Communicating professionally and ethically is one of the ess.docx

Communicating professionally and ethically is one of the
essential skills we can teach you at Strayer. The following
guidelines will ensure you:
· write professionally;
· avoid plagiarizing others, which is essential to writing
ethically; and
· give credit to others in your work.
Visit Strayer’s Academic Integrity Center for more information.
Strayer University Writing Standards
Fall 2018
1Strayer University Writing Standards
https://pslogin.strayer.edu/?dest=academic-support/academic-
integrity-center
Strayer University Writing Standards 2
General Standards 3
Use Appropriate Formatting 3
Title Your Work 3
Write Clearly 3
Cite Credible Sources 3
Build a Source List 3

Giving Credit to Authors and Sources 4
Option #1: Paraphrasing 4
Option #2: Quoting 4
Using Web Sources 5
Using Home Pages 5
Using Specific Web Pages 5
Source List 6
Setting Up the Source List Page 6
Creating a Source List Entry 6
Source List Elements 7
Source List Elements Breakdown 7
Sample Source List 8
Writing Assignments 9
Paper and Essay Specific Format Guidelines 9
PowerPoint or Slideshow Specific Format Guidelines 9
Discussion Posts 10
Effective Internet Links 10
Share vs. URL Options 11
Charts, Images, and Tables 12
Table of Contents

� Include page numbers.
� Use 1-inch margins.
� Use Arial, Courier, Times New Roman, or Calibri font style.
� Use 10-, 11-, or 12-point font size for the body of your text.
� Use numerals (1, 2, 3, and so on) OR spell out numbers (one,
two, three, and so
on). Be consistent with your choice throughout the assignment.
� Use either single or double spacing, according to assignment
guidelines.
� If assignment requires a title page:
· Include the assignment title, your name, course title, your
professor’s name,
and the date of submission on a separate page.
� If assignment does not require a title page (stated in the
assignment details):
· Include all required content in a header at the top of your
document.
· or Include all required content where appropriate for
assignment format.
· Examples of appropriate places per assignment: letterhead of a
business
letter assignment or a title slide for a PowerPoint presentation
� Use appropriate language and be concise.

� Write in active voice when possible. Find tips here.
� Use the point of view (first, second, or third person) required
by the
assignment guidelines.
� Use spelling and grammar check and proofread to help
ensure your work is
error free.
� Use credible sources to support your ideas/work. Find tips
here.
� Cite your sources throughout your work when you borrow
someone else’s
words or ideas. Give credit to the authors.
� Look for a permalink tool for a webpage when possible
(especially when an
electronic source requires logging in like the Strayer Library).
Find tips here.
� Add each cited source to the Source List at the end of your
assignment. (See
the Giving Credit to Authors and Sources section for more
details.)
� Don’t forget to cite and add your textbook to the Source List
if you use it as a
source.
� Include a Source List when the assignment requires research
or if you cite the
textbook.
� Type “Sources” centered on the first line of the page.

� List the sources that you used in your assignment.
� Organize sources in a numbered list and in order of use
throughout the paper.
Use the original number when citing a source multiple times.
� For more information, see the Source List section.
General Standards
Title Your Work
Use Appropriate
Formatting
Write Clearly
Cite Credible Sources
Build a Source List
https://owl.purdue.edu/owl/general_writing/academic_writing/a
ctive_and_passive_voice/active_versus_passive_voice.html
http://libdatab.strayer.edu/login?url=http://search.ebscohost.co
m/login.aspx?direct=true&db=ers&AN=98402046&site=eds-
live&scope=site
https://cdnapisec.kaltura.com/index.php/extwidget/preview/part
ner_id/956951/uiconf_id/38285871/entry_id/1_w9soryj6/embed/
dynamic
Giving Credit to Authors and Sources
When quoting or paraphrasing another source, give credit by

using an in-text citation.
An in-text citation includes the author’s last name and the
number of the source from the
Source List. A well-researched assignment has at least as many
sources as pages (see Writing
Assignments for the required number of sources). Find tips
here.
Option #1: Paraphrasing
Rewording Source Information in Your Own Words
� Rephrase the source information in your words. Be sure
not to repeat the same words of the author.
� Add a number to the end of your source (which will tie
to your Source List).
� Remember, you cannot just replace words of the original
sentence.
ORIGINAL SOURCE
“Writing at a college level requires informed
research.”
PARAPHRASING
As Harvey wrote, when writing a paper for
higher education, it is critical to research and
cite sources (1).
When writing a paper for higher education,
it is imperative to research and cite sources
(Harvey, 1).

Option #2: Quoting
Citing another person’s work word-for-word
� Place quotation marks at the beginning and the end of
the quoted information.
� Add a number to the end of your source (which will tie
to your Source List).
� Do not quote more than one to two sentences
(approximately 25 words) at a time.
� Do not start a sentence with a quotation.
� Introduce and explain quotes within the context of your
paper.
ORIGINAL SOURCE
“Writing at a college level requires informed
research.”
QUOTING
Harvey wrote in his book, “Writing at a college
level requires informed research” (1).
Many authors agree, “Writing at a college
level requires informed research” (Harvey, 1).
http://libdatab.strayer.edu/login?url=http://search.ebscohost.co
m/login.aspx?direct=true&db=ers&AN=98402046&site=eds-
live&scope=site

Using Web Sources
A web source is any source accessed through an internet
browser.
Before using any source, first determine its credibility. Then
decide if the source is appropriate and relevant for your
project. Find tips here.
Using Home Pages
A home page is the main page that loads when you type a
standard web address. For instance, if you type Google.com
into the web browser, you will be taken to Google’s home page.
If you do need to cite a home page, use the webpage’s title from
the browser. This is found by moving your mouse cursor
over the webpage name at the top of the browser. When citing a
homepage, it is likely because there is a news thread,
image, or basic piece of information about a company that you
wish to include in your assignment.
Using Specific Web Pages
If you are using any web page other than the home page, include
the specific title of the page and the direct link (when
possible) for that specific page in your Source List Entry.
If you used multiple pages from the same author/source, create
separate Source List Entries for each page when possible
(if the title and/or web address is different).
https://owl.purdue.edu/owl/research_and_citation/conducting_re
search/evaluating_sources_of_information/

Source List
The Source List (which includes the sources that you used in
your assignment) is a new page
that should be added at the end of your paper. The list has two
purposes; it credits the
authors you used and informs your readers how to find the
source. Build your Source List as
you write.
� Type “Sources” at the top of a new page.
� Include a numbered list of the sources you used in your
paper (the numbers
indicate the order in which you used them).
1. Use the number one (1) for the first source used in the paper,
the number
two (2) for the second source, and so on.
2. Use the same number for a source if you use it multiple
times.
� Ensure each source includes five parts: author or
organization, publication
date, title, page number (if needed), and how to find it. If you
have trouble
finding these details, then re-evaluate the credibility of your
source.
� Use the browser link for a public webpage.
� Use a permalink for a webpage when possible. Find tips
here.

� Instruct your readers how to find all sources that do not have
a browser link or
a permalink.
� Separate each Source List Element with a period on your
Source List.
Setting Up the
Source List Page
Creating a Source
List Entry
https://cdnapisec.kaltura.com/index.php/extwidget/preview/part
ner_id/956951/uiconf_id/38285871/entry_id/1_w9soryj6/embed/
dynamic
Source List Elements
AUTHOR PUBLICATION DATE TITLE PAGE NUMBER HOW
TO FIND
Michael Harvey
In the case of
multiple authors,
only list the first.
2013
This is not the same as
copyright date, which

is denoted by ©
The Nuts &
Bolts of College
Writing
p. 1
Include p. and the
page(s) used.
http://libdatab.strayer.edu/
login?url=http://search.ebscohost.
com/login.aspx?direct=true&db
=nlebk&AN=590706&site=eds-
live&scope=site
1. Michael Harvey. 2013. The Nuts & Bolts of College Writing.
http://libdatab.strayer.edu/login?url=http://search.
ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=nlebk&AN=590706&
site=eds-live&scope=site
Source List Elements Breakdown
AUTHOR
The person(s) who published the source. This can be a single
person, a group of people, or an organization. If the source
has no author, use “No author” where you would list the author.
PUBLICATION DATE
The date the source was published. If the source has no
publication date, use “No date” where you would list the date.
TITLE
The title of the source. If the source has no title, use “No title”

where you would list the title.
PAGE NUMBER
The page number(s) used. If the source has no page numbers,
omit this section from your Source List Entry.
HOW TO FIND
Instruct readers how to find all sources. Keep explanations
simple and concise, but provide enough information so the
source can be located. NOTE: It is your responsibility to make
sure the source can be found.
1. Michael Harvey. 2013. The Nuts & Bolts of College Writing.
p.1. http://libdatab.strayer.edu/login?url=http://search.
ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=nlebk&AN=590706&
site=eds-live&scope=site
2. William R. Stanek. 2010. Storyboarding Techniques chapter
in Effective Writing for Business, College and Life. http://
libdatab.strayer.edu/login?url=http://search.ebscohost.com/login
.aspx?direct=true&db=nlebk&AN=359141&site=e
ds-live&scope=site&ebv=EB&ppid=pp_23
3. Zyad Hicham. 2017. Vocabulary Growth in College-Level
Students’ Narrative Writing. http://libdatab.strayer.edu/
login?url=http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&d
b=edsdoj&AN=edsdoj.9b7fad40e529462bafe3a936
aaf81420&site=eds-live&scope=site
4. Anya Kamenetz. July 10, 2015. The Writing Assignment That
Changes Lives. https://www.npr.org/sections/
ed/2015/07/10/419202925/the-writing-assignment-that-changes-

lives
5. Brad Thor. June 14, 2016. The Best Writing Advice I Ever
Got. http://time.com/4363050/brad-thor-best-writing-advice/
6. Karen Hertzberg. June 15, 2017. How to Improve Writing
Skills in 15 Easy Steps. https://www.grammarly.com/blog/
how-to-improve-writing-skills/
7. Roy Peter Clark. 2008. Writing Tools: 55 Essential Strategies
for Every Writer. p.55-67. Book on Amazon.com.
8. C.M. Gill. 2014. The Psychology of Grading and Scoring
chapter in Essential Writing Skills for College & Beyond.
Textbook.
9. ABC Company’s Policy & Procedures Committee. No Date.
Employee Dress and Attendance Policy. Policy in my office.
10. Henry M. Sayre. 2014. The Humanities: Culture, Continuity
and Change, Vol. 1. This is the HUM111 textbook.
11. Savannah Student. 2018. Image. http://www.studentsite.com
12. Don Dollarsign. 2018. Chart.
http://www.allaboutthemoney.com
13. Company Newsletter Name. 2018. Table. Company
Newsletter Printed Copy (provided upon request).
Writing Assignments
Strayer University uses several different types of writing

assignments. The Strayer University
Student Writing Standards are designed to allow flexibility in
formatting your assignment and
crediting your sources. This section covers specific areas to
help you properly format and
develop your assignments. NOTE: The specific format
guidelines override guidelines in the
General Standards section.
� Use double spacing throughout the body of your assignment.
� Use a consistent 12-point font throughout your assignment
submission. (For
acceptable fonts, see General Standards section.)
� Use the point of view (first or third person) required by the
assignment
guidelines.
� Section headings can be used to divide different content
areas. Align section
headings (centered) on the page, be consistent, and include at
least two
section headings in the assignment.
� Follow all other General Standards section guidelines.
� Title slides should include the project name (title your work
to capture
attention if possible), a subtitle (if needed), the course title, and
your name.
� Use spacing that improves professional style (mixing single
and double
spacing as needed).

� Use a background color or image on slides.
� Use Calibri, Lucida Console, Helvetica, Futura, Myriad Pro,
or Gill Sans font
styles.
� Use 28-32 point font size for the body of your slides (based
on your chosen
font style). Avoid font sizes smaller than 24-point.
� Use 36-44 point font size for the titles of your slides (based
on chosen font
style).
� Limit content per slide (no more than 7 lines on any slide
and no more than 7
words per line).
� Include slide numbers when your slide show has 3+ slides.
Place the numbers
wherever you like (but be consistent).
� Include appropriate images that connect directly to slide
content or
presentation content.
� Follow additional guidelines from the PowerPoint or
Slideshow Specific
Format Guidelines section and assignment guidelines.
Paper and Essay Specific
Format Guidelines
PowerPoint or Slideshow
Specific Format
Guidelines

Discussion Posts
When quoting or paraphrasing a source for discussion threads,
include the source number in
parenthesis after the body text where you quote or paraphrase.
At the end of your post, include
a list of any sources that you cited. For more information on
building a Source List Entry, see
Source List section.
The work is the important part of any writing assignment.
According to Smith, “writing things down is the biggest
challenge” (1). This is significant because…
SOURCE
1. William Smith. 2018. “The Way Things Are”.
http://www.samplesite.com/writing
If you pulled information from more than one source, continue
to number the additional sources in the order that they appear
in your post.
t
The work is the important part of any writing assignment.
According to Smith, “writing things down is the biggest
challenge” (1). This is significant because…
The other side of this is also important. It is noted that “actually
writing isn’t important as much as putting ideas

somewhere useful” (2).
SOURCE
1. William Smith. 2018. The Way Things Are.
http://www.samplesite.com/writing
2. Patricia Smith. 2018. The Way Things Really Are.
http://www.betterthansample.com/tiger
Effective Internet Links
When sharing a link to an article with your instructor and
classmates, start with a brief summary and why you chose to
share it.
For example:
Hey check out this article:
http://www.Jobs4You.FED/Jobs_u_can_get
After reading the textbook this week, I researched job sites. I
found an article on how to find the best job site depending
on the job you’re looking for. The author shared some
interesting tools such as job sites that collect job postings from
other sites and ranks them from newest to oldest, depending on
category. Check out the article at this link: http://www.
Jobs4You.FED/Jobs_u_can_get
Be sure to check the link you’re posting to be sure it will work
for your classmates. They should be able to simply click on
the link and go directly to your shared site.
Share vs. URL Options
Cutting and pasting the URL (web address) from your browser
may not allow others to view your source. This makes it hard

for people to connect to the content you used.
To avoid this problem, look for a “share” option and choose that
when possible so your classmates and professor get the
full, direct link. Always test your link(s) before submitting to
make sure they work.
If you cannot properly share the link, include the article as an
attachment. Interested classmates and your professor can
reference the article shared as an attachment. Find tips here.
https://nyti.ms/24L5XkV
Charts, Images, and Tables
Charts, images, and tables should be centered and followed by
an in-text citation. Design
your page and place a citation below the chart, image, or table.
When referring to the chart,
image, or table in the body of the assignment, use the citation.
� Author’s name (if created by you, provide your name)
� Date (if created by you, provide the year)
� Type (Chart, Image, or Table)
� How to find it (link or other information – See Source List
section for
additional details).
On your Source List, provide the
following details of the visual:

The Great Migration
Rarely in modern history have so many been so desperate to
flee. Now their
brave, and tragic, journeys are reshapi ng Eur ope and the world
Refugees wait in Nickelsdorf, Austria, on the
Hungarian border, a major entry point for
migrants from the Middle East
PHO T O GR A PHS BY M A SSI MO V I TA L I F OR T I M E
The Great Migration
Rarely in modern history have so many been so desperate to
flee. Now their
brave, and tragic, journeys are reshapi ng Eur ope and the world
By Karl Vick
W
H
A
T
I
T
S

A
Y
S
A
B
O
U
T
T
H
E
W
O
R
L
D
NORWAY
ALGERIA
TUNISIA
MOROCCO
ITALY
GERMANY

U.K.
FRANCE
SPAIN
R E P O R T I N G B Y N A I N A
B A J E K A L , C L E O B R O C K -
A B R A H A M A N D TA R A J O H N
S O U R C E S : E U R O S TAT; I O M ;
I M A P ; F R O N T E X ; U N H C R ;
N AT I O N A L G E O G R A P H I C . M A P
B Y H E AT H E R J O N E S F O R T I M E
P a c
i f i
c
O
ce
a
n
N o r t h
S e
a

TunisAlgiers
Rabat
40
The U.S. Census Bureau reports that in recent years,
roughly every 9th person gets a new address. But
Americans tend not to venture far—2 out of 3 moves
end in the same county; only 16% cross a state line.
And just 3% leave the country, a prospect of disloca-
tion that leaves many mortified and, at some primal
level relevant to Europe’s migrant crisis, unsettles
even the worldliest. Why else do seasoned travelers
ask, “Can someone meet me at the airport?”
Airports are not scary. They are purposely bland,
simple to navigate, reassuringly similar. What’s scary
is the uncertainty embedded in any journey, a vague
foreboding that informed the theory of a flat earth,
which merely assumed the horizon was exactly what
it appears to be: a precipice. Beyond lay a void like the
one at the pit of the stomach when you find yourself in
a place where you know no one, darkness is gathering
and nothing is like back home.
So when Syrians began emerging from the Aegean
Sea this summer, scrambling for footing on the sub-
merged stones that form the doorstep of Europe, the
sight produced what 220,000 deaths had not: a surge
of fellow feeling. But then few Westerners have actu-
ally seen war, and almost no one has witnessed the
kind of violence that is emptying Syria, a confound-
ing conflict involving some 7,000 armed groups. The
Middle East more than ever seems an excellent place
to leave behind, even if it means entering the realm of

the migrant.
It’s a crowded realm. More than 600,000 people
have entered Europe so far this year, cascading in at a
rate—sometimes 10,000 a day—that underprepared,
overwhelmed governments quickly declared a crisis.
And yet the Syrians—along with the Iraqis and Af-
ghans in the same rubber dinghies—are only the most
visible flotsam in a wider and scarcely less insistent
stream of human beings, an almost tidal flow that has
been running for decades from poorer countries to
richer. It leads from Latin America to the U.S. , from
Burma toward refuge in Malaysia and in most of the
Americans think
of themselves as
a mobile people,
pulling up stakes
for new jobs,
moving often. HALF
of all refugees
are children
The U.S.
plans to take in
100,000 refugees
in 2017,
up from 70,000
a year currently
If this
populaton were

a country, it would
be the world’s
24th largest
Number of
migrants who
have died in the
Mediterranean this
year trying to
reach Europe
1 IN 122
people is now either a refugee, an internally
displaced person or seeking asylum
3,000
SARDINIA
CORSICA
Calais
Malaga
IRELAND
DENMARK
SWITZ.
PORTUGAL

RUSSIA
KOSOVO
GREECE
AFGHANISTAN
IRAN
EGYPT
SAUDI ARABIA
TURKEY
JORDAN
HUNGARY
ROMANIA
BULGARIA
AUSTRIA
UKRAINE
POLAND
LIBYA
SWEDEN

TOP 5 COUNTRIES OF ORIGIN, JANUARY–JUNE 2015:
Syria, Kosovo, Afghanistan, Albania and Iraq
ROUTES INTO THE E.U.:
Central Mediterranean routes
East African routes
Eastern Mediterranean routes
Western Mediterranean routes
Western Balkans routes
M
e d i t e r r a n e a n S
e a
B l a c k S e a
C a s p i a n
S e a
B a l
t i c
S e
a
Athens
Istanbul
Sofia
Trieste

Rome
Tripoli Baghdad
Cairo
Berlin
Stockholm
42,500
Average number
of people
displaced
each day in
2014
630,000
Number of illegal
border crossings
into Europe so far
this year
Wave After Wave. Europe is facing the
largest number of refugees since WW II.
These are their journeys.
Turkey
now hosts
the world’s
largest refugee

population
1.9
MILLION
Number of Syrian
refugees in Turkey
25%
of Lebanon’s
population are
now Syrian
refugees
Libya’s
migrant-
smuggling
business generated
$170 million in 2014
for sea crossings
alone
SYRIA
IRAQ
ALBANIA
MALTA CRETE
SICILY

CYPRUS
ISRAEL
LEBANON
Lesbos
Bodrum
Homs
Benghazi
SLOVAKIA
BOSNIA/
HERZ.
MACED.
CZECH
REPUBLIC
Alexandria
5 Time Month XX, 201542
Austrian police and army personnel
in Nickelsdorf organize groups
of migrants as they prepare to be
loaded onto buses to take them
further into Europe

643
rest of the world—Africa, the Middle East, much of
Asia—toward the European Union. “It’s not going to
stop,” says Behzad Yaghmaian, a professor of political
economy at Ramapo College of New Jersey, who wrote
Embracing the Infidel: Stories of Muslim Migrants on
the Journey West. “Because of globalization, you have
awareness of life elsewhere in the world. That’s crucial
now. So you move.”
Do you have a signal?
When the travelers climb out of a boat on a Greek is-
land, many raise their arms—first in thanks, and then,
a second time, to take a selfie. The images of relief and
joy are then uploaded from the smartphone that made
the crossing swaddled in plastic bags and rubber
bands. “My whole life’s on my phone” is no exaggera-
tion here. In refugee camps, the U.N. distributes local
SIM cards for phones and solar generators to charge
them. The migrants make their way to new lives by
GPS coordinates posted on Facebook or WhatsApp by
those who have gone before. Glowing posts on social
networks—which border crossing is open, what smug-
gler can be trusted—are the constellations that guided
the travelers to Europe this summer, first in a trickle
and soon a torrent. The largest movement of refu-
gees since the end of World War II appeared first in
groups of 20 or 30, then in hundreds, trudging down
rail beds, emerging from cornfields, and crowding the
shoulders of freeways.
If it sounds a little like a zombie movie, the associa-
tion was not lost on many Europeans, watching from

the comfort of their homes. The Periscope application
streams video live from wherever someone is holding
up a camera phone, and allows viewers to type in com-
ments as they watch. Those comments appear over
the live video: action and reaction all on one screen.
On Sept. 2, photojournalist Patrick Witty streamed
images of inflatable boats coming ashore on Lesbos,
and as the exuberant Middle Easterners climbed out,
the comments began as gushes:
“God bless”
“Welcome”
“The kids are all okay? OMG.”
Then:
“The invasion of Europe.”
“All Arabs are maggots.”
“Stop the hate talk or I’ll report you.”
Before long the back and forth filled the screen,
blocking out the people climbing out of boats. The
same will likely happen in person where the migrants
44
finally end up—provided the E.U. decides where that
is. Right-wing parties that promote nativism and xe-
nophobia were already on the rise in France, Greece
and other E.U. nations well before the latest surge of
migrants. Sitting governments in Hungary, the Czech
Republic and, more quietly, many of the other 28 E.U.
members warn the new arrivals will compete with res-
idents for jobs, government benefits and, ultimately,
the identity of Europe. Most migrants are Muslim, so
the baggage includes security concerns as well.

“There is definitely a battle of values, with compas-
sion on one side and fear on the other,” says António
Guterres, the U.N. High Commissioner for Refugees.
But as the E.U. argues where to put the million-plus
expected by year’s end, he points out that the 1 million
Syrians in Lebanon account for a quarter of that tiny
country’s population. The more than 600,000 in Eu-
rope so far this year boost the continent’s population
by less than 1%. “It’s clear,” he tells TIME, “that Eu-
rope has to get its act together.”
How it happened
What do refugees look like? In Africa, they’re easy to
spot. Find a war, proceed to the nearest international
border, and they’re the people just beyond it, huddled
under the standard blue tarps issued by the United
Nations. Lacking the means to set off anywhere else,
they wait to return home. A map of refugee flows in
Africa looks like a chart of central Pacific currents—
whorls describing a huge circle.
In Europe, Syrians wade ashore in blue jeans. One’s
a pediatrician. Another made music videos. All count
as refugees, because they are fleeing war or persecu-
tion, the legal definition settled on in 1951 by most
of the world amid the postwar debris. The idea was
protection, and the good of it could be seen aboard a
Greek coast-guard vessel in the early hours of Sept. 7,
moments after 40 people were lifted from a rubber
boat. Mohamad Balhas, 26, was explaining first why
he had been arrested by the Syrian police who tor-
tured him in custody: “Because we don’t love that bas-
tard Bashar.” He was instantly hushed by a friend—
a reflexive reaction in a police state. Then a second

friend remembered where they were. “No, it’s okay,”
he said. “You can say it now.” The three looked at each
other for a long moment, then broke out laughing.
In relative terms, it can actually be good to be a
refugee. At least it’s better than being a “migrant,” a
legal status afforded no special protection under inter-
national law, and a label applied to some 240 million
people across the globe who have crossed borders,
often seeking work. They are Indians building soccer
30
25
20
15
10
5
0
1993 1995 1997 1999 2001
2003 2005 2007 2009 2011
2013 2014
Internally displaced person (IDP) Someone who, out of fear
for personal safety, left his or her home but not the country.
In 2014, an estimated 30,000 people became IDPs every day.
Syrian civil
war drives
worldwide

displacement
to record high
Afghans
return
home
Over the past quarter-century, the
number of displaced people has
reached a staggering high
The language we use to describe the millions of people
on the move reflects distinctions in their legal status
Global dislocationDefining differences
Migrant The umbrella term for people who have left their
country of origin. This includes everyone from international
students to workers entering countries illegally in search
of a better life.
Refugee Refugee status is granted to people who have fled
their home country because of war or because they have
suffered (or feared) persecution. Under international law,
refugees cannot be returned home against their will.
Asylum seeker Any person who is applying for protection
in another country. In Europe the country is obliged to
house, feed and protect asylum seekers while weighing the
application, which might take years to decide. If granted,
asylum assures the right to live, work and access health care in
the country. A denial may be appealed once; if denied again,
the person may be deported to his or her country of origin.
Stateless Someone who does not have a nationality

recognized by any country because of discrimination,
redrawing of borders or gaps in nationality laws. There
are about 10 million stateless people worldwide.
Rwandan
genocide
scatters
2.2 million
Internally displaced
Refugees
In millions
45
stadiums in Qatar, Eritreans cleaning restaurants in
Israel and Senegalese selling knockoff designer hand-
bags on the streets of Rome. They long entered Eu-
rope in a steady trickle, at least until the Arab Spring
changed things. The mass uprisings of 2011 toppled
governments, but when no new order took their place,
the combination of miserable populations and vanish-
ing border controls made Libya, for instance, a point
of embarkation so frenetic it called to mind Dunkirk.
“My plan was to be a learned man, to have a bet-
ter future,” says Adeyinka, a Nigerian who spent 19
hours bobbing in a boat with 100 other migrants be-
fore being rescued by Italian authorities. Adeyinka’s
brother was among the 3,000 migrants killed trying
to make the same crossing, a death toll that prompted
Europe to crack down on smugglers, and Syrians to

search for an alternate route.
They found it close at hand, in Turkey, where some
1.9 million Syrians had already taken refuge. The is-
lands of Greece lie as close as three miles (5 km) off
Turkey’s western shores, and Syrians began making
the crossing earlier this year, then moved north to-
ward the wealthier E.U. nations in the north central
Schengen zone where borders are open. They crossed
Macedonia and Serbia, then into Hungary, then into
Germany, where on Aug. 25, the Federal Office of Mi-
gration and Refugees posted a tweet heard round the
world: Syrians who could make it to Germany could
apply for asylum there. The news arrived just when
refugee life grew dramatically harder back in Turkey,
Lebanon and Jordan. Aid agencies abruptly cut assis-
tance in August, citing “donor fatigue,” leaving 4 mil-
lion Syrians to feed themselves on $14 a month. At the
same time, inside Syria, press gangs sharpened their
search for young men to serve in Assad’s army.
The result was a refugee flow that soon resembled a
map from World War II: wide arrows swooping from
the Middle East into the “soft underbelly” of Europe.
And once again, the objective was Berlin.
The search for home
Germany’s role in the crisis is a redemption story. It
is, after all, Europe’s dark 20th century history that
deepens the anguish in the images emerging from the
current migration—desperate civilians facing armed
guards across barbed wire, families being separated in
the scramble to board trains to a destination they do
not know. But this time the journey is one of hope. “I
know how the refugee feels,” says Hamidullah Arman,

an Afghan who received asylum in Berlin. “But Ger-
many is a lovely country. It’s doing a lot.”
One thing Germany is doing, however, is sorting
GERMANY
HUNGARYITALY
SWEDEN
GREECE
FRANCE
CROATIA
KEY TO CHART
256,890
207,370
75,255
101,795
6,295
69,320
43,540
22,605
71,740

38,785
29,210
119,820
71,445
17,505
Most European countries
saw far more applications
for asylum than they could
process from July 2014 to
July 2015:
The difference
here likely
reflects the size
of a country’s
backlog and the
time it takes to
process claims
A year of asylum
Most asylum
seekers in
Hungary
likely left
before their
cases were
decided

Sweden’s
acceptance
rate is
approximately
75%
Germany rejects
most applications
from Kosovo but
takes over 80% of
all Syrians, Iraqis
and Eritreans
The U.K. processed
its backlog of
claims faster than
its neighbors
G R A P H I C R E P O R T I N G
B Y N A I N A B A J E K A L A N D
TA R A J O H N ; S O U R C E S :
E U R O S TAT; T H E E U R O P E A N
C O M M I S S I O N ; U N H C R
Acceptances
Decisions
Applications

U.K.
31,695
14,410
38,250
525
35
184
250
3,340
9,200
8,980
46
refugees from mere migrants, a process that the U.N.’s
Guterres calls inherently unfair. The reality is that
refugees are now generated by more than just war.
“There are a number of megatrends overlapping each
other and affecting each other,” he says, naming cli-
mate change, water scarcity and overpopulation as
examples. “And the truth is, these factors are creat-
ing more and more situations where life is unsustain-
able for people in some communities, forcing them to
move. They are forced to flee, but they are not covered

by the legal status of the ’51 convention. There is a
protection gap.”
In human terms, that means perhaps half the peo-
ple climbing off trains in Leipzig will in a few weeks
be quietly placed on flights back to Tirana or Karachi,
their applications for asylum quickly closed. And even
those likeliest to be offered new lives in Europe face
excruciating delays. “There are people like me who
come here and are totally lost,” says Muhammad Haj
Ali, 26, a Syrian waiting since Nov. 2014 for asylum
approval in Germany. “After a while, you stop missing
anyone or anything. You’re breathing, the days con-
tinue, but that’s it. I don’t have hope anymore. The
truth is, when you have hope, you hurt.”
Yet people seem unable to help themselves. In a
worldwide poll, Gallup determined that 13% of Earth’s
residents would like to move to another country—
perhaps 700 million people. The No. 1 destination
would be the U.S. , which might swell by 150 million if
its borders came down.
Compare that with the number of additional
refugees—15,000 next year, to bring a sum total of
85,000 for 2016—the Obama Administration has
vowed to accept next year, and the limits of compas-
sion, coupled with wariness of Muslims, comes into
remorseless focus, even in an immigrant nation. “The
U.S. has been really bad,” says Yaghmaian, who him-
self emigrated from Iran, after years in Turkey, and
gathered a lesson in his travels. He remembers visiting
Istanbul apartments shared by 40 migrants, all wait-
ing to push westward. But that memory is balanced by
the knowledge that his own brother, who has a green
card for America, “the greatest country in the world,”

chooses to live in Iran, having left once already.
“Home is valuable,” Yaghmaian says. “Home is pre-
cious. The smell of home matters a lot.” Leaving it is
hard, even for those who know where their journey
will end. —With reporting by naina bajekal/
berlin, Simon ShuSter/leroS, ViVienne Walt/
47
The Ferry Dusika Hallenstadion,
an indoor arena in Vienna, is one
of many buildings being used as a
temporary shelter for migrants
© Time Inc., 2015. All rights reserved. No part of this material
may be duplicated or
redisseminated without permission.
6/10/2017 Migrant crisis: Migration to Europe explained in
seven charts - BBC News
http://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-34131911 1/18
ADVERTISEMENT
Europe migrant crisis

Migrant crisis: Migration to Europe explained in seven charts
4 March 2016 Europe
More than a million migrants and refugees crossed into Europe
in 2015, sparking a
crisis as countries struggled to cope with the influx, and
creating division in the EU
over how best to deal with resettling people.
The vast majority arrived by sea but some migrants have made
their way over land, principally
via Turkey and Albania.
Winter has not stemmed the flow of people - with 135,711
people reaching Europe by sea
since the start of 2016, according to the UNHCR.
1. Which countries are migrants from?
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The conflict in Syria continues to be by far the biggest driver of
migration. But the ongoing
violence in Afghanistan and Iraq, abuses in Eritrea, as well as
poverty in Kosovo, are also
leading people to look for new lives elsewhere.
2. Where are migrants going?
Although not all of those arriving in Europe choose to claim
asylum, many do. Germany
received the highest number of new asylum applications in
2015, with more than 476,000.
But far more people have arrived in the country - German
officials said more than a million
had been counted in Germany's "EASY" system for counting
and distributing people before
they make asylum claims.
Hungary moved into second place for asylum applications, as
more migrants made the
journey overland through Greece and the Western Balkans. It
had 177,130 applications by the
end of December.

3. How do migrants get to Europe?
The International Organization for Migration (IOM) estimates
that more than 1,011,700
migrants arrived by sea in 2015, and almost 34,900 by land.
This compares with 280,000 arrivals by land and sea for the
whole of 2014. The figures do not
include those who got in undetected.
The EU's external border force, Frontex, monitors the different
routes migrants use and
numbers arriving at Europe's borders and put the figure crossing
into Europe in 2015 at more
than 1,800,000.
Most of those heading for Greece take the relatively short
voyage from Turkey to the islands

of Kos, Chios, Lesvos and Samos - often in flimsy rubber
dinghies or small wooden boats.
4. How dangerous is the journey?
According to the IOM, more than 3,770 migrants were reported
to have died trying to cross
the Mediterranean in 2015.
Most died on the crossing from north Africa to Italy, and more
than 800 died in the Aegean
crossing from Turkey to Greece.
The summer months are usually when most fatalities occur as it
is the busiest time for
migrants attempting to reach Europe.
But in 2015, the deadliest month for migrants was April, which
saw a boat carrying about 800
people capsize in the sea off Libya. Overcrowding is thought to
have been one of the reasons
for the disaster.

5. Which European countries are most affected?
Although Germany has had the most asylum applications in
2015, Hungary had the highest in
proportion to its population, despite having closed its border
with Croatia in an attempt to stop
the flow in October. Nearly 1,800 refugees per 100,000 of
Hungary's local population claimed
asylum in 2015.
Sweden followed close behind with 1,667 per 100,000.
The figure for Germany was 587 and for the UK it was 60
applications for every 100,000
residents. The EU average was 260.
6. How has Europe responded?

Tensions in the EU have been rising because of the
disproportionate burden faced by some
countries, particularly the countries where the majority of
migrants have been arriving:
Greece, Italy and Hungary.
In September, EU ministers voted by a majority to relocate
160,000 refugees EU-wide, but
for now the plan will only apply to those who are in Italy and
Greece.
Another 54,000 were to be moved from Hungary, but the
Hungarian government rejected
this plan and will instead receive more migrants from Italy and
Greece as part of the
relocation scheme.
The UK has opted out of any plans for a quota system but,
according to Home Office figures,
1,000 Syrian refugees were resettled under the Vulnerable
Persons Relocation scheme in
2015. Prime Minister David Cameron has said the UK will
accept up to 20,000 refugees from
Syria over the next five years.
7. How many asylum claims are approved?

Although huge numbers have been applying for asylum, the
number of people being given
asylum is far lower.
In 2015, EU countries offered asylum to 292,540 refugees. In
the same year, more than a
million migrants applied for asylum - although applying for
asylum can be a lengthy procedure
so many of those given refugee status may have applied in
previous years.
A note on terminology: The BBC uses the term migrant to refer
to all people on the move
who have yet to complete the legal process of claiming asylum.
This group includes people
fleeing war-torn countries such as Syria, who are likely to be
granted refugee status, as well
as people who are seeking jobs and better lives, who
governments are likely to rule are
economic migrants.
Related Topics
Europe migrant crisis
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6/10/2017 What happens to African migrants once they land in
Italy during the summer? | The Independent
http://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/africa/what-happens-
to-african-migrants-once-they-land-in-italy-during-the-summer-
9681473.html 1/28
News › World › Africa
Memphis Barker | @memphisbarker | Friday 22 August 2014
23:00 BST | 1 comment
What happens to African migrants once they land in Italy
during the summer?
August in southern Italy is known darkly as 'boating season' -
the peak period for migrants arriving in Sicily at the

end of an often epic journey through Africa. Memphis Barker
follows their trail through southern Europe
Like Click to follow
The Independent Online
296
shares
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9681473.html 2/28
Migrants line up after disembarking from a navy ship in the
Sicilian harbour of Pozzallo Reuters
We look at them. They look at us. Nobody waves. On the deck o
f
the Tichy, a 150m cargo ship just pulling into port, stand dozens
of migrants. Some of them lean on the railings and peer over the
side. It is a hot July lunchtime in the Sicilian port of Trapani, a
nd

below, on the broiling tarmac, officials wait in uniforms of ever
y
colour of the administrative rainbow; nurses in maroon,
coastguards and doctors in white, police in navy, and civil
immigration services in grey. A policeman to my left whispers,
"these ones are from Africa, they're dark". The gangplank is
lowered and touches ground.
Tentatively, in groups of five, migrants edge their way down. T
he
moment they come ashore everything happens fast. One nurse
shakes the first man's wrist from his sleeve and attaches a
wristband. Another ties a surgical mask over his face. Next,
someone shines a torch into his eyes and ears, before waving th
e
man behind forward. So the process goes – through a human
chain of first-aid workers – until the Tichy has cleared all of its
184 passengers and can return to whatever business it had befor
e

9681473.html 3/28
it ran into a boat of Senegalese young men adrift in the middle o
f
the Mediterranean.
Nobody is hurt, it seems, or at least they show no more obvious
signs of trauma than torn, dirty clothes and tired expressions.
The cost of a 'voyage of hope' can be far higher. Eight other shi
ps
had already landed in Sicily this weekend, bringing with them a
total of 5,000 migrants, and yet another barrage of headlines in
the Italian press about an "invasion". At least 30 passengers did
not live to see land. The mayor of another port town, Pozzallo,
was expected to take care of the bodies but said he had nowhere
to store them: all the refrigerators in the morgue were full.
Tales like these still shock Italians, but they no longer surprise.
The drowning of 360 voyagers, mainly Eritrean, in October led t
o

the creation of a naval rescue system, Mare Nostrum, that has
escorted around 100,000 sea-borne migrants into Italy so far in
2014 – many more than reached the country last year, and the
highest level on record. Summer is somewhat darkly known as
'boating season'. In July, television cameras showed the bodies
of
40 Africans being winched out of a ship, limp, after the human
smugglers in charge of their transit had shot some of them, and
forced others to stay below decks, inhaling the fumes of a lethal
gas leak.
The Tichy's passengers – sat on rows of plastic chairs laid out
under an awning –
do not talk much. Volunteers pass out boxes of
new trainers. A few hands go up and people start to call out foot
-
sizes, in French or English, "Forty-two", "Quarante-six", "Sir!".
Also given out is lunch in brown paper bags: biscuits, an apple,
orange juice and water. Babacar, speaking in French, says he's
here to study the language and get work. They left from Tripoli
in

Libya and have been at sea for four days.
Up until 2011, when Silvio Berlusconi was Prime Minister,
migrant-loaded ships leaving from Libya were, wherever
possible, turned back. The government of Matteo Renzi has
raised a more humanitarian flag. In Trapani, police and
immigration services wait behind a barrier. First everyone gets
a
moment to rest, and their health check. "The most pressing
concern," says the town's chief of police, "is to care for human
lives."
What comes next, however, is the problem convulsing Italy, a
country already in the grip of a grinding economic slowdown.
9681473.html 4/28
African migrants are inspected by Italian officials as they leave
the ship Tichy in

the port of Trapani (Memphis Barker)
The mayor of Trapani strides down to the pier to give a press
conference. Four new reception centres have been opened, on
top of the current 28, to host some of the Tichy's passengers. He
hopes that, to ease the burden on his town, 300 from earlier
boats will shortly be taken by bus up to Venice. (Several hotels,
a
few gyms and an old person's home have all already been set
aside for migrants.) "Please," he asks the journalists, "can you
make a note that it is not my administration placing immigrants
in churches. We have nothing to do with that."
Then he leaves, and several hours later, the last of the buses
carrying passengers from the Tichy departs the harbour. One is
called 'Siberian Autoservices', and has not removed its white
tissue seat covers.
9681473.html 5/28
Where the men from the Tichy end up – and the ship contained
only males – depends on the progress of their interview with
immigration. Life can go one of two ways.
Anybody over the age of 18, without a work-permit, family

connection, or history of political persecution, is dubbed an
'irregular migrant'. They face being held in a detention centre
until an expulsion order comes through. If Babacar told the sam
e
story to the interviewer that he related to me, seemingly so full
of
relief, that would likely be his fate.
The other path is asylum. 'Refugee' status is granted only to tho
se
men and women who can prove they risked persecution or death
in the home they left behind. Tasteless though it is, if you put
together a leader-
board of civilian suffering around Africa and the
Middle East, Senegal would not rank too highly. Most of those
who emigrate do so because the economy offers few
opportunities to young people; in Senegalese pop songs the
migrant is celebrated as a modern hero, a risk-
taker in search of a
better life. Border agents will deal with more harrowing cases.
War and bloodshed have chased 2.8 million Syrians out of their

homes; it is a similar story in Afghanistan, Iraq, the Central
African Republic and Libya. Men who do not join the exodus
from Eritrea face unlimited military service.
If immigration officials believe that your asylum claim is genui
ne,
you will be placed in a SPRAR (Protection System for Asylum
Seekers and Refugees), or if there's no space, a more spartan
CARA (Accommodation Centre for Asylum Seekers), where you
can stay until your case goes before the Commission. There, a
panel will decide on whether or not to usher you into Italian life
.
Legal aid is offered by some NGOs to help you prepare.
'I won't read it for you," says Angela Lupo, a legal consultant fo
r
the Italian Council for Refugees (CIR), as she sits with a cigaret
te
in hand and her legs crossed on a low, cushioned bench. We are
in the corridor on the way up to her office. Shareef, a skinny
Egyptian boy, has tumbled in to see her. In his hand is a piece o
f
paper that apparently contains the date of his asylum

Commission hearing, but he is struggling to decipher it.
9681473.html 6/28
Migrants are pictured on an Italian navy ship after being
rescued in open
international waters in the Mediterranean Sea between the
Italian and the Libyan
coasts (Reuters)
Lupo, a petite figure in a smart, fleur-de-
lis patterned skirt, looks
the other way. "You read it." Shareef haltingly spells out a date.
"There," says Lupo, "you have 10 days to go." The Egyptian
mutters a thank you, in Italian, and hunches away to use the
photocopier.
"He says he's a minor," Lupo tells me in a conspiratorial tone.
The Commission often takes it on trust, she adds, so there's a fai
r

chance his request will be successful. Where Lupo works, in
Catania, Sicily's second city, they don't use pulse tests – a
procedure which gives an accurate indication of age. A deported
Egyptian she knew returned to Italy months later and pitched
himself to the authorities as under-18. He was allowed to stay.
Lupo's caseload has mushroomed recently. In the whole of 2013
she dealt with 429 asylum-
seekers; explaining their rights, going
through paperwork even, in preparation for the Commission
hearing, acting out role-plays. So far this year the total already
stands close to 400. In her office, she scrolls in mock horror
down a spreadsheet that names every one. The system has never
been under such strain, and every once in a while Lupo pulls up
mid-sentence, to pinch her forehead. "I'm getting a headache."
With refugee status so much more appealing than prison, or life
in the shadows, fraud infiltrates the asylum system with all the
corrosiveness of sea-
water. Given that an economic migrant may
be just as needy and hungry as the political refugee they imitate
,

the subject isn't one that aid organisations like to mention.
9681473.html 7/28
Yet in 2013, 30 per cent of asylum requests were rejected, and
Lupo, whose job it is to make sure the system serves the right
people, wearily reels off the preferred fictions by nation.
"Nigerians will say they are a Christian who wants to marry a
Muslim, or they're homosexual, or they're fleeing police
brutality." The day before we met she was brought in to explain
to
a group of Gambians what an asylum request entailed. They said
they were here for work. When she explained they would not get
permission, they asked her to invent a story for them. She know
s
lawyers who would, for a fee.
Other groups enter Italy with an intricate knowledge of what
awaits, in particular, says Lupo, the Syrians. Though a number
of
ships with Syrians on board have landed in Catania this year, no
t
even a handful have made their presence known to the
authorities. In theory, EU law requires asylum-seekers to seek
asylum in whichever country they first land. But the Italian
asylum system is slow, overcrowded and hobbled by a diet of

country-wide fiscal austerity. Drawn by the smoother, more
generous process in countries like Germany and Sweden, the
Syrians – wealthier and better educated than most refugees –
look to remain undetected and move north. The New York Time
s
reported earlier this year that, when asked to give a fingerprint
on the docks, Syrians clenched their fists. No ID, no trace of
their presence. Many officials simply look the other way and let
them pass through, up to Milan and beyond, says Lupo. "I knew
a
Syrian boy last year, about 22," she says, "he made me so mad.
He
said he would rather die in the sea than live in Italy."
Back in the corridor, refugees – or would-be refugees –
pass, and
Lupo puts each at ease with a quip. She has done the job for mo
re
than a decade and would not swap it. Time has weathered some
initial naïvety, however. "When you start," she says, "you have
this vision of anti-
racism, of the poor foreigner, always desperate.
With the years passing you realise that, as everyone is equal,
there are also those among the foreigners who behave badly. An
d
so you are more objective, you become more objective."
The CARA Mineo – an hour's drive from Catania – is one of
Italy's largest asylum-
seeker reception centres. Official capacity is
set at 2,000, but behind its fence double that number currently
inhabit its blocks of apartments. Protests have spilled out. Stone
s
were thrown over the fence at police cars in October, others
crowded out and blocked the state road into Catania.

9681473.html 8/28
By law, asylum-seekers can be held for 35 days in a CARA. In
reality, the average stay is closer to a year. For Pizzarotti, the
company that owns the CARA Mineo, this isn't the worst of
news. The Italian state pays the organisation €34.60 per day, per
immigrant in rent – close to €50 million annually. "It is a big
business," sighs Lupo.
Men and women who live in any Italian CARA are permitted to
leave during the day, but, if they applied for asylum only after
trying to avoid the law, they are obliged to stay at night. With t
he
majority in the Mineo falling into this category, and the centre
itself so far out of Catania, few venture into town.
But on the main drag, the Corso Sicilia, which is bookended by
a
Roman ruin at one end and a decrepit bus station at the other, I
meet Adama Kuyateh. The 17-year-old is hurrying back to the
more central CARA for minors, a bright blue cap on his head an
d

9681473.html 9/28
a large canvas tucked under his arm. He arrived three months ag
o
by boat. A friend died on the same crossing. He has been on the
move, he says, for more time than he can remember. "I went
from Gambia to Senegal, Senegal to Mali, Mali to Burkina Faso,
Burkina Faso to Niger, Niger to Libya. Libya was the worst. Th
e
worst I have ever seen in my life."
An estimated half a million migrants are waiting on the coasts o
f
Libya for a boat into Europe. The country has, meanwhile,
collapsed into violence, the rule of law close to evaporated.
Kuyateh was held in prison. He doesn't want to talk about it. A
report compiled by Human Rights Watch documented
widespread abuse.
Being rescued at sea was a blessing. "Everyone attended us

professionally and was so kind," says Kuyatah. He has establish
ed
a lattice-
work of friendships at CARA, and is trying to get hold of
papers that would allow him to stay, and work, in the country. I
n
the meantime he can paint – the centre having lent him some of
the necessary materials. He shows me a snapshot on his phone o
f
one poster which outlines a black hand, reaching plaintively out
of the sea.
It is only when Kuyateh leaves the CARA that difficulties arise.
"The only problem here is racism," he says, > then turns to me.
"I
am a Gambian. If you come to Gambia, and I say to you, hey yo
u
there, you white, fuck you! You will feel embarrassed." Friends
have got into fights with locals. A car pulled up while they were
watching the World Cup in a bar; someone pulled down the
window and told them to go home. A chase ensued.

9681473.html 10/28
Migrants wait aboard a navy ship before disembarking in a
Sicilian harbour
(Reuters)
To the outside observer, Italy has appeared to slide into the
backwaters of European intolerance over the past two decades. I
n
the 1980s, left-wing governments worried more about protecting
incomers from discrimination than keeping them out. As the
numbers grew, however, and disorder came to city-
centres, some
of the Italian simpatia curdled into hatred. In its most public
spheres, football and politics, Italy seems unable to clamp down
on the kind of bigotry last seen (openly) in Britain in the 1970s.
Throughout his nine-year, on-and-off premiership, Berlusconi
displayed a cheerful backwardness –
which peaked, perhaps, with

a 2008 witticism about the "suntan" of Barack Obama. Less
9681473.html 11/28
cheerful is the Northern League, Italy's far-right, anti-
immigrant
party. When, in 2013, Cécile Kyenge was appointed the first
black minister in the country, the League's MEP jibed: "She
would make a good cleaner, not a minister". The party has soug
ht
to capitalise on anger at apparently uncontrollable immigration.
A few months ago, a Pew survey suggested that 80 per cent of
Italians want fewer immigrants in the country; nevertheless, in
May's EU election, the League's leaders corralled just 6 per cent
of the vote. "There is racism, but not all of Italy is racist," was t
he
diplomatic view of Father Mussie Zerai, a monk of Eritrean
descent whose work for migrants has seen him elevated to
saviour-like status in his home country.
Two weeks before I visited Catania, the local wing of Forza
Nuova, a 'militant' far-right group, held a demonstration in the
city. It was publicised on their website with a picture of a
bloodied pick-axe, dropped on an Italian flag, next to the slogan
'Immigration kills. Go home Cécile Kyenge'. Videos show the
white-uniformed group, in a crowd of around 100, marching
under banners that carry slogans such as 'For Italy, blood and

culture', and suggest, in their bold black-and-red design, that
someone has spent a little too much time admiring Nazi regalia.
"Laws here mean that you can't talk about immigration unless it'
s
in a veiled manner," says Guiseppe Bonnano Conti, the leader o
f
Catania's Forza Nuova, as we walk down the Corso Sicilia. He's
referring to the Mancino Law, which forbids Nazi-fascist hate-
speech. For the most part, Conti – a grey-haired, goateed 50-
year-old, whose blue Kappa polo shirt strains over a paunch –
bats away suggestions that skin colour lies at the core of his
organisation. "We don't hate the blacks any more than the
yellows," he says. "We just want everyone to be OK in their ow
n
country."
Conti, who is a precious-
metals dealer, speaks more freely about
economic matters. He disputes the idea that anything more than
a sliver of the newcomers are refugees; the overwhelming
majority, he says, are drawn by the mirage of employment. Mar
e
Nostrum, which costs around €9m a month to run, is simply a
criminal endeavour, he says: "They spend already €100 million,
€150m, when Italian people are killing themselves because of
economic problems... these criminals take our money through
taxes and they use it to help immigrants. They're destroying our
country."

9681473.html 12/28
Nationalists like Conti may exaggerate, but the financial burden
is no myth. Some economists believe that Italy needs more
migrant labour than it currently uses, to support an ageing
population. But the rescue and reception of hundreds of
thousands of foreigners is, before any work can possibly be don
e,
expensive – roughly €200m a year. And whether war or wealth
pushes people to step into a rickety smuggler's boat, those force
s
are not likely to diminish anytime in the near future.
Prime Minister Matteo Renzi had hoped that Italy's time as head
of the EU, which started in July, would bring more funds from
Europe's coffers for Mare Nostrum, at least. So far none has
arrived. With the likes of Nigel Farage and Marine Le Pen in
their wing mirrors, European leaders are unwilling to do
anything that could be painted as laying out the red carpet for
immigrants. So Italy – the frontline of Europe – is compelled by
basic humanity, as well as EU law, to host what the Economist
called the "flotsam of a wrecked world" – and left to pick up the
tab, too.
On a Friday evening in the church of Santa Chiara, not far from
Catania's lava-stone cathedral, two young men stand behind
pulpits set at either side of the altar. The church is small and
ornate. Brought by bus from the CARA Mineo, some 200
hundred young men and women fill the pews. Kuyateh is among
them, sitting near the back.
First the Italian boy on the left starts to read, then the Gambian
on the right.

"Armia Walid Wadie Abdelsayed."
"Moharam Walid."
They are intoning the names of those who died at sea.
"Gaballa Mohamed Hamam Abdelgawady."
"Bahaleldin Golai Ghat Rashuan."
The reading lasts for 10 minutes. Behind the two boys, leaning
against the altar, is a cross covered in fishing net. Heads are
bowed and someone sobs. Emiliano Abramo, the leader of this
cross-community youth group, plays a recording of the Pope at
Lampedusa: "In this world of globalisation we have fallen into a
globalisation of indifference," booms out the voice of Francis.
9681473.html 13/28
Reuse content
"Forgive us our indifference towards so many brothers and
sisters."
When the service is finished, 20 or so young men from the

CARA stand up and start to sing. The rhythm is an African one,
the words roll and roll, the sound lifting towards the ceiling,
filling the air. The singers' faces turn upwards and nobody seem
s
to mind the white people filming on camera-phones. One voice
breaks out of the chorus to lead and flit around the edges. It is
one of the most beautiful sounds that I have ever heard.
"First I wasn't happy," says Philip, the drummer, later that
evening. "I had nobody. Now I have a family, this family took u
s
in."
Over the next fortnight, several more ships made landfall in Ital
y,
thousands more migrants took their first steps in Europe, and, in
CARAS, SPRARs and expulsion centres around Sicily, hundreds
of new arrivals were shown to somewhere they could sleep.
Some names have been changed
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55 days ago
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PG
None of these people are genuine migrants , the proof , they
are almost all male . They have no change of getting asylum or
refugee status , and will have to be deported .
Government officials across the EU will end up in a court of
law for not respecting the rule of law and will have to be
punished severely .
Questions will be asked of governments , the press , and NGOs
as to why there was no effort to track down and arrest the
traffickers , and most importantly , WHY . This will probably
be the next major scandal to break from a whistleblower ,
which will put the nail in the coffin of current political parties
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