Bill C-51

Bill C-51
On June 9th 2015, Stephen Harper and the Canadian government passed Bill C–51. It's an anti
terrorism act, with only the best intentions at mind for Canada and its national security. However
since it's approval, there has been much controversy surrounding the bill. There are five key changes
in Bill C–51 and many Canadians aren't pleased with them, such as, the right to exchange
information between national agencies, unwarranted arrests and also the increase in surveillance that
will occur with both of these new conditions (Watters, 1). Bill C–51 also interferes with sections of
the Charter and other key legal philosophies such as the Magna Carta and the Rule of Law. Lastly,
the main purpose of creating and passing the Anti–Terrorism Act is ... Show more content on
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The Charter of Rights and Freedoms states "any limits imposed by Parliament on our basic rights
and fundamental freedoms must be "reasonable"; they must not be overly broad; and they must be
"demonstrably justified in a free and democratic society" (Ling, 2). The new offence surrounding the
promotion of terrorism is extremely broad and would make many innocent people suspects (Ling,
1). This would deplete the resources of these national agencies extremely quickly because of the
extra surveillance and supervision that will be dedicated to these particular people. This is a direct
violation of privacy rights that are mentioned in Section eight of the Charter of Rights and Freedoms
(Jacobsen, 3), and also hinders people from expression of speech, which is also included in Section
two of the Charter (Jacobsen, 2). Another portion of Bill C–51 that is given far too much leeway is
the preventative arrests and detention. Not only has the period for which someone can be detained
gone up from three days to seven, police are now able to make arrests based solely on the officer's
suspicion that a terrorist act may occur (Zwibel, 2). Prior to the passing of the bill, officers had to
show a judge that the arrest/detention would prevent a terrorist act, only once the judge approves
and grants a warrant could the detainment occur (Watters, 1). This bill allows for too much
discretion and freedom for law enforcement, which is contrary to the values of the Charter of Rights
and the Rule of Law (Government of Canada), which states that everyone is subject to the law and
nobody is above the enforcement of the law. Granting these officers the ability to decide who may
be detained is providing them with far too much power, which most officers would likely abuse.
Another right, which is stated in Section Six of the Charter of Rights and
... Get more on HelpWriting.net ...

Ryanair Analyses
Master's thesis M.Sc. in EU Business & Law An analysis of the European low fare airline industry –
with focus on Ryanair Student: Thomas C. Sørensen Student number: 256487 Academic advisor:
Philipp Schröder Aarhus School of Business September 13, 2005 1 Table of contents 1.
Introduction 1.1. Preface 1.2. Research problem 1.3. Problem formulation 1.4. Delimitation 6 6 7 7
2. Science and methodology approach 2.1. Approaches to science 2.1.1. Ontology 2.1.1.1.
Objectivism 2.1.1.2. Constructivism 2.1.2. Epismotology 2.1.2.1. Positivism 2.1.2.2. Hermeneutics
2.2. Methodology 2.2.1. Types of research 2.2.2. Types of data 2.2.2.1. Quantitative data 2.2.2.2.
Qualitative data 2.2.2.3. Primary and secondary data 2.5 Reliability and ... Show more content on
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SWOT analysis 9.1. Strengths 9.1.1. Resources 9.1.1.1. Large route network 9.1.1.2. Network of
business partners 9.1.1.3. Financial resources 9.1.1.4. Human resources 9.1.2 Competences 9.1.1.1.
Non–scheduled revenues 9.1.1.2. Cost leadership 9.1.3. Core competence 9.2. Weaknesses 9.2.1.
The service factor 9.2.2. Secondary and provincial airports 9.3. Opportunities 9.3.1. Industry
consolidation 9.3.2. Introducing the "Eighth freedom of the air" 9.3.3. Expansion 9.4. Threats 9.4.1.
Oil prices 9.4.2. EU legislation 9.4.2.1. Airport fees 9.4.2.2. Passenger rights 9.4.3. Air disaster 93
93 93 93 93 94 94 94 94 95 96 96 97 97 98 99 99 100 100 101 101 101 102 10. Conclusion 11.
Epilogue 12. Summary 13. References 14. Appendix 103 108 109 111 120 5 1. Introduction 1.2.
Preface As I have studied a M.Sc. in EU Business & Law, I found it ideal to find a topic that would
encompass both European business matters as well as aspects of EU law. The European airline
industry suits this choice of topic very well as it is a business operating largely across European
borders, but it has also been the center of a substantial amount of EU legislation through the
deregulation of the industry and the abandonment of state aid for national carriers. This has
contributed to great changes in the dynamics and structure of the European airline industry, which I
find fascinating and have therefore chosen to analyse this development in more detail through

The Adaptive Nature Of Canada
The Adaptive Nature of Canada?s First People
The Canadian people have always prided themselves as champions of democracy and are
universally respected for their record on human rights. Although holistically this could be argued,
especially when compared to the United States and other Western states, the record concerning
Aboriginals, both past and present, has yet to live up to their self–set standard. Defined simply as
anyone who traces his/her ancestry back to pre–European colonization, there exist mass diversity
within its community. Although various political actors dispute the actual number of Aboriginals,
Statistics Canada reported in 2006 that 1,678,200 people indicated they were ethnically Aboriginal
or roughly 5.4 percent of the population (Statistics Canada: Population Counts). It has been the goal
of the Natives to regain sovereignty since it was stripped from them in the sixteenth century. Pushed
to the margins in all aspects of life from negligible political relevance in Ottawa to the isolation they
continue to experience on the remote reserves, the Aboriginal people have had their humanity
sapped continuously out of them, yet have never given up hope. The minute advances in the last
several decades? stand in stark contrast to repression experienced for centuries. Weathering an
intensely exploitive government, Aboriginals have endured unimaginable repression. It was not until
the passage of the Constitution Act, specifically the Charter of Rights and

Canadian Culture Research Paper
Canada has been known for, and has taken great pride in being a multicultural nation to the point of
making multiculturalism a law accompanied by a nationally recognized holiday. Canada is, by the
measure of many nations, the greatest nation on the planet. This great land and people are known for
the country's wide open spaces, its varied geographical areas and its acceptance of all people,
regardless of race, culture and religion. As such, Canada is widely known as one of the most
multicultural and accepting countries in the world. What remains to be seen is whether Canada is
truly multicultural or if this nation is just tolerant of other cultures as a result of law or its "Canadian
character". The term itself can be interpreted in several ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The report on "THE CURRENT STATE OF MULTICULTURALISM IN CANADAAND
RESEARCH THEMES ON CANADIAN MULTICULTURALISM 2008–2010" prepared by
Citizenship and Immigration Canada cites information from polls conducted by Environomics for
Focus Canada (a leader in analytics in Canada). It states, "In a study conducted in 2003, support for
multiculturalism among Canadians has increased over seven years: 85% of Canadians agreed that
multiculturalism was important to Canadian identity in 2003, compared to 74% in 1997"
(http://www.cic.gc.ca/english/pdf/pub/multi–state.pdf, pg 7 paragraph 5). This research would
indicate a national movement towards embedding multiculturalism in Canadian culture. It would
also indicate that although there are a majority of Canadians who support multiculturalism; there is
still a group, roughly half a million people, who either do not care about multiculturalism or worse,
who are opposed to the concept. Advocates of Canada's multicultural identity cite census figures,
including those from the 2001 census, which state that of the approximately two million immigrants
arriving in Canada between 1991 and 2001, "58 percent were from Asia, 20 percent from Europe, 11
percent from the Caribbean, Central and South America, eight percent from Africa and three percent
from the United States." These figures show a

Law Syllabus
RYERSON UNIVERSITY Department of Philosophy Course No. PHL 612: Philosophy of Law
Winter 2014 SECTION ONE (011) Instructor(s): Alex Wellington Office: Room 428, Jorgenson
Hall* Phone: 979–5000 ext. 4057 (E–mail address)**: awelling@ryerson.ca OR
alex.wellington@sympatico.ca Office Hours Posted: Wednesdays at 2:10 pm, By Appointment
Wednesdays at 3:10 pm and at 4:10 pm, Drop In Time Thursdays at 3:10 pm, By Appointment
*Other times may be available by appointment Website: Blackboard course website available
through my.ryerson.ca This is an Upper Level Liberal Studies course Course Description: PHL 612
Philosophy of Law [Calendar Description]: What is law? What makes something a legal norm?
Should ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Course materials will also engage with debates over the role of the Harm Principle, Moralism and
Paternalism, especially in the context of Criminal Law. In order to bring these often very abstract
issues to life, we will examine a selection of high profile and prominent decisions (mainly from
Canadian courts, and frequently from the Supreme Court of Canada) which can be said to have
changed the law, and in which the judges of the court have disagreed among themselves. Cases to be
covered concern controversial issues such as Battered Woman Syndrome, Euthanasia/ Physician
Assisted Suicide, Hate Speech, Marijuana Use, Obscenity/ Pornography, Prostitution, or topics in
human rights (i.e., freedom of expression, national security and the right not to be tortured, or
religious freedom). Analysis of cases will include exploration and examination of the philosophical
aspects of crucial terms and concepts that appear in Canadian law, such as in the Criminal Code of
Canada, or in the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms. PLEASE NOTE: Philosophical
theories of punishment, such as deterrence (based on the ethical theory of utilitarianism),
retributivism (based on the ethical theory of deontology), denunciation, and restorative justice are
covered comprehensively in a different course, PHL 449, Philosophy of Punishment. Throughout
the course, there will be an iterative process for learning, one in which philosophical theories and

Australia Is The Only Western Democracy Without A Bill Of...
Foundations of Law
2015 Final Essay Assignment
Nina Lu
450239782
Question:
Australia is now the only Western democracy without a bill of rights. Its law–makers have
consistently declined to introduce a bill of rights, either legislative or constitutional. Recently, in
2009, the Australian Government commissioned the most extensive consultation on human rights
issues in Australia's history – and then flatly rejected the consultation committee's recommendation
that a Human Rights Act be introduced. To observers in Europe – where courtesy of the European
Convention on Human Rights (ECHR), human rights are woven deeply into the fabric of
governance– Australia's position may be surprising, even perplexing. Why is Australia so isolated
from the global trend towards introducing human rights–specific legislation? – David Kinley &
Christine Ernst
Do you agree that Australia is isolated from this global trend towards human rights legislation?
Should it be?
Word Count: 2949
I INTRODUCTION
Despite the international prominence of human rights laws, Australia remains the only Western
democracy without either a constitutionally entrenched or legislative bill of rights. Human rights can
be defined as inalienable rights and fundamental freedoms that all individuals are inherently entitled
to. Although human rights are protected to an extent through domestic legislation, the common law,
the doctrine of the separation of powers, the rule of law, the Australian

Comparing The Morgentaler Case Of 1993 And The Smolig And...
In chapter one, the difference between the three types of crimes in Canada were discussed:
summary, indictable, and hybrid offences. Summary offences take place in provincial/territorial
court, and and the maximum penalty fine is six months in prison, five thousand dollars, or both. An
example of a summary offence is soliciting in a public place, or carrying a weapon while attending a
public meeting. An indictable offence is one that is much more severe. The sentences given are
much more serious. Crimes considered an indictable offence include manslaughter, robbery, and
aggravated sexual assault. A hybrid/dual offence could include sexual assault, theft under five
thousand dollars, or unlawful imprisonment. The Morgentaler case of 1993 and the Smolig and
Scott case of 1988 were cases that would have a very impactful ruling. The supreme court of Canada
decided that section 287 of the criminal code infringed the rights of section 7 in the charter of rights
and freedoms. Section 7 states that "Everyone has the right to life, liberty and security of the person
and the right not to be deprived thereof except in accordance with the principles of fundamental
justice." (Constitution Acts, 1867 to 1982) This declared that abortion could ne longer be considered
a criminal offence because it was unconstitutional and violated one's rights under section 7. The
oakes test would be applied to a case such as this. The oakes test is a legal test the courts use to
determine whether an

Business Law Paper
Business Law Term Paper
Legal Analysis of Dating Site User Agreement
Chosen Site: eHarmony
BUSI 2601B
Dr. G. Levasseur
March 8th, 2015
Table of Contents
I Executive Summary 1
II Introduction 3
Overview and Objectives: 3
Methodology: 3
Business Relationship: 5
III Clausal Description and Explanation 6
Document 1: Privacy Policy (3 pages) 6
Document Two: Terms of Service (five pages) 18
IV Application of Legal Principles 32
V Lessons Learned, Recommendations and Example Scenario 46
VI Legal Corrective Measures 49
V Conclusion 55
I Executive Summary
The concept of online dating has exploded into mainstream culture since the emergence of the
Internet. Websites have allowed for the virtual facilitation of basic needs ... Show more content on
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Methodology:
In order to achieve the above goals, several steps were carried out. First, various online dating sites
were considered and narrowed down to three possible choices: eHarmony, Match.com, and
Christian Mingle. Three ideas were brought forth regarding which site to analyse in order to
determine which sites could potentially hold more issues and which site had sufficient content to be
analyzed effectively. Next in the process, eHarmony was chosen as the site that would be the target
for analysis. eHarmony is a very popular dating site and is well known due to their numerous
infomercials and online advertisements and thus presents a great opportunity to examine the
elements involved in a formal and well–designed user agreement. Following the choosing of a site, a

copy of the user agreement from eHarmony was obtained and given an initial review. This step acted
as the first run through of the agreement, which involved identifying possible legal issues in the
clauses, highlighting important points form each clause, and gaining a general understanding of the
agreement. The agreement consisted of two separate documents titled "Privacy Policy" and "Terms
of Service", each outlining the obligations of the company and the customer respectively. In
addition, an examination of the actual purpose and requirements of the assignment was carried out.
In this particular phase of the paper, the course outline was reviewed and the outline of the paper

Discourse on Aboriginal Health Care
Running head: THE INFLUENCE OF DISCOURSE ON HEALTH CARE
The Discourse of On Reserve Housing
Mary Ratensperger
Athabasca University
Centre of Nursing Science
MNS 620 Culture and Health
Margo deJong Berg
The Discourse of On Reserve Housing
The substance of this paper will be to discuss the discourse regarding the inequalities facing
aboriginal peoples living on reserves in the northwestern corner of Ontario. Inequality is not
naturally occurring; poverty is not an innate cultural trait that accumulates at the feet of the
marginalized (Schick & St.Denis, 2005, p.304). Stephens, Nettleton and Porter stated in the Lancet
(2005) "Aboriginal people in Canada suffer enormous inequalities in health and in accessibility to
health ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Access to the communities is provided year round by Wasaya Airline and airstrips that are
maintained by the Ontario Ministry of Transportation. Of course, each Aboriginal community is
unique with its own set of traditions and ways of healing but my observation after working within
the communities for over ten years is that they all suffer from improperished conditions and
substandard housing. The local economies are primarily based upon government services (Indian
and Northern Affairs) (INAC) and small business. Most of the reserves have six hundred people or
less, and each community has a nursing station. The nursing stations are well–maintained functional
buildings built in or about the early 1960's and are maintained by Health Canada. First Nations and
Inuit Health (FNIH) maintains responsibility for primary care services in the majority of the
northwest Ontario reserve communities. In the north, nurses are the primary care givers working in
an extended scope of practice, and client care is centrally coordinated by nurses working within
interdisciplinary teams. The majority of the nursing and medical staff working for FNIH in the
Sioux Lookout zone are Caucasian and do not come from local communities. This could outwardly
appear as a reinforcement of power relations in the racial identities. There is only very limited
cultural training given to employees when they are employed by FNIH. Medical advice and

The Health Care Of The United States
Introduction
In 2012, the Governor in Council had passed two orders that would change the way refugees could
receive health care. The health care went from being one level to a three tiered system. Some
refugees cannot receive fundamental health care with these changes. Refugees from countries like
Afghanistan and Iraq will not be able to receive the health care coverage anymore. Medications like
insulin and cardiac drugs will not be supplied to some refugees, even though they are lifesaving
drugs. Women and children will not be able to receive pre–natal, obstetrical and pediatric care either.
This has led to eight main issues, some involving infringements on an individual's Charter rights.
The two individual applicants in this case are ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Whether the 2012 changes to the IFHP violate s. 7 of the Charter of Rights and Freedoms,
5. Whether the 2012 changes to the IFHP violate s. 12 of the Charter of Rights and Freedoms,
6. Whether the 2012 changes to the IFHP violate s. 15 of the Charter of Rights and Freedoms,
7. Whether any breaches of the Charter can be saved under s. 1 and,
8. What, if any, remedy is appropriate in this case.
Legal Rules Applied to Issues and Decision of Issue
Issue on which case will not turn
Are the OIC's Ultra Vires the Governor in Council?
The question that must be answered is whether the executive branch of the federal government has
the authority to spend money providing health care to individuals seeking protection of Canada as
an exercise of the Crown prerogative and if the prerogative has been extinguished by the enactment
of the IRPA and the Canada Health Act.
The Court found that this argument is contrary to the applicant's ultimate interests, because they
were only seeking to restore the IFHP to the pre 2012 system, and not wanting the government to
spend more money. The prerogative of the Crown can only be abolished or extinguished if there are
clear words in a statute. Under s. 17 of the Interpretation Act, it defines how the Crown's prerogative
can be interpreted only in a statute. The OIC merely adopts some terms, like refugee, from the
IRPA. It does not

Discrimination Against Older Workers During The Labor...
Discrimination against older workers is one of the forbidden grounds of discrimination in the labour
market across Canada. Age discrimination affects an older adult's career, advancements,
opportunities, and privileges in the labour market. Furthermore, older adults tend to be marginalized,
institutionalized, and stripped of responsibility, power, and their dignity (Nelson 208). The Canadian
population is aging rapidly and that changes in the population age structure have led to considerable
discussion of ageism and social policies like mandatory retirement and old age security. Employers
continue to have negative attitudes and stigma toward older workers (Klassen and Gillin 36). Social
policy like mandatory retirement is the leading form ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Mandatory retirement refers to an organization of the labor market that requires employees to
withdraw their services at an arbitrary age and age discrimination refers to social behavior in which
age categories are used for the basis of a variety of employment decisions like hiring, promoting,
and firing employees (Gillin and Klassen 87). Furthermore, this article examines the health issues
and poverty in the older population, and the evolution of social policies, like mandatory retirement
and old age security, in Canada. Mandatory retirement has a long history in the Canadian labour
market system. Retirement is a social institution which emerged in the industrialized revolution
during the beginning of the 20th century (McDonald 2). The social policy was developed along with
the introduction of private and public pension plans (McDaniel and Um 75). Until recently,
mandatory retirement was allowed in all of Canada jurisdictions except for Manitoba and Quebec
(Gomez and Gunderson 2). Mandatory retirement was most prominent for males and persons with
higher education, better health, full–time work, lived in urban locations and has higher income
(Gomez and Gunderson 4). Maximum age limits are used by employers to institute mandatory
retirement policies and the maximum age limits are used by employers to govern mandatory
retirement policies. These limits have been challenged under the Charter of Rights and Freedoms,
which applies to all

Benefits Of Safe Injections Sites
Many people view safe Injections sites as something extremely controversial. Some people are
completely for the idea of them as well as implementing in their neighborhoods, while others are
extremely against the idea and will do anything they can to ensure that they never make their way
into their neighborhood. That being said, because of the Supreme Court of Canada's decision in the
Canada (AG) v PHS Community Services Society, many more of them will be opening up across
Canada. The Court's decision in the case will have an extremely positive impact on Canada, as
proven through empirical evidence, on vulnerable drug users and addicts, the health and safety of
Canada, as well as legal and constitutional rights of Canadians. Prior to the ... Show more content on
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5). The federal Minister of Health, under Stephen Harper's conservative government in 2008, had
"failed to extend Insite's CDSA exemption, which brought about" (Kennedy, n.d.). The Federal
Health Minster's decision had sparked Insite to go to the many courts that came prior to the Supreme
Court, where Insite argued that their section 7 right of The Charter of Rights and Freedoms had been
violated ("Canada (Attorney)", 2011, pg. 5). First, the case went to a trial court in which the judge
found that the application of the CDSA to Insite Violated their section 7 right under the charter, and
granted Insite a constitutional exemption "allowing it to continue to operate free from federal drug
laws", but the Court of Appeal "dismissed the appeal and held that the doctrine of interjurisdictional
immunity applied" ("Canada (Attorney)", 2011, pg. 5). Ultimately, the case was appealed again, but
to the highest court in Canada: the Supreme Court of Canada. The Justices of the Supreme Court of
Canada decided, in a unanimous decision, that not granting Insite an exemption to operate would be
constitutionally unacceptable, and not in the best interest of Canadians. Although the Supreme Court
decided this, it wasn't for the reason of interjurisdictional immunity,

The Canadian Charter Of Rights And Freedoms
Since its inception in 1982 the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms, very much like its
primary architect Pierre Trudeau, has been one of the most celebrated yet controversial elements of
Canadian politics and governance. Revealing how this dynamic emerged requires a nuanced
understanding of the motivation behind the Charter and the techniques it employed to succeed. The
Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms, like the entire patriation process, was motivated by and
mobilized support through, constitutionally enshrining democratic core values, multiculturalism and
a sense of nationalism. However, it should not be seen as merely a symbolic gesture on the part of
Britain and Canada or merely a strengthening of core values. Instead it was a fundamental
reinvention of Canadian federalism that shifted power away from the provinces to the federal
government and from the Parliament to the courts. This was accomplished by incentivizing
provincial acceptance, developing common interests, and, as a result, formalizing a national identity
where the protection and expansion of core values was encouraged as fundamental. This dynamic
allowed the reinvention to, by and large, succeed. An understanding of the provisions and effects of
the Charter and how it ultimately succeed as a re–invention of the Canadian Government requires
knowledge of the patriation process. Before 1982, the formal power to amend the Canadian
Constitution was held by the British Parliament. This was seen

The Role Of Discrimination In Canadian Law
Over the years there has always been deferential standards dividing men and women in the eyes of
the law, and stunting the ability to gain prestige titleship within major careers. The term feminist
Jurisprudence is the philosophy of law based on the political and ethical dividend of social equality
between sexes. Equally the term systematic discrimination becomes a large factor in the
determination of power between sexes as they seek out prestigious titles in their careers. The action
of discrimination is illegal under section 15 of the Charter of Rights and Freedoms. This section is a
guarantee for all Canadian citizens to have equal rights. The purpose of this section is to ensure:
"Equality under the law is equality in the substance of the ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net
...
In the case of Chartrand V. Alberta the applicant, Laurie Marie Chartrand, filed a formal complaint
of discrimination. Ms. Chartrand had been a worker of MacLachlan and Mitchell Homes Inc.
Effective, June 14th, 2004. She had been trained to work in the service and warranty department of
the company. In the month of November an opening as a service technician/ carpenter had opened
up. The job included work such as, finishing small frame jobs, repairing minor household
deficiencies such as finishing, drywall, and painting touch ups, minor floor repairs, and door
adjustments. The applicant applied for the position, but was only granted to work as a fill–in until a
full–time employee could be found. After showing interest in her new position, Ms. Chartrand met
with her manager, Mr. Cunningham, but rather than consider her he merely chuckled at her request.
Mr. Cunningham later made a hire, but it did not work out so Ms. Chartrand returned again as a
temporary carpenter. By the time a new employee had been hired for the position she had requested
to work, and had been working the applicant resigned from her job at MMHI and filed a filed a
formal complaint alleging gender discrimination. Ms. Chartrand hired an investigator who
recommended that the courts dismissed her complaint on the grounds that there was no reasonable
bias to proceed. Unsatisfied, the applicant appealed this

Polygamy : Human Rights And Civil Liberties
Polygamy: Human Rights v. Canadian Constitution
Collins Njoroge
200105390
Crim 335 – Human Rights and Civil Liberties
Instructor: Danijel Ristic
24TH March, 2015 Cesar Chavez, an American civil rights activist and labor organizer, once stated
that the "[p]reservation of one 's own culture does not require contempt or disrespect for other
cultures" (University of Florida, n.d., para. 14). This oft–quoted aphorism is particularly relevant in
Canada, a multicultural country where certain cultural practices – such as polygamy – are
proscribed. In opposing polygamy, critics argue that the cultural practice is incongruent with
Canadian values, perpetuates gender inequality, and is inherently harmful to women and children
(Reference re: section 293 of the Criminal Code of Canada, 2011). On the other hand, proponents of
polygamy contend that prohibition infringes on their Charters of Rights and Freedoms, specifically
section 2(a) or freedom of religion (Bala, Duvall–Antonacopoulos, MacRae, & Paetsch, 2005). In
light of the foregoing, this paper will evaluate the polygamy legislation in Canada for consistency
(or lack thereof) with the Constitution.
Acknowledging the complexity of the polygamy debate, this paper will borrow from two competing
human rights perspectives – universalist and cultural–relativist perspectives. The former is
predicated on individual rights, with a greater focus on civil and political rights, and the latter is
predicated on collective rights

Juvenile Delinquency Act ( Jda ) And Young Offenders Act
Juvenile delinquents, individuals who are under 18 and have committed a crime, have been
sentenced in a variety of procedures throughout the years. This may occur for various crimes such as
theft, sexual assaults, etc. Youth Criminal Justice Act (YCJA), a part of Canadian Legislation,
determines the process of prosecution for youths under the Canadian Criminal Justice system. This
has assisted several young adults reintegrate into society. It contains a set of definitive purposes and
principles to aid judges in deciding sentences that are appropriate for youth. Prior to the YCJA, the
Youth Justice Legislation was greatly influenced by two major acts: Juvenile Delinquents Act (JDA)
and Young Offenders Act (YOA). JDA, established in 1908, was recognized as an unjust act because
judges were authorized to declare a sentence based on their opinion, not the law. Similarly, YOA
(1984) provided unsuccessful sentences that consisted of inconsistent and vague principles. In 2003,
the Youth Criminal Justice Act was introduced to generate equilibrium intervening the juridical
framework of YOA and the social needs approach underlying the JDA. However, great controversy
has been held against the act due to several individuals who presume it holds no purpose. Many
infer that it is unjust to not be able to refer to the youth's criminal record and to have an age
boundary, although numerous statistics and criminal rate changes have disproved this. The Youth
Criminal Justice Act has been

Ryanair And Ryanair Case Study
How did the deregulation of air transportation in Europe foster entrepreneurial behavior and
innovation in the European airline industry over the last twenty years?
Case studies: SAS Airline & Ryanair
Master Thesis in Entrepreneurship and Dynamic Business Contexts
Spring 2007
Supervisor: Håkan Bohman
Entrepreneurship Master Program
Authors: Gilles Helterlin and Nuno Ramalho
Acknowledgements
We would like to express our gratitude to all who have contributed to the realization of this
Master Thesis. A warm thank to our supervisor, Håkan Bohman from USBE (Umeå School of
Business), for his guidance, his precious help and his advises during the last months.
To Mr. Lundvall, from LFV (Luftfartsverket), Mr. Valinger from ... Show more content on
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Our study shows that EU deregulation altered the five competitive forces in European airline
industry and in turn this fostered entrepreneurship and innovation, as a reaction of firms to adapt to
the change in their context. The reaction of Ryanair and SAS through entrepreneurial and innovative
behaviour was different due to the differences in their business model. We argue that the removal of
barriers to new entrants and the increased rivalry between firms were the main forces that fostered
entrepreneurship and innovation. We predict that if further EU deregulation comes (as it is the trend)
this will generate more opportunities to entrepreneurship and innovation like it generated in the past.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
1 INTRODUCTION
........................................................................................................................................................ 1
1.1 BACKGROUND OF THE
STUDY.................................................................................................................................. 1
1.2 RESEARCH
PROBLEM...............................................................................................................................................
3
1.3 RESEARCH OBJECTIVES
........................................................................................................................................... 4
1.4 DEMARCATIONS AND LIMITATIONS OF THE

Prostitution In Canada Essay
The oldest profession in the world; this is how prostitution is often defined or referred to.
However, the reality of prostitution in the 21st century is much more complex than it was before.
With the emergence of nation–states and democracy, the question of the legal status of prostitution
became an issue now more controversial than ever. In Canada, this question resurfaced in the last
decade with the Bedford case, which eventually led to a change in laws pertaining to prostitution
with Bill–36 in 2014. While the Conservatives supported an abolitionist view on prostitution, their
bill was severely criticized by the opposition parties and many groups defending human rights.
Thus, a critical question arises: should prostitution be ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
However, the new legislation is now facing legal challenge on the grounds that it doesn't improve
safety conditions for sex workers, which contravenes to section 7 of the Canadian Charter (Ivison
A1). Still, opposition by the NPD and Liberal Party, Amnesty International and other women's rights
organization was for now unsuccessful in proving the bill to be unconstitutional (Ivison A1). In
order to fully understand the debate created by Bill C–36, we must start be defining some terms
pertaining to prostitution and its legal status. First, there are three main model of intervention when
it comes to prostitution: legalization, decriminalization and criminalization (Phoenix 7).
Legalization is when criminal sanctions are replaced by civil regulation of the contract between
prostitutes and clients, such that prostitution acquires a status similar to another type of employment
(8). Decriminalization refers the repeal of laws prohibiting prostitution without the institution of
civil regulations, such that health and safety legislation become the main regulatory instrument (8).
Finally, criminalization corresponds to the current type of legislation in Canada, which aims to
repress and prohibit prostitution (7). The dubbed Nordic model, or abolitionist approach, describes
a legal approach to prostitution which was applied in Sweden and follows the model of
criminalization, but redefines sex work as a problem of violence

America 's Responsibility For Global Tensions With The...
Preface The following work will attempt to draw conclusions on the United States of America's
responsibility for global tensions with the United Soviet Socialist Republics, during the 20th
century, using war data. This piece will attempt to discover patterns and make observational
conclusions on American foreign policy through direct war data. The Correlates of War Project will
serve as the source for the majority of data on American wars and American military involvement.
However, the Correlates of War Project (C.O.W. Project), only provides data on American military
action after 1816. But, many armed conflicts preceding 1816, played a crucial role in shaping
American foreign policy and identity. Yet, historians and scholars disagree on ... Show more content
on Helpwriting.net ...
Project will be documented and observed, such as the Las Cuevas War or the Korean Affair of 1871.
Lastly, some separate conflicts within the C.O.W. will be combined which represent a near–identical
foreign policy. Particularly, all Native American conflicts will be combined and all wars in the
Caribbean region following the Spanish–American War, which share the same purpose, will be
referred to as the Banana Wars. However, distinctly important Native American wars will be
mentioned, as well as Native American wars with significant foreign involvement. American armed
conflicts have been divided into three periods for organizational purposes. Therefore, the following
writing will attempt to observe American responsibility for the Cold War using war information,
data, and patterns. The first major period of American foreign policy began in 1756, with the
outbreak of the French and Indian war, and ends with the start of the Mexican–American war in
1846. This period has been chosen because it constitutes the formation of the American nation and
identity. Many military actions and wars helped shape American identity prior to independence.
However, the French and Indian War was the only major war in the American region before the
Revolutionary War. The French and Indian War essentially comprised the global Seven Years War
within the North American theater. In Europe war began in 1754, Great Britain, Prussia, and regions
of the Holy Roman Empire fought against

Virgin Blue Annual Report
Never have I worked for a company where I've had so much opportunity to broaden my horizons,
both career–wise and travel–wise. Margaret lewis, Cash Management accountant More than four
years service pictured: Five members of the Van Dongen family who all work for Virgin Blue. the
report. annual report 2009 From left: – First officer luke Van Dongen – Cabin Supervisor Clare Van
Dongen – Captain arch Van Dongen – First officer Jacinta Van Dongen – Captain Ben Van Dongen
Each day brings a new adventure! Working with a group of fantastic people who are doing some
amazing things ensures that every day is different from the last. lisa Ingram, program administrator
– V australia More than five years service the guide. all ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net
...
Melbourne–Johannesburg direct routes will commence March 2010. * Not to scale who is virgin
blue group? 2 3 who is virgin group? virgin Blue v australia pacific Blue anD polYnesian Blue
Our Group The Virgin Blue Airlines Group includes multi–award winning Virgin Blue, international
subsidiary airline Pacific Blue; Polynesian Blue, our joint venture airline with the Government of
Samoa; and V Australia, Australia's newest international airline. Together, Virgin Blue, V Australia,
Pacific Blue and Polynesian Blue provide domestic and international services to 45 destinations
across 13 countries covering Australia, New Zealand, the Pacific and also to and from North
America, South East Asia*, South Africa* and Indonesia. * Subject to regulatory approval. fare
tYpes contacts 4 Our people and service promise Virgin Blue Airlines Group, incorporating all
four airlines, employs just 5952 people who make up our team. We believe, above all, it's our people
who set us apart among airlines. Quite simply it's their commitment, imagination and pride that
makes our business fly. The team across all four of our airlines, both on the ground and in the sky, is
motivated to go the extra mile to make flying memorable for all the right reasons. Indeed
outstanding service is part of our DNA. Our team's passion and belief in offering service translates
directly to our Guest's enjoyment of

Police Corruption: An Analytical Look into Police Ethics
Police Corruption
Justin Villeneuve
Nipissing University
CRJS 4917
For years, we have considered any discussions of police misconduct as taboo. After all, these are the
men and woman in which we, as citizens, give the responsibility of keeping us out of harms way.
We all know it is present within law enforcement in some shape or form, but we ignore its relevance
in the way our criminal justice system works. Assumptions of police misconduct and corruption
have long been suppressed and silenced through false litigation and system betrayal. The silencing
or ignorance of police misconduct acts a strengthening mechanism which those, who engage in this
type of behaviour, use as a motivational tool. It is becoming a popular belief that ... Show more
content on Helpwriting.net ...
So what is it that creates these delays and could they be in fact deliberate? In the two cases
mentioned here, Sewell provides three possible reasons for the excessive delays. The first is the
understaffing of the special task force assigned to the case. The second pertains to the reluctance of
the task force to proceed charges against their own. The third makes reference to the police culture
that says police should stay together through thick and thin (Sewell, 2010). Sewell seems to put an
emphasis on police culture and its relation to these allegations. Jerome H. Skolnick, in his article,
Corruption and The Blue Code of Silence, offers an explanation for the reluctance of officers to
proceed charges against their own. The blue code is also called the blue wall or the blue curtain.
Skolnick states that at its best, the feeling of loyalty and brotherhood sustaining the Code of
Silence may facilitate policing and protect police against genuine threats to safety and well being
(Skolnick, 2002, p.300). In saying this Skolnick is making note of the positives that this blue code
has to offer. Yet the same code of loyalty and brotherhood is able to sustain an oppositional criminal
subculture by protecting those officers who chose to escape the functions of their profession and
violate criminal sanctions. Police work is often done in an unpredictable manner in which police
must act on their feet knowing that one poor choice may result in drastic

Criminalization Of Cannabis In Canada
In Canada, cannabis use became illegal in 1923 after the Act to Prohibit the Improper Use of Opium
and other Drugs added cannabis to the list of illicit substances. Cannabis then became an illegal
substance under the same category of harder drugs such as cocaine and heroin, despite lack of
scientific or criminal correlations to suggest such categorization (CAMH, 2014). An increase in
illicit drug use in the 1960's and 1970's was met by greatly increased criminalization and the
associated individual and social costs. The strain on the courts, and the rising numbers of otherwise
law–abiding youth being sentenced for recreational use of cannabis created pressures for the
liberalization of Canada's drug laws. As a result, the Commission of Inquiry ... Show more content
In R. v. Readhead (2008), the accused was charged with the possession of marijuana and possession
of marijuana for the purpose of trafficking and was sentenced to a term of imprisonment of two and
one half years. Readhead argued that the sentencing judge erred in his decision and asked for a fairer
sentence. The British Columbia Court of Appeal stated that the sentence prescribed by the
sentencing judge is within the proper scope of his judgment but still reduced the sentence to two
years less a day. As pointed out by the British Columbia Court of Appeal, Readhead's past
experience with the law, in which he has three previous charges for trafficking marijuana, did not
deter or rehabilitate him in any way( R. v. Readhead, 2008). In R. v. Evers (2011), the accused was
charged with the offences of unlawfully producing a controlled substance and possessing this
substance for the purposes of trafficking. However, despite Evers's lack of remorse for producing
marijuana and her explicitly stating that she intended to continue her grow operation, the trial judge
did not impose any jail time. The trial judge stated that there was no point in imprisoning Evers as
doing so would only make her a martyr for the legalization of marijuana (R. v. Evers, 2011). Both of
these cases

Louisa Maset Research Paper
Louisa and Felicia are both women of UK nationality that committed infanticide around 110 years
apart, though the cases ran very parallel, the rulings were very different. Over those 100 years
modern day courts have changed dramatically in many forms. 18th century courts based their trials
off the basis of guilty until proven innocent. Today, trials based off the Canadian Charter of Rights
and Freedoms Section (11) stating that Any persons charged with an offence has the right; to be
presumed innocent until proven guilty according to law in a fair and public hearing by an
independent and impartial tribunal. Canadian Judges attempt to not be socially or politically tied
biased. Rather, they are independent and principled, deciding ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
Infanticide in the Criminal Code of Canada is defined as A female person commits infanticide
when by a wilful act or omission she causes the death to her child, if at the time of the act or
omission she is not fully recovered from the effects of giving birth to the child and by reason thereof
or of the effect of lactation consequent on the birth of the child her mind is then disturbed.This
criminal code take into account the hardship that comes childbirth while the, Paraphrasing the 1624
Uk Statute states The murder of an illegitimate child In Felicia's case while being tried they took
into account the postpartum psychosis, postpartum anxiety that came hand in hand from the
childbirth, mixed her family's long string of mental health issues and her diagnosed depression. In
Louisa case, she was deemed as guilty, and was presumably sentenced to death before her trial even
began, and the fact that she had an illegitimate child reinforced her guilt. If Louisa was tried in
modern day research would be conducted through a series of medical operatives that specialize in
mental health to understand the infanticide in context and whether or not the insanity defense would
be

Three Day Road Thesis Quotes
The novel Three Day Road, by Joseph Boyden, is, in my opinion, an accurate representation of
some of the many problems that First Nations service members faced during the first world war:
First Nations soldiers battled not only the Triple Entente but also discrimination, bigotry, and
closed–mindedness. Every soldier had to cope during, and after, their service with the psychological
and physical traumas of war, isolation, guilt, and even shame. All those factors, coupled with the
instinct survive, are enough to drive anyone to seek something to help them deal with or numb their
pain, whether emotional or physical. There are many examples of the value of First Nations service
members specifically during the first world war. It is unfortunate ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
In Three Day Road, Xavier voiced this by saying, We all fight on two fronts, the one facing the
enemy, the other facing what we do to the enemy (Boyden, p.301). This quote poetically
summarizes the emotional pain that soldiers are subject to. Service members become desensitized to
the brutality of war. So even after a soldier leaves a battle without physical injury, he cannot escape
the guilt and remorse of the violence he has committed.. Depression and anxiety disorders can lead
to changes in personality and can make it very difficult for someone to complete basic tasks and take
care of themselves. It was almost eight years ago that retired corporal Joseph Rustenburg took all
the sleeping pills and medication he could get his hands on, drove to a farmer's field and laid down,
hoping for the end, I didn't understand what was going on with me, and it seemed everything I was
doing was hurting people around me, especially Mel, said Rustenburg (Tomlinson, 2017),
Rustenburg is one of many service members who struggle with PTSD. His story is a prime example
of the problems that many soldiers face, even after returning from the

Aboriginal Rights in Canada: Are They Being Denied?
Aboriginal Rights in Canada: Are They Being Denied?
When Canada was first inhabited by the First Nations people, the land was completely their own.
They were free to inhabit and use the land in whichever manner they saw fit. However, since the
arrival of the European settlers, the First Nations people have been mistreated in countless ways.
They faced many issues throughout history, and are now facing even more serious problems in our
modern society like having to endure racism, discrimination and social ridicule. Given what they
already have to deal with, the last thing they should have to worry about is the denial of their rights
which is a problem that Aboriginals have to contend with as well.
Denial of Aboriginal rights is a very ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The Sparrow test then outlines what might justify an infringement upon an Aboriginal right. An
infringement might be justified if:
The infringement serves a valid legislative objective. The court suggested a valid legislative
objective would be conservation of natural resources, in which First Nations interest would come
second only to that;
There has been as little infringement as possible in order to effect the desired result;
Fair compensation was provided, and,
Aboriginal groups were consulted, or, at the least... informed.
(Hanson, Salomons)
This case and the resulting test were instrumental in defining aboriginal rights. However, it was also
very controversial as it confirmed one thing: aboriginal rights are not absolute and this has been
highlighted in numerous cases whereby aboriginal rights being denied.
Firstly, Aboriginals have been run out of their native lands and what little they have left is constantly
being fought over by the Natives, the government and major corporations. Mr. Norman Slotkin, a
lawyer for the Union of Ontario Indians, had this to say:
Most nations consider the notion of land to be an important one. But to Canada 's aboriginal people,
it is also a strong cultural symbol. Native identity is drawn from the land: It has been a form of
subsistence, and an integral part of creation myths.
For this reason, it is only with

Charter Of Rights And Freedoms Analysis
Many people believe The Charter of Rights and Freedoms, founded by Pierre Elliott Trudeau
benefited and became the base for Canada's foundation. Ironically, it is assumed that the Charter
created individual rights and freedoms. However, I will argue that the Charter of Rights and
Freedoms negatively impacted Canada, and that these affects are still being delt by Canadians. For
these reasons, I will also examine the Charter did more harm to Canadians than good. The Charter
Rights and Freedoms affected the operation of trials along with judiciary powers, multiculturalism
and criminal law rights, which undermined Canadas intended democracy and assisted in generating
a centralized government. The Charter of Rights and Freedoms negatively affected ... Show more
Multiculturalism is raised in section 27 in the Charter of Rights and Freedoms (Jonson). An instance
where multiculturalism negatively impacts Canada, revolves around new immigrants. A problem
raised with the introduction of multiculturalism is that for some people, 'multiculturalism' is a
descriptive term for demographic pluralism. Pluralism can stem from the coexisting of longstanding
minority groups (Bloemradd, Wright, 2014). This created issues of conflict between minority
groups which related to ethnic, racial, and religious diversity generated by immigrants and their
decedents (Bloemradd, Wright, 2014). The Charters regulations were often taken for granted by
minority groups, where many subnational minorities (...) often reject inclusion within a framework
of multiculturalism since they argue got self–determination and sovereignty rights (Bloemradd,
Wright, 2014). Furthermore, these examples of minorities rejecting inclusion exemplifies how
multiculturalism is threatened by the Charter. The purpose of the charter was to enhance
multicultural heritage of Canadians (Uberoi,

New York City: History and Landmarks
New York City
The first native New Yorkers were the Lenape, an Algonquin people who hunted, fished and farmed
in the area between the Delaware and Hudson rivers. Europeans began to explore the region at the
beginning of the 16th century––among the first was Giovanni da Verrazzano, an Italian who sailed
up and down the Atlantic coast in search of a route to Asia––but none settled there until 1624. That
year, the Dutch West India Company sent some 30 families to live and work in a tiny settlement on
Nutten Island (today's Governors Island) that they called New Amsterdam. In 1626, the
settlement's governor general, Peter Minuit, purchased the much larger Manhattan Island from the
natives for 60 guilders in trade goods such as tools, ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The 20th century was an era of great struggle for American cities, and New York was no exception.
The construction of interstate highways and suburbs after World War II encouraged affluent people
to leave the city, which combined with deindustrialization and other economic changes to lower the
tax base and diminish public services. This, in turn, led to more out–migration and white flight.
However, the Hart–Cellar Immigration and Nationality Act of 1965 made it possible for immigrants
from Asia, Africa, the Caribbean and Latin America to come to the United States. Many of these
newcomers settled in New York City, revitalizing many neighborhoods.
New York City in the New Millennium
On September 11, 2001, New York City suffered the deadliest terrorist attack in the history of the
United States when a group of terrorists crashed two hijacked jets into the city's tallest buildings: the
twin towers of the World Trade Center. The buildings were destroyed and nearly 3,000 people were
killed. In the wake of the disaster, the city remained a major financial capital and tourist magnet,
with over 40 million tourists visiting the city each year.
Today, more than 8

Summer Assignment
Congratulations on joining AP US History! We are so excited to go on this journey of US History
with you this year and prepare you to get a 5 on the AP Exam. For your Summer Assignment you
will be reading chapters 1–3 in your textbook and completing the following worksheets. You can
pick up your textbook from the LINC during the summer. Please make sure you refer to the LINC
textbook pick up schedule which can be found on the school website to see when you can pick up
your book. When completing the worksheets please make sure that your work is completely your
own and in your own words. You may not work with other students to complete this assignment. If
your Summer Assignment is similar to other students, websites or word for word from the ... Show
more content on Helpwriting.net ...
When the Separatists bordered the ship, the Mayflower, with other individuals seeking different
lands, such as Captain Myles Standish, a popular soldier, the ship missed its destination and landed
in New England. Upon arriving, the group chose leaders that would effectively lead the group, such
as William Bradford, a self–taught scholar who could speak many languages and communicate with
many different types of people and was later discovered to be elected 30 times as governor for the
Pilgrims. The chosen leaders of this group of people, the Pilgrims, created a brief Mayflower
Compact which signified an agreement to form a crude government and always submit to the
regulation of majority rules. This pact was a step towards the idea of America's self–government.
Since the Pilgrims wisely chose educated leaders, the population usually got along well, and its
colonization made it one of the most moral and spiritual at the time. The Pilgrims fought through
harsh winters and celebrated bountiful harvests, which would later lead to the creation of
Thanksgiving, and demonstrated a working, tiny settlement with no internal

Annual Report Fosters Beer
ANNUAL REPORT 2011 Foster's has unveiled a new brand identity For its iconic australian beer
business We're united by the bond only a beer can create and a belief that if a whole lot more people
raised a beer in friendship, the world would be a better place. ABN 49 007 620 886 Foster's GrouP
limited FiNANCiAl report For the twelve moNth period eNded 30 juNe 2011 THE BEER
COMPANY LOVED BY AUSTRALIANS As a beer company, we're proud that we bring people
together, in unguarded moments, where laughter and real words are shared. BUSINESS
SUSTAINABILITY REVIEW 2011 04 From the ChAirmAN ANd ChieF exeCutive oFFiCer 82 84
13 diSCoNtiNued operAtioNS 14 propertY, plANt ANd equipmeNt 08 09 10 the Next ChApter ...
Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
From continuing operations the Company generated $872.7 million of net operating cash flow prior
to interest, tax and material items. we are confident the Company can maintain its strong cash flow
in future years. 99.7% a new look and Feel As part of Foster's commitment to reinvest in its brands
and to emphasise beer's historic position at the heart of Australian life, in july 2011 Foster's
relaunched its beer business as 'Carlton united Brewers'. the new name and new brand identity –
'raised in Friendship' – reflect the importance of people to our business and our heritage. the changes
are appropriate for a business with a renewed focus as a dedicated, worldclass brewer celebrating
beer's ability to bring people together. the feedback on this new identity from customers, trade
partners and employees has been extremely positive. successFul conclusion to taX litiGation An
important event for Foster's in fiscal 2011 was the announcement on 9 may that the Company had
successfully concluded its long–running Ashwick tax litigation. the case related to historic
operations of Foster's in the 1980s and 1990s. importantly, the resolution of Ashwick will result in a
total cash benefit to shareholders of approximately $835 million (via a combination of the cash
refunds and interest received, and receivable, from the Commissioner of taxation and reduced
income tax payments in future years). returns to shareholders Foster's declared

The Charter Of Rights And Freedom
Many Canadians of the 21st century still often wonder, was the creation of the Charter of Rights
Freedoms a mistake? It is believed that the Charter 's creation was a significant benefit as it
guarantees certain political rights to Canadian citizens and civil rights of everyone in Canada from
the policies and actions of all areas and levels of government. However, many believe the Charter
makes Canada more like the United States, especially by serving corporate rights and individual
rights rather than group rights and social rights. Also, there are several rights that should be included
in the Charter, such as a right to health care and a basic right to free education. With this, by
guaranteeing certain political rights and civil rights to every Canadian citizen, it is evident that the
creation of the Charter of Rights Freedoms was not a mistake, and was truly a benefit to all
Canadian citizens for many important reasons. One important reason is that Charter guarantees all
Canadians their legal rights as it promises rights of people in dealing with the justice system and law
enforcement are protected. In addition with the guarantee of Canadians legal rights, is their language
rights which is to assure people have the right to use either the English or French language in
communications with Canada 's federal government and certain provincial governments. As well as
guaranteeing all Canadian 's equality rights to promise equal treatment before and under the law.
The

Csr Communication in the Pharma Industry
CSR COMMUNICATION IN THE PHARMACEUTICAL INDUSTRY
AN ANALYSIS OF THE WEBSITES OF THREE PHARMACEUTICAL WHOLESALERS
MASTER THESIS
Author: José Javier Levrino (JL82847) Supervisor: Anne Ellerup Nielsen MA in Corporate
Communication Århus, Denmark. August 2010
CSR COMMUNICATION IN THE PHARMACEUTICAL INDUSTRY
José Javier Levrino
Table of contents Abstract 1. Introduction 1.1 Motivation 1.2 Problem statement 1.3 Delimitation
1.4 Methodology 1.4.1 1.4.2 1.4.3 1.4.4 Scientific paradigm: hermeneutics Qualitative research
approach Theoretical framework Analysis of websites 1.4.4.1 Selection criteria 1.4.4.2 Data
collection 1.5 Structure 2. Theoretical framework 2.1. Corporate Communication 2.1.1. Defining
Corporate Communication ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
After a theoretical analysis of the pharmaceutical industry, the research includes the development of
an analytical framework, which serves as a basis for the examination of the selected websites. This
is followed by an analysis based on the CSR section of the websites of three world leader
pharmaceutical wholesalers and service providers within the pharmaceutical industry. A qualitative
methodology applied to the written content of the websites allows drawing conclusions on the
reasons that lead these companies to get involved in CSR. It also provides an interpretation of how
these firms organize their CSR communication, and which CSR communication strategies they use
for addressing their stakeholders. Findings: The engagement in CSR of companies developing its
activities and business within the pharmaceutical industry respond to the different challenges this
industry faces. External stakeholders (NGOs, media, consumer advocacy groups and the public
opinion) carefully watch the steps taken by pharmaceuticals. As a consequence, the initiatives and
communications must be designed to satisfy the stakeholders´ needs and expectations.
Pharmaceutical wholesalers implement different CSR communication strategies to reach their
objectives. Moreover, organizations choose from a variety of channels to communicate with specific
stakeholder groups (e.g. surveys,

Prostitution Article On Prostitution Laws
Prostitution Laws in Canada
Karlene Wright
November 19, 2014
Prostitution Laws in Canada
Introduction
Prostitution is considered by many to be the oldest profession. Throughout civilization many society
have had to address the issue of prostitution. Canada is a nation renown for promoting the
advancement of women in all parts of the world. However, it is a nation guilty of punishing women
for the circumstances in which they find themselves. The prostitution laws in Canada shows an
antiquated view on the issue of prostitution, it has failed to adequately protect women. It is
important that prostitutes are given an opportunity to protect themselves by employing security
personnel if necessary and choose the location for conducting business. This paper will demonstrate
that the policies employed by the federal government enhance the harm prostitute's faces. as a result
of being prevented by law from taking steps to enhance safety. The importance of legislator to
balance the individual rights of the prostitute against the interest of the collective society. Also, by
regulating the industry would shift the power from the pimps and johns controlling the services.
Describing the topic
Prostitution is the practice of exchanging money for sexual services. While the exchange of sexual
gratification for consideration between consenting adults is legal, the law prohibits those activities
Parliament deems to be a threat to public order or offensive to public decency,

Essay about Minority and majority rights
The rights of many people versus the rights of an individual is certainly a vexing concept. Like a
delicate balancing act; if one side is favoured over the other it causes a rift in the already strained
relationship between the minority and majority. Evidently, the justification of taking any side must
be valid, according to the theories of H.L.A. Hart. In the past, Canadian law has violated the rights
of minorities; however, these violations have decreased in their severity as time has passed on. Some
cases where the balance between minority and majority rights is questioned is in The Canadian
Indian Residential School System, Bill 101, Equality in the Workplace and The Public Service Act.
To begin, Aboriginal rights have, historically, ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The Act was amended for the first time in 1885, the amendment prohibited religious practices and
traditional dances. The validity of these laws is questionable. According to H.L.A. Hart's
philosophies: these measures were not valid. Laws are to protect society from exploitation and
violence of the weak and vulnerable; instead children were taken out of their homes and forced into
a new strange environment where they were likely abused. One of Hart's theories says that: for a law
to be valid, rules should be obeyed because they make sense, not because of the fear of punishment.
In these residential schools the Children were forced to dress, speak and act in a European manner –
they would receive harsh punishments otherwise; clearly, this is not valid. It was a serious violation
of human rights for a minority group in the human population. Canada has recognized this and in
2007 a 1.9 billion dollar compensation package was put together for those who attended residential
schools; a formal apology was also delivered by Stephen Harper to residential school students in
2008. Therefore, Canada has severely violated the rights of the Aboriginal minority in the interest to
assimilate them into Canadian society; the mistake was recognized and compensation was given. It
is no secret that French–English relations in Canada have been strained in the past and still are –
albeit to a lesser extent.

Emirates Airlines
9 –7 1 4 –4 3 2
JANUARY 29, 2014
JUAN ALCÁCER
JOHN CLAYTON
Emirates Airline: Connecting the Unconnected
Introduction
Late afternoon was fading to dusk as Tim Clark, President of Emirates Airline, gazed out at the large
crowds mingling outside at the 2013 Dubai Airshow. Front and center at the event was the official
program launch of the Boeing 777X, a massive new hit thanks to Emirates' record order of 150 new
planes. Valued at $76 billion at list prices, this was the largest airplane deal ever inked. Letting his
thoughts drift, he noted, he imagined with pride these planes joining the collection of widebodied
Emirates planes assembled on the tarmac of Dubai International Airport, ready to ferry passengers
from Europe, Asia, ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
As the sunset reflected its dying rays on the aircraft on display, he pushed these thoughts to the back
of his mind and returned to the event at hand.
Aviation in the Middle East
The 1980s aviation market in the Middle East was dominated by Gulf Air, a regional carrier backed
by the states of Bahrain, Oman, Qatar, and the emirate of Abu Dhabi. While several European
carriers serviced the region, the overall market was small and Gulf Air maintained a high market
share. The majority of its flights emanated from its four hub cities to points in the Middle East,
South
Asia, and Europe, primarily on a point–to–point network.
As a non–core city for Gulf Air, Dubai experienced reductions in air service in 1985 that compelled
Dubai's leaders to launch its own airline. Local airline expertise was minimal, so the royal family
commissioned a small team of expatriate airline veterans, helmed by Sir Maurice Flanagan, to
charter the service they named Emirates. Divisional Senior Vice President (SVP) of Corporate
Communications, Marketing Brand Boutros Boutros remarked, Locals or expats, management
all had the same outlook and shared mentality, which ultimately helped build a successful and
cohesive executive team.6 Armed with only two planes and $10 million in seed capital provided by
the
Government of Dubai, the airline initially developed a regional focus to connect underserved
markets. Emirates

America 's Responsibility For Global Tensions With The...
The following work will attempt to draw conclusions about the United States of America's
responsibility for global tensions with the United Soviet Socialist Republics, during the 20th
century, using war data. This piece will attempt to discover patterns and make observational
conclusions on American foreign policy through direct war data. The Correlates of War Project will
serve as the source for the majority of data on American wars and American military involvement.
However, the Correlates of War Project (C.O.W. Project), only provides data on American military
action after 1816. But, many armed conflicts preceding 1816, played a crucial role in shaping
American foreign policy and identity. Yet, historians and scholars disagree on ... Show more content
Project will be documented and observed, such as the Las Cuevas War or the Korean Affair of 1871.
Lastly, some separate conflicts within the C.O.W. will be combined, which represent a near–
identical foreign policy. Particularly, all Native American conflicts will be combined and all wars in
the Caribbean region following the Spanish–American War, which share the same purpose, will be
referred to as the Banana Wars. However, distinctly important Native American wars will be
mentioned, as well as Native American wars with significant foreign involvement. American armed
conflicts have been divided into three periods for organizational purposes. Therefore, the following
writing will attempt to observe American responsibility for the Cold War using war information,
data, and patterns. American Cold War Responsibility The first major period of American foreign
policy began in 1756, with the outbreak of the French and Indian war, and ends with the start of the
Mexican–American war in 1846. This period has been chosen because it constitutes the formation of
the American nation and identity. Many military actions and wars helped shape American identity
prior to independence. However, the French and Indian War was the only major war in the American
region before the Revolutionary War. The French and Indian War essentially comprised the global
Seven Years War within the North American theater. In Europe war began in 1754, Great Britain,
Prussia, and regions of the Holy

Wine Consumption Essay examples
Southern Peninsula Wines
Content
1. Organisation overview
a. The organisations mission or vision
b. Strategic goals of the organisation
c. Capabilities of the organisation
d. Product/s of the organisation under consideration for entry into an international market
2. Global Business Environment
a. A brief overview of the current global business environment.
a–1. Figure 12 wine consumption a–2. Top 10 wine consumers a–3. Changing in total wine
consumption
b. Discuss any market trends or developments that are relevant or may impact on the organisation
1–a. The organisations mission or vision ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Over that period, per capita wine consumption fell 3% per annum, while total world wine
consumption fell 1.4% per annum from 29.4 million tonnes to 22.0 million tonnes.
The decline in global wine consumption from 1980 to 2000 is the consequence of global population
growth being biased towards non–wine–consuming regions (i.e. Africa, Middle East and Asia) and a
changing alcohol consumption pattern in traditional wine consuming regions.
For example, total alcohol consumption in Europe has declined over the past few decades while beer
and spirits have increased market penetration.
a–1. Wine consumption

[pic]
a–2. Top 10 wine consumers
Unsurprisingly, the Europeans dominate global wine consumption. The French consumed nearly
54L/person in 2006, followed by the Italian's with 47.2L/person/year. In total, the French consume
3.3 billion litres of wine per year, or 14% of the world total, followed by Italy with 2.7 billion litres.
[pic]
a–3. Changing of the guard
Despite dominating world league–tables, wine consumption in the traditional old–world countries is
falling, both in total and per capita terms. For example, in the 11 years to 2006, French wine
consumption fell by over 9L/person/year, and total French wine consumption fell nearly 400 million
litres. Italian wine consumption fell 461 million litres over the period.
There is somewhat of a changing of the guard in the world of wine. New–world consumers

The Charter Of Rights And Freedoms Is A Set Of Laws Holding
The Charter of Rights and Freedoms is a set of laws holding basic rules about how our country
operates.1 Since its implementation in 1982, courts have had to weight an individual's fundamental
rights in accordance to the law. 1 Since the Charter, courts have had the ability to overrule sections
of the law if considered to violate an induvial right, or contrariwise. 1 Criminal and civil cases taken
to trial subsequent the charter are the primary evidence that its implementation has changed the way
the court conducts itself and their outcomes. Judges have to take all sections of the charter of any
party involved when determining what is just. Given circumstantial evidence in trials, decisions can
be taken to exclude, dismiss, certain ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Primary resources are the most reliable and most objective. They consist of archives and
manuscripts, journals, speeches, and government publications. For examples, the research found for
this essay is primary. It consists of evidence found in the actual cases, from actual documentation of
occurrences, and from the legal legislature of laws. These cannot be disproven since it is information
taken from the matter itself.
After, come secondary sources, these you need look through more to make sure they are valid and
see between any bias there may be. Secondary sources are textbooks, editorials, and journal articles.
These can be hard to consider accurate because there is usually some amount of bias within
evidence. For example, a textbook for a catholic school on religion, even though it contains
scholarly documentation, it may not include and adjust specific evidence that may go against the
religion. As well, a journal article from a conservative site will not necessarily shed positive light on
any democratic view. These sources can be used but only if it is capable to differ between bias and
facts.
As mentioned before, the research for this essay is primary in order to provide the most compelling
and objective evidence. Sources that were obtained where dictionary definition in order to prove
accurate original meaning rather than

Monsanto: Better Living Through Genetic Engineering
441 441 CASE STUDIES A summary of the case analysis I N T R O D U C T I O N Preparing an
effective case analysis: The full story Hearing with the aid of implanted technology: The case of
Cochlear™ – an Australian C A S E O N E high–technology leader Delta Faucet: Global
entrepreneurship in an emerging market C A S E T W O DaimlerChrysler: Corporate governance
dynamics in a global company C A S E T H R E E Gunns and the greens: Governance issues in
Tasmania C A S E F O U R Succeeding in the Sydney indie music industry C A S E F I V E Nucor
in 2005 C A S E S I X News Corp in 2005: Consolidating the DirecTV acquisition C A S E S E V E
N Shanghai Volkswagen: Implementing project management in the electrical engineering division C
A S ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Porter argues that there is a key force in any industry, one that exerts more influence than the other
forces. Now, is it an attractive industry? You need to explain, briefly, why or why not. Bear in mind
that it is often not a clear decision because the forces are mixed – for example, there may be little
concern about new entrants, suppliers or substitutes, but buyers may be fickle
14_Hanson_3ed_SB_3869_TXT.indd 442 8/29/07 1:09:34 PM 443 I N T R O D U C T I O N : A
S U M M A RY O F TH E C ASE AN ALY SIS P R O C E SS and rivalry high. In such cases, the
key force analysis is very important. Remember: It is the industry you analyse, not the firm. Costly
to NonRare? Valuable? imitate? substitutable Logistics management in cochlear technologies
Research knowledge and skill in cochlearrelated areas Etc. STEP 4 COMPETITIVE
ENVIRONMENT Is there a strategic group that you need to take account of ? What is the rivalry
like in this group? What capabilities do the relevant firms have? What strategies do they follow?
What threats do they represent? Yes Yes No No STEP 5 YOU ABOUT NOW H AV E M AT E R I A
L T H R E AT S Yes Yes Yes Yes OPPORTUNITIES AND It is easy to pull this together from the
four steps you have now completed. I N T E R N A L A N A LY S I S STEP 6 THE TA N G I B L E

Homophobia In Canada
As time has progressed, Canadian society has adapted an increasingly liberal attitude towards
controversial subjects. Such changes have thereby prompted an evident surge of positive perceptual
changes within the nation. Various prominent social advancements in Canadian history consist of the
recognition of coloured individuals, multiple movements for gender equality and the
acknowledgement of the rights of the lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender population, also known
as the LGBT community. Throughout history, gay, lesbian, bisexual and transgender individuals
have been heavily discriminated against based upon their sexual preferences. Many individuals
perceive homosexuality to be abnormal and immoral due to the fact that it violates the ... Show more
Homophobia is the concept in which people are hateful or fearful towards lesbians and gays
(Dictionary.com, 2014). Fear and revulsion of the LGBT population commonly emanate from
religious concepts or traditional ideas of society. In 2011, 18% of hate crimes based upon sexual
orientation were reported, however, the number proved to be higher than expected due to the fact
that many more individuals are reporting these crimes to the authorities (Northhumberland View,
2013). This further demonstrates the progression of LGBT rights in Canadian society due to the fact
that lesbian, gay and transgender individuals alike feel comfortable enough to report these matters to
the police and receive justice rather than allowing the issue to go unnoticed out of fear of being
judged. Also, though many laws have been implemented to prevent discrimination, it is a reality in
which many members of the LGBT community still face today. In terms of bullying, 25% of
homosexual adolescents reported being physically harassed by heterosexual peers in 2009 (CBC,
2010). However, in 2002 approximately one third of homosexual students were harassed based upon
their sexuality (Riese, 2014). Although discrimination and bullying based upon sexual orientation is
prevalent in today's society, Canadians have become more accustomed to the idea of homosexuality
which is reflected through the decrease in the amount of harassment that occurs. However, with
adequate education and continuous learning about the matter, discrimination based upon sexuality
can be virtually eliminated in the

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