Mohamed Labib Salem, PhD Prof. of Immunology Faculty of Science Tanta University, Egypt March 2011

1. Types of Doctorate
Degrees
Mohamed Labib Salem, PhD
Prof. of Immunology
Faculty of Science
Tanta University, Egypt
March 2011

3. Academic Degrees
• An academic degree is only a step on the way
to becoming a fully qualified master – hence
the English word "graduate“.
• Graduate is based on the Latin gradus
("step").

4. Qualification for teaching Degrees
• The Bachelor (Baccalaureus ; License)
– Undergraduate
• Magister (Master)
• Medical Doctor (MD)
– Graduate
• Doctorate (Latin: doceo, I teach) PhD;
Doctorate of Philosophy)
– Postgraduate

5. Academic Degrees
• The naming of degrees eventually became
linked with the subjects read.
• Scholars in the faculties of arts or grammar
became known as "master", but those in
theology, medicine, and law were known as
"doctor".

6. Academic Degrees
• The Bachelor's degree (Baccalaureus)
• Diploma
• Magister
• Doctorate

7. Academic Degrees:
Bachelor or baccalaureus
• The degree of bachelor of arts is from the Latin
baccalaureus, a term previously usually used of a
squire to a knight.
• Bachelor of Arts (B.A. or A.B.) is a bachelor's degree
awarded for an undergraduate course or program in
either the liberal arts (literature, languages, philosophy,
history, mathematics, and science), the sciences, or
both.
• Bachelor of Arts degree programs generally last three
to four years depending upon the country, academic
institution, and specific majors or minors.

8. Academic Degrees:
Diploma
• A diploma: from Greek δίπλωµα. díplōma,
meaning "folded paper")
• It is a certificate or deed issued by an educational
institution to testify that the recipient has
successfully completed a particular course of
study, or confers an academic degree.
• The words diplomat and diplomacy have the
same origin, from the official "folded papers" of
accreditation delivered by ambassadors or
delegates.

9. Academic Degrees:
Diploma
• In some countries, such as the UK and
Australia, such a document can be called a
testimonium or testamur, Latin for "we
testify" or "certify" (testari), and so called
from the word with which the certificate
begins.
• In some countries, such as Australia, Pakistan
and India a diploma is a specific academic
award of lower rank than a bachelor degree

10. Academic Degrees:
Master or Arts or Magister
• The Master of Arts degree, from the Latin
magister, teacher, entitling one to teach these
subjects.
• Magister (also magistar, female form: Magistra
from lat.: magister “Teacher”) is an academic
degree used in various systems of higher
education.
• It requires completion of Bachelor of Arts and
further study, particular successful participation,
and moderating of disputations.

11. Academic Degrees:
Master or Arts or Magister
• Master of Arts are eligible to enter study
under the "higher faculties" of Law, Medicine
or Theology, and earn first a bachelor's and
then master or doctor's degrees in these
subjects.

12. DOCTORATE
DEGREE

13. DOCTORATE: History
• Originally the terms "master" and "doctor"
were synonymous, but over time the
doctorate came to be regarded as a higher
qualification than the master's degree.

14. DOCTORATE: History
• Its roots can be traced to the early church
when the term "doctor" referred to the
Apostles, church fathers and other Christian
authorities who taught and interpreted the
Bible.

15. DOCTORATE DEGREE
A doctorate is an academic degree or
professional degree that in most countries
refers to a class of degrees which qualify the
holder to teach in a specific field (e.g. a Doctor
of Philosophy (Ph.D.)).

16. DOCTORATE DEGREE
• The term doctorate comes from the Latin
docere, meaning "to teach", shortened from
the full Latin title licentia docendi, which
means "teaching license.
• The right to grant a licentia docendi was
originally reserved to the church which
required the applicant to pass a test, to take
oath of allegiance and pay a fee.

17. Types of Doctorates
1.Research doctorates
2.Higher doctorates
3.Professional doctorates
4.Honorary doctorates

18. Profession
Podiatrist
Professional doctorate
Doctor of Podiatric Medicine (D.P.M.)
Optometrist Doctor of Optometry (O.D.)
Audiologist Doctor of Audiology (Au.D.)
Attorney
Juris Doctor and Doctor of Jurisprudence
(J.D.)
Physician Assistant
Doctor of Science Physician Assistant
(DScPA)
Health Science Doctor of Health Science (D.H.Sc.)
Public Health Doctor of Public Health (Dr.PH.)
Naturopathic Physician Doctor of Naturopathic Medicine (N.D.)
Minister/Clergy
Doctor of Ministry (D.Min.) or Doctor of
Practical Theology (D.P.T. or D.Th.P.)
Psychologist Doctor of Psychology (Psy.D.)
Law and Policy Doctor of Law and Policy (L.P.D.)

19. Profession
Professional doctorate
Physician
Medicinae Doctor and Doctor of
Medicine (M.D.)
Osteopathic Physician Doctor of Osteopathic Medicine (D.O.)
Dentist
Doctor of Dental Surgery (D.D.S) and
Doctor of Dental Medicine (D.M.D.)
Pharmacist
Doctor of Pharmacy (Pharm.D.) and
(DPh)
Government
Doctor of Public Administration
(D.P.A.)
Veterinarian
Doctor of Veterinary Medicine
(D.V.M.) and Veterinariae Medicinae
Doctoris (V.M.D.)
Advanced Practice Registered Nurse
Doctor of Nursing Practice or Doctor
of Nurse Anesthesia Practice
(DNP/DrNP or DNAP)

20. College Teaching Doctor of Arts (D.Arts/D.A.)
Management Doctor of Management (D.Mgt.)
Management
Doctor of Management in
Organziational Leadership (DM)
Management
Doctor of Management in
Organizational
Leadership/Information Systems
Technology (DM/IST)

21. Doctor of Philosophy
• Usually abbreviated as PhD, Ph.D. or D.Phil. (for
the Latin philosophiae doctor or doctor
philosophiae).
• Abbreviated as Dr. in English-speaking countries.
• Is a postgraduate academic degree awarded by
universities.
• The academic level of degrees known as
doctorates of philosophy varies considerably
according to the country, institution and time
period, from entry-level research degrees to
higher doctorates.

22. Doctor of Philosophy
• The term "philosophy" does not refer solely to the
modern field of philosophy, but is used in a more broad
sense in accordance with its original Greek meaning,
which is "love of wisdom". In most of Europe, all fields
other than theology, law and medicine were
traditionally known as philosophy.
• The doctorate of philosophy as it exists today
originated at the Humboldt University, and was
eventually adopted by American universities, becoming
common in large parts of the world in the 20th century.

23. Doctor of Philosophy
• The first Doctor of Philosophy degree was
awarded in Paris in 1150, but the degree did
not acquire its modern status as an advanced
research degree until the early nineteenth
century, following the practice in Germany.
• Prior to the nineteenth century, professional
doctoral degrees could only be awarded in
theology, law, or medicine.

24. Doctor of Philosophy
• Prior to the nineteenth century, professional
doctoral degrees could only be awarded in
theology, law, or medicine.
• In 1861, Yale University adopted the German
practice (first introduced in the 19th century at
the Humboldt University of Berlin) of granting
the degree, abbreviated as Dr. phil., to younger
students who had completed a prescribed course
of graduate study and successfully defended a
thesis/dissertation containing original research in
science or in the humanities.

25. Doctor of Philosophy
• From the US, the degree spread to Canada in
1900, and then to the United Kingdom in
1917.
• This displaced the existing Doctor of
Philosophy degree in some universities.
• E.g. the DPhil (higher doctorate in the faculty
of philosophy) at the University of St Andrews
was discontinued and replaced with the Ph.D.,
(research doctorate).

26. PhD: USA as an Example
• In the US, the PhD degree is the highest
academic degree awarded by universities in
most fields of study.
• American students typically undergo a series
of 3 phases in the course of their work toward
the PhD degree.

27. PhD: USA as an Example
Phase 1:
• Consists of coursework in the student's field of
study and requires one to three years to
complete.
• This often is followed by a preliminary, a
comprehensive examination, or a series of
cumulative examinations where the emphasis
is on breadth rather than depth of knowledge.

28. Admission: USA as an Example
Phase 2:
• The student is often later required to pass oral
and written examinations in the field of
specialization within the discipline, and here,
depth is emphasized.
• Some PhD programs require the candidate to
successfully complete requirements in pedagogy
(taking courses on higher level teaching and
teaching undergraduate courses) or applied
science

29. PhD: USA as an Example
Phase 3:
• Another 2-4 years are required for the
composition of a substantial and original
contribution to human knowledge in the form
of a written dissertation, which in the social
sciences and humanities typically ranges from
50 to 450 pages in length.

30. PhD: USA as an Example
Components:
• A comprehensive literature review.
• An outline of methodology.
• Several chapters of scientific, social, historical,
philosophical, or literary analysis.
Exam:
Typically, upon completion, the candidate undergoes an
oral examination, sometimes public, by his or her
supervisory committee with expertise in the given
discipline.

31. PhD: USA as an Example
• The PhD degree is often a preliminary step
toward a career as a professor.
• Throughout the whole period of study and
dissertation research the student, depending
on the university and degree, may be required
or offered the opportunity to teach
undergraduate and occasionally graduate
courses in relevant subjects.

32. PhD Thesis/Dissertation
• Is a document submitted in support of
candidature for an academic degree or
professional qualification presenting the author's
research and findings.
• In some countries/universities, the word "thesis"
or a cognate is used as part of a bachelor's or
master's course, while "dissertation" is normally
applied to a doctorate, whilst, in others, the
reverse is true.

33. Thesis Committee Members
• The committee members are Professors in their
field.
• It consists of a primary supervisor or advisor and
at least 4 committee members.
– Research Supervisor
– Two more faculty members in closely related field(s),
usually one theorist, one experimentalist
– Another faculty member in a different field but with
relevant expertise
– A fifth person may serve on the Committee, if the
research is interdisciplinary and might build on 2 areas
of expertise

34. Thesis Committee Members
• One of the members is the graduate school
representative (GSR) appointed by the
graduate school.
• One of the members (usually the research
advisor) is the Chair of the committee.
• At least one member of the committee must
be a professor in a department that is
different from that of the student.

35. Thesis Committee Members
• The committee is chosen by the student in
conjunction with his or her primary adviser,
usually after completion of the comprehensive
examinations.
• The PhD program committees usually meet
once a month
• A minimum of three committee members are
required for the PhD defense.

36. Meeting of Committee Members
• It is the student's responsibility to contact all
members of the Supervisory Committee, find a
date that works for all members (all or minus 1)
• Book a room and time and then send an e-mail
reminder to the Committee members the day
before the meeting to remind them.
• The student must bring a copy of the Ph.D.
Committee Report form to give to the supervisor.

37. Meeting of Committee Members
• The supervisor will hand the report in to the
Graduate Coordinator soon after the meeting.
• The student should also get a copy of this
Committee Report.
• An Oral Comprehensive Examination may be
conducted during the meeting.
• Student registration gets blocked if it has been
over 15 months since the student's last
Committee meeting.

38. Tasks of the Committee Members
• It supervises the progress of the dissertation
and may also act as the examining committee,
or jury, at the oral examination of the thesis.
• Reading the dissertation, making suggestions
for changes and improvements, and sitting in
on the defense.
• The members rather than the ADVISOR act as
a judge between the STUDENT and the
ADVISOR

39. Reading Committee
• Consists of 3 members of the PhD committee.
• If the PhD committee consists of the minimum
4 people (including the GSR), then the reading
committee will be all of the non-GSR
members.
• The reading committee members have to read
an entire draft of the thesis before the final
exam is scheduled.

40. PhD: USA as an Example
• The criteria for admission to the 282 universities in the
US that award the PhD degree vary widely.
• Typically, PhD programs require applicants to have:
1. A Bachelor's degree in a relevant field (and a master's
degree in humanities).
2. Reasonably high grades.
3. Several letters of recommendation.
4. Relevant academic coursework.
5. A cogent statement of interest in the field of study,
and satisfactory performance on a graduate-level
exam specified by the respective program (e.g., GRE).

41. PhD: USA as an Example
• Some programs in well-regarded research
universities may admit less than 5% of
applicants and require an exceptional
performance on the GRE along with near-
perfect grades, strong support in letters of
recommendation, substantial research
experience, and academically sophisticated
samples of their writing.

42. PhD and Master of Science degree
“en route”
• As applicants to many PhD programs are not required
to have master's degrees.
• Many programs award a Master of Arts (MA) or
Master of Science (MS) degree "en route", "in
passing", or "in course" based on the graduate work
done in the course of achieving the PhD.
• Some programs offer this degree requires students to
complete a certain amount of coursework and a
master's thesis or field examination.
• Depending on the specific program, masters-in-passing
degrees can be either mandatory or optional.

43. PhD candidacy (PhDc)
• A PhD program candidate is sometimes called
Candidate of Philosophy (PhDc).
• Is a postgraduate student at the doctoral level who has
successfully satisfied the requirements for doctoral
studies, except for the final thesis or dissertation.
• A PhDc is sometimes called an "ABD" (All But
Dissertation or All But Defended) or more comically
"All But Done".
• The PhDc status may coincide with an increase in the
student's monthly stipend and may make the student
eligible for additional employment opportunities.

44. Thank you
PhDc
Prof. Mohamed Labib Salem, PhD