write about. Carole Boyce Davis, author of "An Introduction to Post– Colonial Theory," pointed out
that women who contribute to African literature were very displeased to be considered only a
woman writer instead of an African American Woman Writer (Davis Boyce, Carole in Peter Childs
and R.J Patrick William "An Introduction to Post– Colonial" 1997, p.15). With this example in
mind, it is clear that her identity as an African American woman was hidden and not well respected.
Furthermore, this postcolonial theory leads to conflicting and multiple ideas about identities which
cause a problem and debate among writers and theory experts who choose to write representing the
theory. One of the biggest controversies that make post colonialism debatable is those writers who
write negative texts about countries and cultures different from their own. One example of this is
Joseph Conrad's opinion towards African culture under Heart of Darkness. The words that Conrad
used to describe the culture of African Americans did not represent Africans well in his writing

Example Of Historiografiction In Literature
One of the noticeable themes of postmodernism is the distorting of lines between fiction and
nonfiction. In the hands of a talented writers, "making it up" and "telling the truth" can exist
simultaneously and comfortably beside one another. Writers of this genre know that it is obvious to
the reader that they are lying to tell the truth. More exactly, these writers lie openly to tell the truth
so that their moral position as storytellers exists in their ability to lie openly and cleverly. A term
historiografiction – meaning postmodern mixture of the words historiography and fiction – means
the literary treatment of persons or events from the past. Historiografiction is mainly disturbed with
character and theme; in contrast, historical fiction is started by plot, setting, details or lifestyle. A
traditional historical expectations and neutrality is an important element in the postmodern
questioning, and it issues authors to investigate the possibilities of previously immersed character
and points of view in real events from the past.
Sarcastic and ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Orwell most probably chose the form essay to express and analyze his feelings about the imperial
arrogance of his home country. However, due to the story structure of the text – it has a plot and
characters – it seems more like a fictional story (a short story in fact) rather than an essay.
Nevertheless, it can be seen as an essay since it has a free form. This free form then in turn supports
the ideas of freedom from oppression be it an aggressive oppression. In the case of the elephant and
the colonization or a more implicit one as in the case of the narrator's oppression by the crowd
which he has to endure in order to keep the respect of the crowds. However, due to the form we can
approach the text with both a literal as well as socio–scientific

Analysis of Salman Rushdie's Midnight's Children and...
Transitions of place, time, and character are key to the storytelling in Salman Rushdie's "Midnight's
Children" and Virginia Woolfe's "Mrs. Dalloway". Rushdie explores the History, Nationalism and
Hybridism of the nation of India after they became independent of Great Britain. Woolfe comments
heavily on English society more through her description of her characters, and the weaving of time
and place is an effective way to telling the stories of her characters as we follow them through a
single day. This essay will compare in three passages from "Midnight's Children" the effectiveness
of transitioning from place and time to the way Woolfe did so in "Mrs. Dalloway". Furthermore, it
will explore why each passage is a good demonstration of ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net
...
This parallels the narrative structure of the novel as being circular, discontinuous and digressive.
The same can easily be said for Mrs Dalloway as the novel almost jarringly weaves through many
points of view. This fragmentation appropriates the concept of history in "Midnight's Children",
which was developed by colonizers. History works for a particular class of ideology, and therefore it
will be contaminated, oblique and subjective. In Mrs. Dalloway the characters themselves are
subjective commentaries on English society, and they have been subjectively contaminated by
Woolfe's opinions of who they represent.
The functionality of history is grounded in the simple assumption that life is shaped like a story.
Whereas Woolfe admittedly wrote in an experimental style that was more of a slice of life than a
traditionally shaped story with a beginning, middle, and end. For Saleem, who is "buffeted by too
much history", it is his memory which creates his own history. The same is true of everyone in "Mrs.
Dalloway". "Memory, as well as fruit, is being saved from the corruption of the clocks". This quote
could have easily been in Mrs. Dalloway, particularly when Clarissa reacted to the suicide of
Septimus and seemed to fear the aging brought on by ticking clocks. Yet, for Rushdie, it is not based
on the universal empty time that has been conceptualized by the colonizers. Notions of time and
space are integrated into both novels.
The novel critiques

Effects Of Post Colonialism
Postcolonialism
The term 'postcolonialism' has become so diverse and unorganized that it is somehow impossible to
define it clearly or describe what its study may imply.
Postcolonialism often means anti–colonialism and is synonymous with post–independence. This
word has variable implications and may refer to a collection of studies which are always changing.
Loomba (1998) said that "it is a vague condition for people anytime and anywhere all over the
world". The dependence of this theory on the literary, cultural and post structural theories makes it
even vaguer (p. 17).
Post–colonialism may then refer in part to the period after colonialism, but the question arise: after
whose colonialism? After the end of which colonial empire? Isn't it unacceptably ... Show more
He claims that this implication covers the fact that this word belongs to the political theory and that
it is also assigned to the period after decolonization (16).
The implications of 'post' in postcolonialism have always been a matter of discussion. Most critics
claim that the word postcolonialism concerns the processes, effects of and reactions to colonialism
from the sixteenth century up to the neo–colonialism of the present day.
Loomba (1998) believes that the 'post' in postcolonialism has two implications. The first one is
temporal and indicates that post colonialism is the aftermath of colonialism; the second one is a
substitution for the first one and is a matter of discussion among critics. It somehow indicates that a
country can be both postcolonial which is formally independent and neo–colonial which is culturally
and economically dependent (p. 7).
Childs & Williams (1997) declared that one meaning of post in post–colonialism can be related to
those theories which are not chronological but consider this word conceptually. In this sense it
relates to every text which its concept transcends or goes beyond the colonialism (p.

Postcolonial Literature: Uncovering Western Myths Essay
Africa has been the embodiment of european perspectives before and after the Colonialism; these
perspectives have attempted to provide insights on the facts behind it. In those terms, Africa has
been reduced an atmosphere of concepts such as deep darkness, mystery, and madness, a place in
which attrocities arise at any time of the day, and people are savages and chaotic. From that
colonialist viewpoint, Africa was a place that needed help and control urgently in order to save it
form itself and civilize it; therefore, white European men felt the need of accomplishing this mission
and bring civilization to black men, which only meant to do thing as Europeans did. In Conrad's
Heart of Darkness (1993), these European visions are portraited to ... Show more content on
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They have rituals in specific times of the year, and they even measure time in market days. Achebe
gives life to the main character Okonkwo in such a way that is perceived by the reader as an
everyday man; a man with moral, character, suffering, and caring although cold on the outside. The
community is strickly patriarchal, nor very different from anywhere in the world in those times.
However, the author explores women's world with the same importance he explores men's world in
the novel, and in several ocassions he refers to the women's role as paramount for the tribe and of
equal importance than men's role, eventhough within the tribe the awareness of this is not general.
All of the above shows us that the natives were not that different from the rest of the world, they
were not primitive people in chaos, just simple people with different customs. They had a strong
social structure and a system of rules that allowed people to live in community, harmony and peace
for they solved the problems they had with justice and measures –Judgments with the seven Spirits
and paying money when commited a fault). At some point, this system had more sense than that of
the white man; people who accidentally or premeditatedly killed someone of the tribe would have to
spend seven years of exile outside the community; on

Post Colonialism Essay
Introduction Post–colonialism is a period of time following colonialism, and postcolonial literature
is typically characterized by its opposition to the colonial. Postcolonial literature often targets on
race relations and the outcome of racism along with generally implies white and/or colonial
societies. Simon During, in his essay discussing the nature and boundaries of post–colonialism,
argues for a more inclusive definition, calling it "the need, in nations, or groups which have been
victims of imperialism to achieve an identity uncontaminated by universalist or Eurocentric
concepts or images." Works of literature that are defined as postcolonial often record racism or a
history of genocide– including slavery, apartheid, and the mass extinction of people, such as the
Aborigines in Australia. Post–colonialism includes a vast array of writers and subjects. In fact, the
very different geographical, historical, social, religious, and economic concerns of the different ex–
colonies dictate a wide variety in the nature and subject of most postcolonial writings. In this regard
some women colonial writers sketch a relationship among post–colonialism ... Show more content
on Helpwriting.net ...
Sexism is just the stress put together by ideological complexities of male dominance above their
female counterparts. Within direct correlation with the traditional literary canon, the site with the
female writer offers regularly already been questioned. Works by women of color are also greatly
scrutinized if they have a tendency to represent men in the negative light. Hence it is logical that
works written by women of color reference the female struggle versus sexism. After all, the writers
themselves have lived and witnessed these experiences. To begin a discussion of the dilemmas of
Afro– American female writers it is not only easy but important to begin with the first African to
have his or her works published in America: Phillis

Alinsky Idea Of Silence
Alinsky states: "Large parts of the middle class, the "silent majority," must be activated; action and
articulation are one, as are silence and surrender. " In my view, the idea of silence constitutes an
array or responses that include but are not limited doing something that does not help the situation,
doing the same thing that has previously not effected desirable change for the same problem or
living life as though nothing is happening. In other words, silence can take many forms. To
illustrate, from Nerve Gas to Mountain Meadows to the killings of Palestinian children in refugee
camps to Trump's presidency, someone who could have done something chose inaction or actions to
perpetuate injustice. This is my perspective is the reticence

Essay on Theory and Practice in Post-Colonial Literatures
Theory and Practice in Post–Colonial Literatures Introduction More than three–quarters of the
people living in the world today have had their lives shaped by the experience of colonialism. It is
easy to see how important this has been in the political and economic spheres, but its general
influence on the perceptual frameworks of contemporary peoples is often less evident. Literature
offers one of the most important ways in which these new perceptions are expressed and it is in their
writing, and through other arts such as painting, sculpture, music, and dance that the day–to–day
realities experienced by colonized peoples have been most powerfully encoded and so profoundly
influential. What are post–colonial ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
This is because there is a continuity of preoccupations throughout the historical process initiated by
European imperial aggression. We also suggest that it is most appropriate as the term for the new
cross–cultural criticism which has emerged in recent years and for the discourse through which this
is constituted. In this sense this book is concerned with the world as it exists during and after the
period of European imperial domination and the effects of this on contemporary literatures. So the
literatures of African countries, Australia, Bangladesh, Canada, Caribbean countries, India,
Malaysia, Malta, New Zealand, Pakistan, Singapore, South Pacific Island countries, and Sri Lanka
are all post–colonial literatures. The literature or the USA should also be placed in this category.
Perhaps because of its current position of power, and the neo–colonizing role it has played, its post–
colonial nature has not been generally recognized. But its relationship with the metropolitan centre
as it evolved over the last two centuries has been paradigmatic for post–colonial literatures
everywhere. What each of these literatures has in common beyond their special and distinctive
regional characteristics is that they emerged in their present form out of the experience of
colonization and asserted themselves by foregrounding the tension with the imperial power, and by
emphasizing their differences from the assumptions of the imperial centre. It is this

Spivak's Can The Subaltern Speak
The Postcolonial insights of Spivak's "Can the Subaltern Speak?"
Malak El Saghir Mahmoud Hijazi
38651
Post colonialism
Dr. Lutfi Hmadi
2016–2017
Abstract In literature, post colonialism is the study of post–colonial theories that ask the reader to
notice the effects of colonization on people or the extension power into other nations. In post–
colonial theories, the term subaltern is the nickname to populations which are far cry from the power
of the colony that has hegemonic on social, political and geographical prevalence. The present
research aims at analyzing Spivak's essay "Can the Subaltern Speak?" in the light of her question
whether or not the possibility exists for any recovery of a subaltern ... Show more content on
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If, in the context of colonial production, the subaltern has no history and cannot speak, the subaltern
as female is even more deeply in shadow (287).
Conclusion
Spivak‟s essay "Can the Subaltern Speak?" became a real voice of some women. Spivak
differentiates between "speak" and "talk" and show how women of the third world may talk but
speaking is more active in which two people try to communicate things face to face.
Since its publication "Can the Subaltern Speak" a lot of citation, imitation, and critics has been
related to it. This essay is like phenomena that contextualized within postcolonial studies and the
quest for human rights. Many describe Spivak's essay as the most argumentative postcolonial critic.
Rosalinda C. Horris, a professor of anthropology, describes Spivak in an afterword that "Can the
Subaltern Speak?" for her is considered past interpretation, future incarnations, questions and
histories that remain secreted in the original

Effects Of Post Colonial Literature
Colonialism has shaped the lives of about three quarter people in this present day world. Post
colonialism refers to the impact that imperial process has caused to the entire culture from the
moment of colonialization till today. All through the history the continuation of colonising the minds
through imperial rule by the Europeans is the cause of this. The effect of this European imperial
domination has spread its impacts on the contemporary literature as well and it is therefore a major
concern for the world today. The literature of Canada, India, Pakistan, Bangladesh, Malaysia, New
Zealand, Malta, Sri lanka, the South Pacific, the Caribbean and African countries, comes in the
ambit of post–colonial literatures. One characteristic that can be found in common to all these
literature despite of ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
However, even after getting Independence from the European colonial rule, the European
bourgeoisies still continues to decolonise the minds of people in post– colonial countries through
language. One of the main features of imperial oppression is control over language. The imperial
education system installs a 'standard' version of the metropolitan language as the norm, and
marginalizes all 'variants' as impurities. As a character in Mrs Campbell Praed's nineteenth–century
Australian novel Policy and Passion puts it, 'To be colonial is to talk Australian slang; to be ...
everything that is abominable'. Language becomes the medium through which a hierarchical
structure of power is perpetuated, and the medium through which conceptions of 'truth', 'order', and
'reality' becomes established. Such power is rejected in the emergence of an effective post–colonial
voice. Ngugi wa Thiong'o in his book, decolonising the mind portrays this lamentable condition of
post colonies through the example of Africa. He believed that literature and politics are

Soyinka 's Ngugi Wa Thiong ' O : An Anthology Of Recent...
Mala Pandurang's Ngugi Wa Thiong 'o: An Anthology of Recent Criticism (2008) is a brilliant
specimen of archival research on Ngugi criticism. She wrote another important book on the
postcolonial African fiction, entitled Post–colonial African Fiction: The Crisis of Consciousness
(1997). Oliver Lovesey in The Postcolonial Intellectual: Ngugi wa Thiong'o in Context (2016) has
pointed out the multifarious cultural identities of Ngugi. The biographical reading of Ngugi's life
from a Marxist vantage point is the core theme of the text.
It is interesting to note that the spatial concerns in Ngugi's novels have often been undermined by
critics. Geography plays an important role in the postcolonial studies because postcolonialism is
closely ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
These forms of both external and internal experience are based on man's pure intuition:
Space then is a necessary representation of a priori, which serves for the foundation of all external
intuitions. We never can imagine or make a representation to ourselves of the non−existence of
space, though we may easily enough think that no objects are found in it. It must, therefore, be
considered as the condition of the possibility of phenomena, and by no means as a determination
dependent on them, and is a representation a priori, which necessarily supplies the basis for external
phenomena (Kant 26).
As a matter of fact, the period between Kant's work and the mid twentieth century, observes
Upstone, space was cenceptualised as being subsumed by time. The theorization of a 'linear
narrative history' (Upstone 2) dominated the Western philosophy for more than two centuries till the
postmodernist theorists such as Michael Foucault, Edward Soja and Henri Lefebvre liberated space
from the subservience to time: 'putting phenomena in a temporal sequence ... somehow came to be
seen as more significant and critically revealing than putting them beside or next to each other in a
spatial configuration' (Soja 168).
In the second half of the twentieth century the study of spatiality gained a prioritized status. In "Of
Other Spaces" Foucault declared candidly that 'the present epoch will perhaps be above all

Resistance And Resistance In The Poetry Of Darwish
Darwish found the force of words at an early stage and composed fierce poems of resistance and
love of land. Darwish's poem "Identity Card" 1964 has an exceptional hold back "write down, I am
an Arab!" This reiteration frames a cry that takes shape, from one perspective, the association
between the Palestinian identity and land, and then again, the Palestinian resistance against Israeli
endeavors to delete the Palestinian identity in the occupied land. The Palestinian identity has
dependably been at the heart of the Israel–Palestine struggle not just on the grounds that it
inseparably connects Palestinians with their country but since it is additionally a method for
resistance. It is a steady indication of what was detracted from the Palestinians and an image of the
continuous clash with Israel for their privilege of presence.
Darwish contributes authoritatively ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
It is a theoretical mixing of eco–criticism and post–colonialism as another expository focal point for
perusing Darwish's poems of resistance. Besides, the current theoretical structure depends on the
introduce that the post–colonial researchers have been steadily mindful to the relations amongst
colonized and colonizers and address topics, for example, the development of personality of
colonized individuals, giving careful consideration to the common habitat that has an immediate
connection with the human character. Similarly, the researchers of eco–criticism have tended to
concentrate on the relations amongst nature and culture, ignoring the parts of post imperialism that
help shape the people's collaboration and interrelations with their common habitat. In this way, the
eco–postcolonial focal point is expected to serve as a scaffold amongst eco–criticism and post–
colonialism and utilized as another logical focal point for perusing Darwish's

Magic Realism In Salman Rushdie
fantastic, the mysterious, or the marvellous, and subsequently it is not surprising that some critics
have chosen to discard the term in general.
In Salman Rushdie's hands, political satire and caricature easily administer with fairy–tale fights of
imagination that merge a fine diaphanous model of restrained allusions, impulse and humour. The
magic realism popularized by Salman Rushdie inclined a large number of Indian novels. According
to Anita Desai, Rushdie showed English language novelists in India a way to be "postcolonial".
There is an entire cohort of novelists who experience the weight of Rushdie's influence as enabling
their own talents. Quite apart from his distinctive characters, he showed Indians how the English
language could ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Rushdie's use of magic realism as a narrative technique is very pertinent as he portrays the
postcolonial life in his novel. The Magic realism can therefore be seen as a contrivance binding
Indian culture of the past to the contemporary multicultural interface. Rushdie used fantasy as a
method of producing intensified images of reality. He uses this "intensified images of reality" in
Midnight's Children so as to represent the happenings preceding and following India's
independence. The desperate materials pertaining to those times of political disruption, popular
upsurge, growing sanguinity, and confused developments that often bordered on the fantastic could
not have been woven together by any other means but that of

Difference Between Postcolonialism And Post-Colonialism
Introduction
In the 1990s, when other fields failed to predict some major events of the twentieth century,
including the struggle to decolonise, post–colonialism entered the field of International Relations.
Postcolonialism can be surmised as the theory of International Relations which uses the effect of
colonialism to describe the conditions of countries today, with a focus on personal information from
its peoples. 'Post–colonial' refers to the analysis of colonialism and anti–colonialism. 'Postcolonial'
is used to indicate the analysing of the current era of International Relations as the postcolonial era.
The relevance of postcolonial theory for the study of International Relations will be discussed and
analysed.
The increasing relevance ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Its theories have been shaped through many academic disciplines, including literary studies, social
history, French philosophy, and psychoanalysis. Great powers held colonies, but those colonies were
not studied unless they caused difficulties for individual great powers. The histories, peoples, and
cultures in Third World countries were ignored by International Relations until the 1980s. Post–
colonial/postcolonial studies improved International Relations knowledge. It has been joined by
feminist analysis and movements of peoples that reverse the usual direction taken during the
colonial

Postcolonial Literature (Persepolis & Things Fall Apart)
There are many different critical approaches to studying literature. With reference of both texts you
have studied, show what you believe the value to be in using a particular critical approach.
'Things Fall Apart' by Chinua Achebe and 'Persepolis' by Marjane Satrapi follow a postcolonial
critical approach. Both books take place in a country considered politically inferior through western
perspective and both texts, even though reinforce colonialists' oppressive ideology, don't stand
completely against the colonialists and fault their own culture. They present the themes of
dislocation on how western influences changes, religious, social and economical aspects in the Igbo
and the Iranian society. 'Things fall Apart' presents an ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
This statement is one of the most significant to understand the postcolonial view of the novel, by
referencing its title with the imagery of a knife breaking things apart expresses not only the cruel
overpowering intentions of the colonialists but also the vulnerability of the Igbo culture. And lastly,
as the book ends with Okonkwo's suicidal tragic death it represents the futility and inefficiency in
over fighting colonizing forces and the downfall of the protagonist is the final indication of the Igbo
culture falling apart. Similarly, in Persepolis the protagonist Marji, also experiences the frustration
of western overpowering influence on her culture. There are innumerous moments in Marjane's
childhood in which she suffers from prejudgments due to the Iranian stereotypes. For example,
when she is travelling outside the country for the first time she realizes that "as soon as they learn
our nationality, they go through everything, as though we were all terrorists. They treat us as though
we have the plague." This simile comparing being Iranian with having a disease victimizes the
Iranian people, as it equates racism to an irrational and condemning repugnance. By sharing a young
Iranian naïve girl's experience, westernized readers are presented with another perception and
hopefully are able to overcome their own preconceptions. However Satrapi also condemns her
conservative government by revealing the hypocrisy of the teachers as they ask the children to "tear

Similarities Between Colonialism And Feminism
Postcolonialism and Feminism
Abstract
Colonialism/Postcolonialism is a remarkably comprehensive yet accessible guide to the historical
and theoretical dimensions of colonial and postcolonial studies. National fantasies are they colonial,
anti–colonial or postcolonial also play upon the connection between woman, land or nation.
Feminist theory and postcolonial theory are occupied with similar questions of representation, voice,
marginalization, and the relation between politics and literature. Given that both critical projections
employ multidisciplinary perspectives, they are each attentive, at least in principle, to historical
context and the geopolitical co–ordinates the subject in question. The identification of women as
national mother stems from a wider association of nation with the family. The topic of feminism and
postcolonialism is integrally tied to the project of literary postcoloniality ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
It analyses range across representations of women in once–colonized countries and in western
locations. Some critics have concentrated on the constructions of gender difference during the
colonial period, in both colonial and anti–colonial discourses; while others have concerned
themselves with the representations of women in postcolonial discourses with particular reference to
the work of women writers. At the level of theory, postcolonial feminist critics have raised a number
of conceptual, methodological and political problems involved in the study of representations of
gender. These problems are at once specific to feminist concerns, such as the possibility of finding
and international, cross– culture sisterhood between ' First world' and 'Third world' women, as well
as more general problems concerning who has the right to speak for whom, and the relationship
between the critic and their object of

What Is The Relationship Between Prospero And Caliban
Abstract: Samuel Selvon is one of the most popular and internationally acclaimed contemporary
postcolonial Caribbean writers. He is placed apart by the sheer range and variety of his published
works, which include ten novels and a collection of short stories (Ways of Sunlight), a great number
of short stories, poems and essays to newspapers and magazines and several plays for radio and
television. He is also renowned because he became one of the founding fathers of the Caribbean
literacy renaissance of the 1950s. As a postcolonial writer, Selvon seeks to illustrate the relationship
between the colonizer and the colonized. Homi K Bhabha, a contemporary postcolonial critic,
employs some postcolonial notions like 'hybridity,' 'unhomeliness,' 'creolization,' ... Show more
From their writings and from the real experience of the 'New World' they created their own
paradigms. Many writers from the region challenge Shakespeare's depiction of Caliban as bestial
and brutal, and reclaim his image as an icon of Caribbean self–assertion although Shakespeare did
not explicitly state that the setting of The Tempest is the Caribbean. The power relations between
Prospero and Caliban are suggestive of the master–slave relationship found on the plantation. In this
context, the Caliban–Prospero relationship leads to the larger issue of language. Caliban is
Prospero's slave. Prospero also claims that Caliban did not know the use of language until he was
taught by his master. Thus, the only way Caliban can express himself is within the parameters of his
master's tongue. Miranda obviously believes it to be a great honour and reminds Caliban how she
"took pains to make thee [him] speak" (The Tempest, Act 1, Scene 2, 16) and dismisses Caliban's
previous way of speaking as sheer 'gabble'. However, Caliban himself obviously takes a very
different view and in a memorable quote that is often cited by anti–colonialist critics he tells them:
"You taught me language; and my profit on't is I know how to curse" (The Tempest, Act 1, Scene 2,
16). He goes on further to wish "the red plague rid you for teaching me your language!" (The
Tempest, Act 1, Scene 2, 16) clearly not sharing Miranda's view that she has done him a great
service. George Lamming, in his collection of essays The Pleasures of Exile (1960), argues for this
reason that Caliban is imprisoned in Prospero's language: "There is no escape from the prison of
Prospero's gift. This is the first important achievement of the colonizing process" (The Pleasures of
Exile, 109). He

Colonialism And Postcolonialism
Postcolonialism and Feminism
Abstract
Colonialism/Postcolonialism is a remarkably comprehensive yet accessible guide to the historical
and theoretical dimensions of colonial and postcolonial studies. National fantasies, be they colonial,
anti–colonial or postcolonial also play upon the connection between woman, land or nation.
Feminist theory and postcolonial theory are occupied with similar questions of representation, voice,
marginalization, and the relation between politics and literature. Given that both critical projections
employ multidisciplinary perspectives, they are each attentive, at least in principle, to historical
context and the geopolitical co–ordinates the subject in question. The identification of women as
national mother stems from a wider association of nation with the family. The topic of feminism and
postcolonialism is integrally tied to the project of literary postcoloniality and its concerns with the
critical reading and interpretation of colonial and postcolonial texts.
Introduction:
It is fair say that beginning postcolonialism is an especially challenging procedure because it is
particularly difficult to answer those questions with which we started. Such is the variety of
activities ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Spivak confesses in A Critique of Postcolonial Reason that contemplation of "this failure of
communication" had "so unnerved" her that, in her initial discussions of Bhaduri's suicide she had
been let to write, "in the accent of passions lament the subaltern cannot

Identity In The 19th Century
IDENTITY CRISIS IN SELECT NOVELS OF SALMAN RUSHDIE The question of identity is the
most controversial issue in postcolonial time and literature and it can be regarded the most important
because of its crisis exist in all postcolonial communities. Due to the circumstances of post colonial
era and the problematic conditions that faced newly freed nations and countries in their search and
formation of self identity the crisis floated on the surface. In the following of World War II, the act
of decolonization and libration of nations under colonial rule provoked a noteworthy move in the
direction of recreating social and individual identities. The period also marked by the struggle of
decolonization in all the levels of life, culture, ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Since the identity is not a stable and fixed notion as Hall confirms ―Identity emerges as a kind of
unsettled space or an unresolved question in that space, between a number of intersecting discourses
and the impact of colonial legacy was multi dimensional besides there was a different consequences
of colonialism in different locations, the issue of identity appeared in different shapes and forms.
Collective and individual identities also differ physically and psychologically. The resistance of
decolonization process took various outlines due to countries, societies and individuals. Therefore,
identity is not simply imposed. It is also chosen, and actively used, albeit within particular social
contexts and constraints. Against dominant representations of others there is resistance. Within
structures of dominance, there is agency.
Identity crisis is the major suffering of the many people in the present day world. It is quite natural
every one thinks of their own identity to grow themselves with self respect. Afro–American, British
and Indian every writer nowadays focused their writings keeping in the mind the sense of identity.
There is no exception to the writer like Salman Rushdie. His novels also reflect the question of
identity and explore the philosophical significance of ideals and concepts.

Exposing the Real Jasmine Essay examples
The prominent characteristic of postcolonial writing is the incorporation of writing back or rewriting
history into the narrative from the point of view of the colonized. Postcolonial narratives speak out
and attempt to expose the injustices of dominant culture often within their own cultural system.
Within this framework, many female authors give agency to the once silenced female voice of the
colonized. By employing their own narratives, many postcolonial female authors demystify the
prescribed ideologies thrust upon them by a patriarchal culture while at the same time expressing
their own sense of loss of cultural identity. Therefore, postcolonial literature applies a
counterdiscourse that depicts the realities and struggles of ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net
...
In Hindu culture, the sex of a baby is more significant than in western cultures. In eastern countries,
boys are revered and cherished while girls are considered "curses" since being born a girl brought to
the father the burden of paying a dowry. This type of gender hierarchy is exemplified in Mukherjee's
novel by Jasmine's statement, "I had a ruby–red choker of a bruise around my neck and a sapphire
fingerprints on my collarbone after my birth. When I revealed this to Taylor's wife, [...] she missed
the point and shrieked at my 'foremothers' [...]. My mother was a sniper. She wanted to spare me the
pain of a dowryless bride" (Mukherjee 40). Mukherjee utilizes Jasmine's nonchalant description of
her near death experience coupled with her rationalization to show that the brutal treatment of baby
girls is a common occurrence in her culture. Conversely, the reaction of Taylor's wife is a metaphor
for the western perception that the conduct of Jasmine's mother is a form of barbarism. By using
Jasmine's birth, Mukherjee exposes the realties of a male patriarchal society in which girls bring
considered dilemmas to families.
Many postcolonial writers include how the natives' land was overtaken by force and as a result, the
natives had to change their identity to conform to the colonial power. While Jasmine relates her
story about living in the native village Hasnapur, she tells the reader that she is married at the age of
fourteen

Victimization In Surfacing Atwood
In the canon of postcolonial writers, Atwood is a troublesome figure. Despite her notable search for
an understanding of Canada that is not first mediated by an English or American aesthetic. Atwood's
novels are examined in a cultural context in this study, which explores the victimization of women.
Victimization includes anything that affects women's survival, specifically, victimization through
physical, psychological, and economic manipulation. Atwood's novels show how society sustains
victimization by holding power over women. The protagonists of Atwood's novels are not satisfied
with their lives, and as they explore the reasons for their discontent, come to realize that they are
victims of social, economic, and political discrimination. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net
...
In Cat's Eye, she recalled the anglophile that dominated Canadian schooling in the 1950s. Elaine
ponders 'Rule Britannia':
Because we're Britons, we will never be slaves. But we aren't real Britons, because we are also
Canadians. This isn't quite as good. (80)
Here, the postcolonial reality is experienced as a mild but insistent inferiority complex, a sense of
internalised alienation. However, in Surfacing Atwood addressed the pressures of America's cultural
colonisation of Canada, and in an interview she expanded: "it's impossible to talk about Canadian
literature without also talking about the fact that Canada's an economic and cultural colony". This
broader view of colonialism encompasses various manifestations of national domination and
suppression, and for Atwood, Canada's marginal position in terms of political and economic power
places her, as its citizen, as a marginal, colonial, and postcolonial subject.
Atwood postcolonial voice has a power, largely connected to its white, First World status, which
undermines the connection with other postcolonial speaking

Postcolonial Writing In Things Fall Apart By Chinua Achebe
Chinua Achebe's Things Fall Apart is a modern example of postcolonial literature and is one of the
most influential pieces of its genre. Postcolonial writing presents important themes and lessons of
justice, equality, and freedom that can be applied to present times. It reminds us of how important
our freedoms are and why we need to protect them. The colonized write about their exploitation and
show how there is persecution in their colonized society. Postcolonial authors use specific methods
to undermine their colonizers and reveal their backward logic. Things Fall Apart has various
examples of meta–narrative, decolonization struggles, and colonial discourse worked in throughout
the novel. Chinua Achebe's writing styles showcase these techniques to subvert his European
colonizers.
Meta–narrative is an important method that postcolonial authors use to show the colonizer's
intolerance in the way they structure their stories. These authors point out these strategic ways that
colonizers write so you can more easily see their bias and prejudice when addressing the colonized.
Things Fall Apart has many instances of meta–narrative, both big and small.
One clear meta–narrative example that Chinua Achebe writes:"The story of this man who had killed
a messenger and hanged himself would make interesting reading. One could almost write a whole
chapter on him. Perhaps not a whole chapter but a reasonable paragraph, at any rate. There was so
much else to include, and one must be firm in

Postcolonial Literature In Chinua Achebe's Things Fall Apart
Postcolonial literature was written during the time period when European countries began
colonizing Africa on the premise that the Africans were savages and needed help to become more
civilized. The Europeans believed that they would achieve this by setting up governments similar to
their own, ignoring the ones the African tribes already had set up, and forcefully converting them to
Christianity, much to the Africans dismay. In response, the Africans could not do much to dispel the
white people from their lands, so some wrote postcolonial literature to display their grievances
against the whites. Chinua Achebe's, Things Fall Apart, is a great example. Within this postcolonial
literature there are numerous reasons as to why it is so, like decolonization struggles, appropriation
of colonial language, and colonization. In Things Fall Apart, Chinua Achebe gives multiple
examples of decolonization struggles, or when the Igbo people fought against the white
colonization. An early example in the book would be when contact with Europeans first occurred. In
the village of Abame, a white man came riding on a bicycle (a never before seen object to the
Africans). The people of Abame consulted their gods on what to do with this strange man, and given
the answer that he and his kind would cause destruction, they killed him. Unfortunately, this little
act of resistance was tiny compared to the wrath of the Europeans. After his murder, other white
men and their loyal Africans came to the

postcolonial literature
1) Below are a number of terms that you have been introduced to in this course. Choosing one of
them, develop an essay of 1600 words by applying it to two of the texts studied in this course.
(Remember to analyse the evidence present in the texts and to develop the main idea generated by
the chosen term to its logical conclusion. In other words, these terms should be a starting point for
the analysis, or the organising principle, in your essay):
The term indigenous proves problematic once examined under close analysis. Like a prism it
reflects multiple lights, and the outcome is solely dependent upon the angle it is studied. In addition
to its complexity of viewpoints, other words have been considered similar, if not used in the same ...
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The indigenous ethnicity depicted in Things Fall Apart is more concrete and can be defined simply
as the Igbo culture. The text asserts this culture through the recollection and reinforcement of its
history. Achebe strips the style and language of symbolism and metaphor, presenting the everyday
ordinariness of the Igbo people. Things Fall Apart 'unites humanity.'' Unlike in King Solomon's
Mines these Africans are not detached and are relatable. This adoption of 'scientific objectivity'
5does not change in the text; the style remains constant (to the extent that there is no change in
approach between pre–colonial and post–colonial Africa, portraying the transition as unremarkable).
We as the reader trust the narrative being created for us, and therefore favour it over the alternative
narrative of the District Commissioner, ironically titled The Pacification of the Primitive Tribes of
the Lower Niger (Pg 152). Consequently, the novel can be seen as not only an accurate historical
account of Igbo culture, but also a compassionate delineation of its collapse.
The idea of preservation and resistance6 is expressed powerfully through the protagonist Okonkwo.
"The drums beat and the flutes sang and the spectators held their breath" (Pg3). This extract isolated
from the text denotes war with its beating of the drums and the suspension of breath. We are stirred
by the idea of action and bloodshed, anticipated and conjured in our imaginations. This extract is in
fact about

Orientalism In Heat And Dust
Heat and Dust, published in 1975 is a novel by Ruth Prawer Jhabvala which won the Booker Prize
in 1975. The novel was made into a film in 1983 by Merchant Ivory Productions. The initial stages
of the novel are told in the first person, from the narrative voice of a woman who travels to India, to
find out more about her step–grandmother, Olivia. She has various letters written by Olivia, and
through reading these, and learning from her own experiences in India, she uncovers the truth about
Olivia and her life during the British Raj in the 1920s.
Heat and Dust is really two stories, or one story told twice. The action takes place the first time in
1923 between February, when the dry season starts, and the beginning of the monsoon in
September; ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Heat and Dust tells two parallel stories about two ladies different time spans and their adventures in
India. Olivia Rivers is a young lady from London who has accompanied her husband Douglas to
British colonial India and the narrator is the other lady in the novel who knows Olivia as the first
wife of her grandfather Douglas. She has come to India in order to find out more about Olivia. It is a
touching portrayal of an interaction of two different people coming from different cultures, world
views, civilizations, motives and power

Billy Collins Silence Essay
In "Silence", author Billy Collins uses a motif of silence, a dark and serious tone, and an
enjambment in order to reveal that the tension of unspoken words often lead to the disruption in
peace. To begin, throughout the poem, a motif of silence recurs an overwhelming amount of times:
The silence when I hold you to my chest, The silence of the window above us, And the silence when
you rise and turn away. And there is a silence of this morning Which I have broken with my pen,
(12–16) By repeatedly using this motif, it deepens readers understanding of the tension of unspoken
words. A peaceful tone remains as the narrator lies in bed and the breaking of silence takes place
while tension increases as the character rises and turns away. Although ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
As the narrator wakes up in the silence of the morning, a peaceful tone arises yet again until broken
by the build up of unsaid words. The author uses the word "broken" specifically to demonstrate the
destruction and disruption. In addition to this, the usage of words the author puts into the poem
portrays a dark and serious tone. "And there is a silence of this morning / Which I have broken with
my pen, / A silence that had piled up all night" (14–16). In order to reveal the tension of the overall
silence, a serious and dark tone become a necessity. Readers experience the negative effects of
silence on life. By using words like "broken" and "piled" it seems as if the unspoken words cause
more destruction than wanted. Also, the lack of humor throughout the poem portrays that the
scenarios described provoke readers to think, making the examples given come off more dark than
anything. The peace at times becomes disrupted because of the involvement of such a dark and
serious tone in order to emphasize clearly that the tension of these words built up over time, and left
a more troublesome situation. The author also uses structural elements such as an enjambment. "The
silence of the falling vase / Before it strikes the floor;" (13–14). By

Native Peoples of Canada Essay
Native Peoples of Canada
The Indian does not exist. It is an imaginary figure, according to Daniel Francis (The Imaginary
Indian), invented by Europeans that originated in Columbus's mistake, as he believed he had landed
in the East Indies, and developed into fantasy. "Through the prism of white hopes, fears and
prejudices, indigenous Americans would be seen to have lost contact with reality and to have
become 'Indians'; that is anything non–Natives wanted them to be," (5). Thus they were attributed a
wide range of conflicting characteristics, simultaneously seen as noble savages, full of stoicism, the
last representatives of a dying race and blood–thirsty warriors, void of emotion and dull–witted,
reflecting European ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Yet there is evidence in memoirs of travellers and missionaries at this time, that some existing
qualities were perceived. While these so called 'documenters' were often more concerned with
providing the world with desired images of the warrior dressed in extravagant battle regalia than
with accurate representations, evident in the work for example of celebrated painter Paul Kane, they
did discern a power of speech and eloquence which they found surprising in what they deemed to be
a 'heathen' race without knowledge of basic 'civilising' tools such as the wheel and writing. Indeed
rhetoric was a symbol of great power and command since, as Penny Petrone states "chiefs were
leaders only insofar as they were able to persuade their kinsmen to follow them," (Native Literature
in Canada, 25). In addition to such social structuring, oratory had a didactic function as tribal
history, incorporating story telling, would be recited at length, while stories were passed from
generation to generation describing the world, nature and man's position in relation, often using
allegory and fable with figures such as Coyote the trickster who appears time and again in various
forms. The power of spoken language was also recognised in terms of medicinal purposes and
communicating with spirits, "words did not merely represent meaning. They possessed the power to
change reality

Analysis Of Pablo Neruda
In most cases, texts that are translated lose meaning, as sometimes words from a native language
cannot be translated exactly into a desired language, or they lose context. World literature
translations also lead to the 'dangers of a single story' where you only get to read one side of the
story (the one of the author) without having a perspective of the natives about the story that was
written. To understand, how language is used in world literature, and how text translations change
our understanding and meaning of the text, we need to be able to understand the culture, have
historical understanding of the time the literary work was written, and factors that might affect
society in which the author had written. When one wants to study world literature, they need to
consider that translations of the text smooths out not only linguistics richness but also the original
and political force a work can have in its original context. World literature needs to be studied with
close attention to the original language and context, including works that have new meaning and
take new dimensions abroad. There is a shift that unfolds on the internal logic of the work itself, but
often come as complex dynamic of cultural change and contestation. For a work to be considered a
valuable piece in world literature it must be read first as literature, and secondly circulate into a
broader world beyond linguistic and cultural point of origins. Pablo Neruda's poems are post–
colonial responses to

Bewitched Accurateness In Midnight's Accouchement By...
Salman Rushdie is one of the biographer , who emerged in eighties with a new affectionate of
announcement and abstruse innovation. His 'Booking abettor Prize' win atypical Midnight 's
Accouchement is generally associated with adapted categories of arcane allegory , which cover
postmodern fiction, postcolonial novel, absolute novel, and, a lot of importantly, bewitched
accurateness . Assorted characters in the adventure are able with bewitched big agent , and the a lot
of important of them is the narrator Saleem Sinai. In this novel, both the bewitched and the astute
humankind abide accompanying and advance a allocation admixture angle of accurateness and
annual apropos to the accessible , political, cultural, and armed casework histories of India and
Pakistan, and in this paying absorption bewitched accurateness helps to accomplish the amusing ...
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In the starting of the novel, the access which deals with Saleem's grandfathering in Kashmir is a
admirable archetype of aggregate the bewitched and the complete elements. In one bounce of 1915,
Saleem's grandfathering Aadam Aziz hits the arena while praying and three drops of claret
abatement from his adenoids and about–face into rubies; his tears become solid like diamonds. In a
bewitched realist text, we acquisition the battle amid the apple of fantasy and the reality, and
anniversary apple works for creating a fabulous apple from the other; in Midnight's Accouchement
through the magical, the astute creates its articulation and makes it heard. Rushdie has acclimated
bewitched realist elements by bond the complete and the fantastic, agee time, and by including
allegory and folklore. His abracadabra accurateness has its agent added in the close and cerebral
worlds, close conflicts, moment of uncertainty, the actualization of storytelling of the capricious
narrator, and beneath in the beliefs, rituals and illusions of humans as a

Essay on Post-colonial Encounters in the Early 20th Century
Alfred Noyes wrote The Empire Builders at the turn of the twentieth century. Despite the time at
which it was written in, there are various post–colonial themes regarding the hierarchy of difference.
The tone of the poem is pessimistic which is understandable since Noyes is writing during the
Naturalist period of English literature. Noyes is speaking to the middle class of England; those who
"fulfill their duties as they come" (Noyes, 45). He uses the first person plural article to create a
unification between the readers and the narrator. Noyes, in his poem, addresses two postcolonial
themes of Christianity as a vehicle of colonization, and the fallacies of European philosophy. In this
essay, I argue that the themes and structure that ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Since the empire– builder has more lines of description, he is situated in a higher category of social
stratification.
Another instrument that allows the empire–builder to situate himself in higher categories of
hierarchy is Christianity. Noyes gives Christianity a large amount of agency in the discourse of
colonialism. Christianity was composite in producing Africa as backward. Christianity has two
roles: firstly, it is a method by which the white man created an inferiority complex amongst the
natives and secondly it created a clear distinction between colonizer and native. At the beginning of
the poem, he mentions the superiority of the white man and describes them as the "Lord God of
battles..." (Noyes, 5). By saying this, he is not only amplifying the inequality between the white man
and the native but also introducing Christianity as a method of creating the divide. On line thirty–
six, there is a description of the empire– builder as having a "shadowy crown of thorn" (Noyes, 36).
At this point in the poem, Noyes is slightly empathizing with the empire– builder since he has to
carry all the burden of the country on his back. Furthermore, by saying that he has a "crown of
thorns," Noyes is comparing the status of the empire– builder to that of Jesus Christ, which is
establishing the former as the highest authority in societal hierarchy. Towards the end of the poem,
Noyes makes the distinction between heaven and home. This is

Words Against Tyrants
Words against Tyrants: A Defense of Literature Silence is golden; yet with the controlling nature of
censorship and the ignorance that comes with it, this simple saying falls short. This tyranny relates
to the ideas presented in Salman Rushdie's Haroun and the Sea of Stories, Robert Fulford's article
"The heritage of storytelling", and the theory of archetypes outlined by Carl Jung. These texts
demonstrate the importance of stories by analyzing the role of narratives or by presenting literature's
struggle as a story. It is necessary to defend literature against tyranny because it is a responsible for
the operation of society, is a biological imperative, and provides a reason for being. Protecting
stories from oppression allows communities ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
This is highly evident in the work of psychologist Carl Jung, who developed the theory of
archetypes. "The fundamental quality of the archetype, as Jung conceived it, is that it is primordial,
a preconscious, instinctual expression of man's basic nature [...] The archetype is universal; it is
generated by man's psyche regardless of time or place" ("Archetypal Criticism" 46). Jung's
archetypes (repeating emblems in stories) are based on the biological instinct of human beings. He
attributes an important and universal part of literature to an expression of innate needs wired into the
minds of all. The patterns of storytelling entails that it is a necessary portrayal of wide–reaching
psychological

Essay about Writers and Intellectuals in Exile
Writers and Intellectuals in Exile "It may be that writers in my position, exiles... are haunted by
some sense of loss, some urge to reclaim, to look back, even at the risk of being mutated into pillars
of salt"1 said Salman Rushdie. The loss and love of home is not what constitutes an exilic existence;
what actually and in true sense constitutes it is the chasm between carrying forth and leaving behind
and straddling the two different cultures from two different positions. In my paper, I propose to look
at the two sides of an exilic existence– the negative that which has the horrors and trauma with
reference to Adorno and Said; and the positive, that which provides the intellectuals and writers a
critical and reflective insight, and here I ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Exile in itself is a traumatic experience and becomes more aggravated owing to the formation of
strong opinionated groups based on the political affiliations or the social construct. Both Adorno and
Said enunciate this predicament of the exiles where isolation becomes so worse that exiled groups
start suspecting their own members. The moment the formation of politically directed groups begin
to take shape, the suspicion and hostility towards "those branded as the members of others"
(Adorno, 33) too simultaneously commences. Adorno says, "The moment when you hope for the
slightest sigh of the same solidarity from them, or even mere sympathy for your own share of the
social product of suffering, they show you the cold shoulder" (Adorno, 51–52). The displacements
may in many ways be a calamity and a catastrophe for many. But, there is another side to it too. It is
a peculiar and also quite a compelling point to note that many writers and intellectuals tend to
outshine in their displaced existence. It seems as if the changed environment, the one outside the
country of residence acts as a stimulant for them. The exile becomes a kind of rejuvenation so to
say, for Victor Hugo fairly did experience this change in his fifteen year exile on the island of
Guernsey, where he penned some his famous works. Such writings in the

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