2. 1. Food allergy :-
• Food allergy is an abnormal response to a food triggered by your body's
immune system.
• In adults, the foods that most often trigger allergic reactions include
fish, shellfish, peanuts, and tree nuts, such as walnuts.
• Problem foods for children can include eggs, milk, peanuts, tree nuts, soy,
and wheat.
• Food allergy symptoms are most common in babies and children, but they can
appear at any age.
CAUSES:-
• 8 types of food account for about 90 percent of all reactions:
o Eggs, Milk
o Peanuts, Tree nuts
o Fish, Shellfish
o Wheat, Soy
3. SYMPTOMS:-
- Symptoms of an allergic reaction may involve the skin, the gastrointestinal tract,
the cardiovascular system and the respiratory tract.
They can surface in one or more of the following ways:-
Vomiting and/or stomach cramps
Hives
Shortness of breath, Wheezing
Repetitive cough, Shock or circulatory collapse
Tight, hoarse throat; trouble swallowing
Swelling of the tongue, affecting the ability to talk or breathe
Weak pulse
Pale or blue coloring of skin
Dizziness or feeling faint
Anaphylaxis, a potentially life-threatening reaction that can impair breathing and send the body into shock; reactions may
simultaneously affect different parts of the body (for example, a stomachache accompanied by a rash)
4. DIAGNOSIS:-
1. Skin prick tests:-
2. The blood tests:-
Alternative tests
• There are several shop-bought tests available that claim to detect allergies, but should be
avoided.
• They include:
I. vega testing – claims to detect allergies by measuring changes in your electromagnetic field
II. kinesiology testing – claims to detect food allergies by studying your muscle responses
III. hair analysis – claims to detect food allergies by taking a sample of your hair and running a
series of tests on it
IV. alternative blood tests (leukocytotoxic tests) – claim to detect food allergies by checking for
the "swelling of white blood cells"
5. Treatment:-
• There are two main types of medication that can
be used to relieve the symptoms of an allergic
reaction to foods :-
1. antihistamines – used to treat mild to moderate
allergic reaction
2. adrenaline – used to treat severe allergic
reactions (anaphylaxis)
6. 2. Insect Sting Allergy:-
• Stings from five insects –
i. honeybees,
ii. hornets,
iii. wasps,
iv. yellow jackets,
v. fire ants
• Thease are known to cause allergic reactions to the
venom injected into the skin. While most people are
not allergic to insect venom, the pain from a sting may
cause them to mistake a normal reaction for an allergic
one.
7. Insect Sting Allergy Symptoms:-
• Pain
• Redness
• Swelling (in area of sting and sometimes beyond)
• Flushing
• Hives
• Itching
• Anaphylaxis
Diagnosis:-
• skin-prick test,
• an intradermal skin test,
• a blood test.
8. Management:-
- Insect sting allergy is treated in a two-step approach:
i. The first step is the emergency treatment of the symptoms
of a serious reaction when they occur.
ii. The second step is preventive treatment of the underlying
allergy with venom immunotherapy.
Treatment:-
Avoid insects.
Immediately inject epinephrine (adrenaline) if symptoms of
anaphylaxis develop.
Consider allergy shots (immunotherapy).
9. 3. POLLINOSIS:-
• pollinosis (uncountable) An allergy to grass and other pollen which causes cold
symptoms in sufferers; hay fever.
• HAY FEVER:- Technical names allergic rhinitis/ pollinosis.
• an allergic reaction to pollen, dust, etc,characterized by sneezing, runny nose, a
ndwatery eyes due to inflammation of the mucousmembranes of the eyes and n
ose.
Allergic rhinitis:-
• An allergen is an otherwise harmless substance that causes an allergic reaction.
• Allergic rhinitis, or hay fever, is an allergic response to specific allergens.
• Pollen is the most common allergen in seasonal allergic rhinitis.
• These are allergy symptoms that occur with the change of season
Types:-
• The two types of allergic rhinitis are seasonal and perennial
10. symptoms of allergic rhinitis:-
sneezing, coughing
a runny nose, a stuffy nose, an itchy nose
a sore or scratchy throat
itchy eyes, watery eyes, dark circles under the eyes
frequent headaches
eczema
hives
excessive fatigue
Cause:-
• In addition to tree pollen, other common allergens include:
• grass pollen
• dust mites
• animal dander, which is old skin
• cat saliva
• mold
11. Risk factor:-
• Having asthma or atopic eczema can also increase your risk of allergic rhinitis.
Others-
• cigarette smoke
• chemicals
• cold temperatures
• humidity
• wind
• air pollution
• hairspray
• perfumes
• colognes
• wood smoke
• fumes
12. Diagnosis:-
• A skin prick test is one of the most common.
• A blood test, or radioallergosorbent test (RAST)- amout of Ig-E.
Treatments:-
1.Antihistamines-
o levocetirizine (Xyzal)
o cetirizine (Zyrtec)
o desloratadine (Clarinex)
o loratadine (Claritin)
2.Decongestants:-
o oxymetazoline (Afrin nasal spray)
o pseudoephedrine (Sudafed)
o phenylephrine (Sudafed PE)
o cetirizine with pseudoephedrine (Zyrtec-D)
13. 3. Eye drops and nasal sprays
4. Immunotherapy
5. Sublingual immunotherapy (SLIT)
Complications of allergic rhinitis:-
• inability to sleep
• development or worsening of asthma symptoms
• frequent ear infections
• sinusitis or frequent sinus infections
• frequent headaches
