Basics of CT

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Mohamed Shaaban

Basics of CT

Health & Medicine

•Principle of Raw Data.
•Terms used in CT.
•Image processing.

The X-Ray Concept
• Electrons Gush.
• Object.
• Film/Screen.

CT
• Stronger X-Ray.
• Rotating Tube.
• A Row of Detectors.

10 volt.75 HU
A6 + B6 + C6 + D6 + E6 + F6 + G6 = 75 HU
12 volt.90 HU
A7 + B7 + C7 + D7 + E7 + F7 + G7 = 90 HU
20 volt.102 HU
A8 + B8 + C8 + D8 + E8 + F8 + G8 = 102 HU
30volt.
307 HU
D1 + D2 + D3 + D4 + D5 + D6 + D7 = 307 HU
43 volt.
360 HU
E1 + E2 + E3 + E4 + E5 + E6 + E7 = 360 HU

X + Y = 8
X + Z = 10
Y + Z = 12
X = 3
Y = 5
Z = 7

A6 + B6 + C6 + D6 + E6 + F6 + G6 + ……...………………..…… = 75 HU
A7 + B7 + C7 + D7 + E7 + F7 + G7 + ………………………..……= 90 HU
A8 + B8 + C8 + D8 + E8 + F8 + G8 + ……………………………= 102 HU
D1 + D2 + D3 + D4 + D5 + D6 + D7 + ………………..............…= 307 HU
E1 + E2 + E3 + E4 + E5 + E6 + E7 + ………….…………………= 360 HU
A4 + B5 + F77 + H678 + K706 + F6 + G6 + ……….………….…= 555 HU
S7 + R4557 + F47 + D7 + H57 + F57 + X475 + …..……………= -586 HU
A83 + E58 + V667 + D6778 + M788 + G98 + R9008 + ………= -8898 HU
D455 + F562 + H773 + Q54 + J75 + Y666 + K77 + …….…..…= 9002 HU
W31 + C42 + Y53 + J674 + M665 + T66 + R557 + …………..…= 596 HU
A1 = 400 HU
A2 = 599 HU
A3 = 556 HU
.
.
.

1. Attenuation Value
(HU): White/Grey/Black.
2. Place: X-Y-Z.

- 3000 30000
Center
20 HU
500 500Width
- 480 HU 520 HU

- 3000 3000
Center
20 HU
Width
- 480 HU 520 HU

- 3000
3000
Center
70 HU
Width
- 10 HU 150 HU
80

- 3000
3000
Center
-1000 HU
Width
- 1900 HU -100 HU
900

19 10 20 -99 -19 -20 -88 -56 75 22 77 265 154 332143 31
5 mm
Volume Average Artifact

Collimation
• 1 mm.→ 10 – 5 – 2 – 1 – 0.75 mm.
• 2 mm.→ 10 – 5 – 2 – 1 mm.
• 3 mm. → 10 – 5 – 2 mm.

Collimation
▲Collimation ( Beam Width)→
▲ scan time
▲ exposure
▲ motion artifact
▲ thinnest possible slice thickness

Pitch
• T = table increment.
• W = beam width (collimation).
Pitch = T/W

Pitch
• Table increment = 10 mm.
• Width = 10 mm.
Pitch = 1
Pitch = T/W

Pitch = 1
• NO GAP
• NO OVERLAP
10 mm.
10 mm.

Pitch
• Table increment = 5 mm.
• Width = 10 mm.
Pitch = 0.5
Pitch = T/W

Pitch = 0.5
• NO GAP
• OVERLAP
5 mm.
10 mm.

Pitch
• Table increment = 10 mm.
• Width = 5 mm.
Pitch = 2
Pitch = T/W

Pitch = 2
• GAP
• NO OVERLAP
10 mm.
5 mm.

Pitch
▼ Pitch →
Overlap.
▲ scan time → motion artifact.
▲ exposure.

• Reconstruction =
Raw Data Axial / Coronal / Sagittal images.→
• Reformatting =
(Axial) Images Coronal / Sagittal Images.→

MIP
23 -10 38 103 232 -100 10 1 12 4 232

23 -10 38 103 232 -100 10 1 12 4 -100
MinIP

VIRTUAL ENDOSCOPY
The voxels located on the edge of a
structure are identified, usually by intensity
thresholding, and these voxels are
displayed. The remaining voxels in the
image are usually invisible.

Image Display
• MPR / Curved MPR.
• MIP / Min IP.
• SSD.
• VRT.
• Virtual Endoscopy.

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Basics of CT

2. •Principle of Raw Data. •Terms used in CT. •Image processing.

3. The X-Ray Concept • Electrons Gush. • Object. • Film/Screen.

4. The X-Ray Concept 2D Image

5. CT • Stronger X-Ray. • Rotating Tube. • A Row of Detectors.

6. Tube Object Detectors COMPUTERFilm

7. Raw Data

9. Field of View (FOV)

10.

11.

12. 10 volt.75 HU A6 + B6 + C6 + D6 + E6 + F6 + G6 = 75 HU 12 volt.90 HU A7 + B7 + C7 + D7 + E7 + F7 + G7 = 90 HU 20 volt.102 HU A8 + B8 + C8 + D8 + E8 + F8 + G8 = 102 HU 30volt. 307 HU D1 + D2 + D3 + D4 + D5 + D6 + D7 = 307 HU 43 volt. 360 HU E1 + E2 + E3 + E4 + E5 + E6 + E7 = 360 HU

13. X + Y = 8 X + Z = 10 Y + Z = 12 X = 3 Y = 5 Z = 7

14. A6 + B6 + C6 + D6 + E6 + F6 + G6 + ……...………………..…… = 75 HU A7 + B7 + C7 + D7 + E7 + F7 + G7 + ………………………..……= 90 HU A8 + B8 + C8 + D8 + E8 + F8 + G8 + ……………………………= 102 HU D1 + D2 + D3 + D4 + D5 + D6 + D7 + ………………..............…= 307 HU E1 + E2 + E3 + E4 + E5 + E6 + E7 + ………….…………………= 360 HU A4 + B5 + F77 + H678 + K706 + F6 + G6 + ……….………….…= 555 HU S7 + R4557 + F47 + D7 + H57 + F57 + X475 + …..……………= -586 HU A83 + E58 + V667 + D6778 + M788 + G98 + R9008 + ………= -8898 HU D455 + F562 + H773 + Q54 + J75 + Y666 + K77 + …….…..…= 9002 HU W31 + C42 + Y53 + J674 + M665 + T66 + R557 + …………..…= 596 HU A1 = 400 HU A2 = 599 HU A3 = 556 HU . . .

15. 1. Attenuation Value (HU): White/Grey/Black. 2. Place: X-Y-Z.

16. X Y Z

17. A-s-3 -2037 HU C-v- 26 1033 HU

18.

19.

20.

21. Raw Data Image

22. Raw Data

23. Image Image

24.

25. - 3000 30000

26. - 3000 30000 Center 20 HU 500 500Width - 480 HU 520 HU

27. - 3000 3000 Center 20 HU Width - 480 HU 520 HU

28. - 3000 3000 Center 70 HU Width - 10 HU 150 HU 80

29. - 3000 3000 Center -1000 HU Width - 1900 HU -100 HU 900

30. Field of View (FOV)

31.

32. 0.5 mm

33.

34. 19 10 20 -99 -19 -20 -88 -56 75 22 77 265 154 332143 31 5 mm Volume Average Artifact

35. Voxel Pixel

36.

37. Pixel

38.

39. Collimation

40. Collimation • 1 mm.→ 10 – 5 – 2 – 1 – 0.75 mm. • 2 mm.→ 10 – 5 – 2 – 1 mm. • 3 mm. → 10 – 5 – 2 mm.

41. Collimation 1 mm. 2 mm. 3 mm.

42. Collimation ▲Collimation ( Beam Width)→ ▲ scan time ▲ exposure ▲ motion artifact ▲ thinnest possible slice thickness

43. Table Increment

44.

45. Pitch • T = table increment. • W = beam width (collimation). Pitch = T/W

46. Pitch • Table increment = 10 mm. • Width = 10 mm. Pitch = 1 Pitch = T/W

47. Pitch = 1 • NO GAP • NO OVERLAP 10 mm. 10 mm.

48. Pitch • Table increment = 5 mm. • Width = 10 mm. Pitch = 0.5 Pitch = T/W

49. Pitch = 0.5 • NO GAP • OVERLAP 5 mm. 10 mm.

50. Pitch • Table increment = 10 mm. • Width = 5 mm. Pitch = 2 Pitch = T/W

51. Pitch = 2 • GAP • NO OVERLAP 10 mm. 5 mm.

52. Pitch ▼ Pitch → Overlap. ▲ scan time → motion artifact. ▲ exposure.

53.

54.

55. Break

56.

57. • Reconstruction = Raw Data Axial / Coronal / Sagittal images.→ • Reformatting = (Axial) Images Coronal / Sagittal Images.→

58. Multi-Planar Reformatting MPR

59. Multi-Planar Reformatting MPR

60. MPR

61. MPR

62. Curved Planar Reformatting

63. Curved Planar Reformatting

64. Curved Planar Reformatting

65. Curved Planar Reformatting

66. Curved Planar Reformatting

67. Curved Planar Reformatting

68. Maximum Intensity Projection MIP

69. MIP

70. MIP 23 -10 38 103 232 -100 10 1 12 4 232

71. MIP

72. MIP

73. MIP

74. MIP

75. 23 -10 38 103 232 -100 10 1 12 4 -100 MinIP

76. MinIP MIP Min IP

77. Surface Shaded Display SSD

78. Surface Shaded Display SSD

79. Surface Shaded Display SSD

80. Surface Shaded Display SSD 280 276 170

81. Surface Shaded Display SSD

82. Surface Shaded Display SSD

83. Volume Rendering Technique VRT

84. Volume Rendering Technique VRT

85. Volume Rendering Technique VRT

86.

87.

88.

89.

90.

91. Volume Rendering Technique VRT

92. Volume Rendering Technique VRT

93. Volume Rendering Technique VRT

94. VIRTUAL ENDOSCOPY

95. VIRTUAL ENDOSCOPY The voxels located on the edge of a structure are identified, usually by intensity thresholding, and these voxels are displayed. The remaining voxels in the image are usually invisible.

96. VIRTUAL ENDOSCOPY

97. VIRTUAL ENDOSCOPY

98. VIRTUAL ANGIOSCOPY

99. VIRTUAL NEPHROSCOPY

100. Image Display • MPR / Curved MPR. • MIP / Min IP. • SSD. • VRT. • Virtual Endoscopy.

101. THANK YOU