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15 October 2020
Miya Kohno, Distinguished Systems Engineer, Cisco Systems
Data Intensive Architecture へ
- What’s next for Edge Computing?
C97-743300-00 © 2020 Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. Cisco Public
• 前回のONIC2019では、「データ中心アプローチ」とその道筋について議
論した[*]。
• コネクション中心、かつポリシーや認証がアクセス手段に密接に結び付
けられている方式では、スケール、セキュリティ、効率性の面で限界が見
えている。またデータも、遅延やトラフィック最適化のために、できるだけ
ユーザの近くに遍在することが求められる。
• しかし、新たなアーキテクチャ実践はなかなか簡単ではない。
• そこで今回は、「データの偏在性」に関連し、改めてEdge Computing を取
り上げる。新たなアーキテクチャ実践は簡単ではないが、このままでは、
5G等でどんなにアクセス回線が速くなってもアプリケーションの品質は上
がらない。逼迫した問題として、議論を行いたい。
Abstract
[*] https://onic.jp/_cms/wp-content/uploads/2019/11/ONIC2019_kono.pdf
C97-743300-00 © 2020 Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. Cisco Public
1. Data Intensive Architectureのおさらい
2. Edge Computing – What’s next ?
• 必要性
• 分類と参照アーキテクチャ
• 現状の課題とNext Step
• 今後の展望
Agenda
C97-743300-00 © 2020 Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. Cisco Public
Data Intensive Application Systems
• アプリケーションは、「演算中心(Compute-Intensive)」ではなく「データ中心
(Data Intensive)」であることにより、信頼性、スケーラビリティ、保守性を獲
得した。[*]
[*]
Martin Kleppmann著、斎藤 太郎監訳「データ指向アプリケーションデザイン」オライリー・ジャパン社
信頼性 スケーラビリ
ティ
保守性
• 何か問題が発生しても
正しく動作し続ける
• ハードウェア・ソフトウェア・
ヒューマンエラーに対する
耐障害性
• 負荷とパフォーマンスの
計測
• 負荷の増大に対してシス
テムが対応できる
• 運用性
• シンプル性
• 進化への対応
「データシステム」としての抽象化
C97-743300-00 © 2020 Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. Cisco Public
VPN GW
Data Intensive Architecture へ
DC/Private Cloud
Internet
Public Cloud
• Hetero Access
LTE
5G
• Common Policy/ID
• Zero Trust Security Model
• Multi Cloud
• Edge/Distributed Cloud
• Ubiquitous Data
Enterprise
Internet
Firewall
Connection Intensive
Data Intensive
C97-743300-00 © 2020 Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. Cisco Public
Connection Intensive Architecture の限界
• Enterprise VPN
• LT2P/PPPoE
• 3GPP Mobility (GTP-U)
Session終端GWによる
Scaling Bottleneck
Any to Any に
非最適
認証・ポリシーが
アクセス手段に依存
Multi Cloud,
Edge Cloudに
非最適
境界型
セキュリティ
C97-743300-00 © 2020 Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. Cisco Public
データ中心アーキテクチャへの道筋
マルチクラウド
分散・
エッジクラウド
ヘテロアクセス
ゼロトラスト
セキュリティ
Network as
a Service
より革新的な
データ中心性
データの偏在
C97-743300-00 © 2020 Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. Cisco Public
1. Data Intensive Architectureのおさらい
2. Edge Computing – What’s next ?
• 必要性
• 分類と参照アーキテクチャ
• 現状の課題とNext Step
• 今後の展望
Agenda
C97-743300-00 © 2020 Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. Cisco Public
どんなにアクセス速度が速くなっても…
フルリモートワークになり、家のネットワークを高速化した
• PPPoE à IPoE
• VDSL à 光配線方式
• 古い Hub Switch の撤去
しかし、体感はあまり変わらない。
家族からも気付いてもらえない…L
TCP flow control は RTTに依存している
RTT が100msあるとすると, スループットは:
65,536 x 8 (bits) / 0.1 (sec) = 5,242,880 (bps) !!
Throughput ==
RTT
MSS
MSS
t
(RTT)
MSS : Maximum Sebment Size
RTT : Round Trip Time
C97-743300-00 © 2020 Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. Cisco Public
BBRにより改善するが、適用範囲は限定的
SIGCOMM '20: Proceedings of the Annual conference of the
ACM Special Interest Group on Data Communication on the
applications, technologies, architectures, and protocols for
computer communication July 2020 Pages 479–
494https://doi.org/10.1145/3387514.3405882
For 5G, BBR achieves reasonably high
band- width utilization of 82.5%. However,
the traditional loss/delay based TCP
algorithms suffer from extremely low
bandwidth utilization— only 21.1%,
31.9%, 12.1%, 14.3%, for Reno, Cubic,
Vegas, and Veno, respectively.
BBR: Congestion-Based Congestion Control: Measuring bottleneck
bandwidth and round-trip propagation time
Queue October 2016 https://doi.org/10.1145/3012426.3022184
Loss-based Congestion control
https://gkf168.wordpress.com/2012
/05/20/tcp-effective-bandwidth-2/
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“Exploring the interplay between CDN caching and video streaming performance”, Ehab Gahbashneh, Purdue University
https://blogs.cisco.com/sp/cdn-caching-and-video-streaming-performance
TTFB: Time to First Byte - クライアントがHTTPリクエストをしてからWebサーバーから最初のバイトの
データを受信するまでにかかる時間のこと
CDNによるVideo Throughput向上
Data (Chunk) のロケーションによる、TFTBのばらつき
C97-743300-00 © 2020 Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. Cisco Public
Video applications are demanding more BW
Source: Cisco Annual Internet Report, 2018–2023
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Use cases driving Edge deployments
Strategies for Connecting the Edge : Heavy Reading Survey 2019
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トレンドに戻る
遅延の目安
Delay Description
1 0.5 ~20 ms アップリンク遅延(片方向 )- 約20ms、5Gでは0.5ms -10ms
2 < 25 𝜇𝑠 − 100𝜇𝑠 フロントホール 25𝜇s - 100𝜇s (RANベンダーに依存)
3 1 – 10ms
ミッドホール 1- 10ms (RANベンダーに依存)
RRC, PDCP, RLC はCU、 MAC scheduling はDU
4
= 11.2
𝜇𝑠
𝑚𝑖
×𝐷 + 𝑇!
広域ネットワーク遅延(片方向) - 7 𝜇s/km (= 11.2 𝜇s/mi) + 𝑇! (queuing delay)
5 ~2 ms Packet Core遅延(片方向)- 約2ms
6 → 0 サーバ処理時間(無視できる)
7 0.5 ~ 15 ms ダウンリンク遅延(片方向 )- 約15ms、5Gでは0.5ms -10ms
WAN (Backhaul)Mid-haul
Mobile
Switching
Office
National Data Center
Internet POP
Services InternetC-RAN
CUDU
Fronthaul
RU
Central
UP
1 4
7
6
4
4
4
3
3
2
2
5
5
Central / Regional DC
CO /
Agg /
MSO
C97-743300-00 © 2020 Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. Cisco Public
サービスによる遅延許容特性
Use Case Latency Notes
モバイルビデオ ~75ms (片方向) ~25ms のバッファリングを含む。無線区間におけるPacket Loss Ratioに依存。
モバイル拡張現実(AR) 10ms (片方向) エアインタフェースバジェット(30 𝑚𝑠) が、許容遅延(20 𝑚𝑠)よりも大きいため、LTEでのモバイ
ルARは困難。5Gにおいても、RANノードの隣接にComputingを置く必要があるだろう
モバイルVR,
Interactive Gaming
20ms (片方向),
50ms (片方向)
VRの場合、40 𝑚𝑠 RTT が必要なので、LTE で < 5 𝑚𝑠 5Gで< 10 𝑚sが求められる
VoIP 200ms (片方向) Voice, IMSは集中配置で問題ない。
特に低遅延が求められる将来Use Cases
Factory Automation 0.25 − 10 ms 生産ラインの機器とシステムのリアルタイム制御
Intelligent Transportation 0 − 100 ms 自律運転、道路混雑の最適化
Robotics and
telepresence
10 − 100 ms 視覚と触覚フィードバック同期による遠隔制御
Health care 1 − 10 ms バイオテレメトリー、遠隔診断、遠隔手術
Smart Grid 100 ms 需要変動を補償するための電源のオン/オフ
C97-743300-00 © 2020 Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. Cisco Public
1. Data Intensive Architectureのおさらい
2. Edge Computing – What’s next ?
• 必要性
• 分類と参照アーキテクチャ
• 現状の課題とNext Step
• 今後の展望
Agenda
C97-743300-00 © 2020 Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. Cisco Public
Taxonomy of Edge Computing
C97-743300-00 © 2020 Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. Cisco Public
ETSI MEC
https://www.etsi.org/technologies/multi-access-edge-computing
Complements with 3GPP to harmonize mobile architecture
C97-743300-00 © 2020 Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. Cisco Public
3GPP
Edge computing can be supported by one or a combination of the following enablers:
- User plane (re)selection: the 5G Core Network (re)selects UPF to route the user traffic to the local Data
Network as described in clause 6.3.3;
- Local Routing and Traffic Steering: the 5G Core Network selects the traffic to be routed to the applications in
the local Data Network;
- this includes the use of a single PDU Session with multiple PDU Session Anchor(s) (UL CL / IP v6 multi-
homing) as described in clause 5.6.4.
- Session and service continuity to enable UE and application mobility as described in clause 5.6.9;
- An Application Function may influence UPF (re)selection and traffic routing via PCF or NEF as described in
clause 5.6.7;
- Network capability exposure: 5G Core Network and Application Function to provide information to each other
via NEF as described in clause 5.20 or directly as described in TS 23.502 [3] clause 4.15;
- QoS and Charging: PCF provides rules for QoS Control and Charging for the traffic routed to the local Data
Network;
- Support of Local Area Data Network: 5G Core Network provides support to connect to the LADN in a certain
area where the applications are deployed as described in clause 5.6.5.
5.13 “Support for Edge Computing”, 3GPP TS 23.501 V16.6.0 (2020-09)
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LF Edge – Akraino Edge Stack
https://wiki.akraino.org/display/AK/Akraino+Edge+Stack+Goal+and+Key+Principles
NTT has joined Akraino : https://www.ntt.co.jp/topics/akraino/index.html
C97-743300-00 © 2020 Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. Cisco Public
Intel - OpneNESS
https://www.openness.org/template
s/openness/images/the-network-
and-onpremise-edge-new.pdf
Robin.io announced the adoption of OpenNESS :
https://www.globenewswire.com/news-release/2020/03/03/1994436/0/en/Robin-io-Adopts-Open-Network-Edge-Services-Software-OpenNESS-to-
Advance-Innovations-in-5G-Networks.html
C97-743300-00 © 2020 Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. Cisco Public
LF Edge – EdgeX Foundry
https://www.lfedge.org/projects/edgexfoundry/
NEC endorses EdgeX Foundry : https://thinkit.co.jp/article/17501
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ONF – AETHER
https://www.opennetworking.org/aether/
C97-743300-00 © 2020 Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. Cisco Public
https://opnfv-edgecloud.readthedocs.io/en/latest/development/requirements/requirements.html
OPNFV – Edge Cloud Structure
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Open Reference Architecture
”5G at the Edge”, 5G Americas Whitepaper, Oct 2019
C97-743300-00 © 2020 Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. Cisco Public
1. Data Intensive Architectureのおさらい
2. Edge Computing – What’s next ?
• 必要性
• 分類と参照アーキテクチャ
• 現状の課題とNext Step
• 今後の展望
Agenda
C97-743300-00 © 2020 Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. Cisco Public
• 従来のMobile Architecture に Edge Computing を
適用するのはそんなに簡単ではない
• Bump in the Wire
• SIPTO (Selective IP Traffic Offload)
• SSC mode
• Remote CUPS + distributed UPF
• ・・・
• Application Architecture と Mobile Architecture の
ネイティヴな連携の欠如
• DNS や UE Client による discovery 程度 (?)
現状の課題 (1/2)
Figure: From Humberto La Roche
MEC
NodeS1-u
S1-MME
SAE-GW
Proprietary
MEC
Assistant
S1-u
MME
S11
S11
Policy
Charging
Lawful
Intercept
Internet
Offload Traffic
Other
APN
S1-MME
Mobility
Adaptation
RAN
MEC Node
S1-u PDN-GWS5
MMES1-MME
Policy
Charging
Lawful
Intercept
Internet
Other
APN
SGW
S11
L-PGW
RAN
MEC
Host
MEC
Host
CP
UPF
UP
PCRF
Charging
LI
WAN
Edge
Centralized
Edge
Workloads
UP Edge
Workloads
C97-743300-00 © 2020 Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. Cisco Public
• Opensource/Open Community は エコシステム醸成には至っていない
• コンポーネントが多く複雑
• AWS, Google Cloud, Azure 三強か
• Application Architecture
との 連携、Programming
Framework が充実
• Infra Agnostic
• Mobility Agnostic
現状の課題 (2/2)
https://arxiv.org/pdf/1911.02794.pdf
Fang Liu et. al “A Survey on Edge Computing Systems and Tools”
C97-743300-00 © 2020 Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. Cisco Public
Nest Step ? (通信事業者・SP視点)
現状 [As-Is]
将来像 [To-Be]
Connectivity
+
Centralized NFV
Cloud Natvie Practice
+
Distributed NFV
Managed Service
Offering with
Modernized Multi-
cloud Approach
Platform for
Distributed Applications
(1)
(2)
C97-743300-00 © 2020 Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. Cisco Public
https://global.rakuten.com/corp/news/press/2019/0212_06.html
3. Mobile Edge Computing – Putting server-
like devices closer to the computing need -
Rakuten Mobile Network’s innovative xEdge
architecture, leveraging vRAN, Control & User
Plane Separated (CUPS) packet core and
distributed telco cloud, will enable Mobile
Edge Computing for both infrastructure
functions and a variety of low latency services.
Rakuten
(1) Cloud Native Platform for Distributed NFV
as a start point
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https://www.telecompetitor.com/verizon-5g-stadium-service-will-put-mm-wave-5g-edge-computing-to-the-test/
Verizon
(2) Managed Service Offering - Local 5G + Edge Computing
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トレンドに戻る
(参考) SP Managed Private Cellular 例
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1. Data Intensive Architectureのおさらい
2. Edge Computing – What’s next ?
• 必要性
• 分類と参照アーキテクチャ
• 現状の課題とNext Step
• 今後の展望
Agenda
C97-743300-00 © 2020 Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. Cisco Public
今後の展望 – Platform for Distributed Applicationをどう作るか
現状 [As-Is]
将来像 [To-Be]
Connectivity
+
Centralized NFV
Cloud Natvie Practice
+
Distributed NFV
Managed Service
Offering with
Modernized Multi-
cloud Approach
Platform for
Distributed Applications
C97-743300-00 © 2020 Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. Cisco Public
今後の展望 – “Platform for Distributed Application”をどう作るか
https://aws.amazon.com/wavelength/
• Public Cloud + SP
• Infra Integration ?
• Mobile Integration ?
https://www.fiercewireless.com/5g/verizon-partners-aws-to-bring-more-
power-to-its-5g-edge
C97-743300-00 © 2020 Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. Cisco Public
トレンドに戻る
Next Architecture
- Intelligent Edge + Diverse Access Networks
5G Fixed
Wireless
5G Mobility 5G IoT 4G LTE 4G IoTFiber
Distributed Intelligent Edge
MEC SDN/ NFVAI/ AutomationhICN
Access
Networks
Services
Capabilities
Enterprise VR/ AR Drones Smart
Cities
Mobile
Video
Smart
Lighting
C97-743300-00 © 2020 Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. Cisco Public
Connection Intensive Architecture の限界 (再掲)
• Enterprise VPN
• LT2P/PPPoE
• 3GPP Mobility (GTP-U)
Session終端GWによる
Scaling Bottleneck
Any to Any に
非最適
認証・ポリシーが
アクセス手段に依存
Multi Cloud,
Edge Cloudに
非最適
境界型
セキュリティ
C97-743300-00 © 2020 Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. Cisco Public
Application との連携
R R
Leaf Leaf Leaf Leaf
App
Spine Spine
NIC
ComputeCompute ComputeCompute
Data plane Stack [*1]
Ctrl
[*2]
[*1] Data plane stack : VPP, OVS, Linux Kernel (xDP), etc. [*2] Control plane or Agent for Controller, etc.
C97-743300-00 © 2020 Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. Cisco Public
Secure
Named
Data
Smart
Forwarding
Connection
less
transport
Location-independent identifiers
Data-centric security
Dynamic Multipath and Multicast
Anchorless Mobility
Connectionless, Pull-based,
Multi-source, In-network Caching
EDGE
CLOUD
Local 5G
WiFi
hICN
hICN INTEREST
PACKET
SOURCE
ADDRESS
CONTENT
NAME
SOURCE
ADDRESS
DEST.
ADDRESS
hICN DATA
PACKET
CONTENT
NAME
hICN
hICN
hICN
Location independent
routable IP names
Pull-based
mobile
transport
Dynamic forwarding/
caching/multicast
Local 5G
hICN
Dataplane が hICN だったら
• Stateless
• Content/Data Optimized
C97-743300-00 © 2020 Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. Cisco Public
Internet
hICN insertion in mobile network
CELL SITE ACCESS BACKHAUL CORE
Integrated on
network device
(hardware or VNF)
INTERNET
hICN
UPF
MEC
UPF
MEC
UPF
Or as a UPF,
container, VM in
edge cloud
UPF
Only a few strategic
routers or UPF have
to be
hICN-enabled
The rest of the IP
infrastructure is
unaffected by the
upgrade
and so do UPFs
because hICN
packets are regular
IP packets
C97-743300-00 © 2020 Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. Cisco Public
Connectionless, Pull-based,
Multi-source, In-network Caching
Dataplane が SRv6 だったら
https://www.segment-routing.net/images/20170517-bell-barefoot-cisco-P4%20Workshop%202017%20v2.pdf
• Stateless
• Flexible Traffic steering
• Programmability
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Internet
hICN / SRv6 coexistence
hICN forwarding strategies
act as a control plane for
SRv6 by pushing SIDs
SRv6 domains
hICN semantic can be
expressed as a « Function »
of SRv6 programmability
C97-743300-00 © 2020 Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. Cisco Public
要アーキテクチャ再考!
UPF
PE PE
Mobile domain
IP Transport
domain
Slice#1 Slice#2
3GPP Control plane
UE (R)AN UPF
AF
AMF SMF
PCF UDM
DNN6
NRFNEF
N3
N2 N4
AUSF
Nausf Namf Nsmf
NpcfNnrfNnef Nudm Naf
NSSF
Nnssf
N9
Slice#1 Slice#2
3GPP Control plane
UPF MEC App
3GPP TS23.501
アプリケーションと連携し易く、
柔軟でステートレスなデータプレーンへ
draft-kohno-dmm-srv6mob-arch
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1. Data Intensive Architectureのおさらい
2. Edge Computing – What’s next ?
• 必要性
• 分類と参照アーキテクチャ
• 現状の課題とNext Step
• 今後の展望
まとめ
Disrupt, or be disrupted !!
コミュニティの力でアーキテクチャを変遷しよう
Mk onic data-intensive-2020-edge-rev1

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Mk onic data-intensive-2020-edge-rev1

  • 1. 15 October 2020 Miya Kohno, Distinguished Systems Engineer, Cisco Systems Data Intensive Architecture へ - What’s next for Edge Computing?
  • 2. C97-743300-00 © 2020 Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. Cisco Public • 前回のONIC2019では、「データ中心アプローチ」とその道筋について議 論した[*]。 • コネクション中心、かつポリシーや認証がアクセス手段に密接に結び付 けられている方式では、スケール、セキュリティ、効率性の面で限界が見 えている。またデータも、遅延やトラフィック最適化のために、できるだけ ユーザの近くに遍在することが求められる。 • しかし、新たなアーキテクチャ実践はなかなか簡単ではない。 • そこで今回は、「データの偏在性」に関連し、改めてEdge Computing を取 り上げる。新たなアーキテクチャ実践は簡単ではないが、このままでは、 5G等でどんなにアクセス回線が速くなってもアプリケーションの品質は上 がらない。逼迫した問題として、議論を行いたい。 Abstract [*] https://onic.jp/_cms/wp-content/uploads/2019/11/ONIC2019_kono.pdf
  • 3. C97-743300-00 © 2020 Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. Cisco Public 1. Data Intensive Architectureのおさらい 2. Edge Computing – What’s next ? • 必要性 • 分類と参照アーキテクチャ • 現状の課題とNext Step • 今後の展望 Agenda
  • 4. C97-743300-00 © 2020 Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. Cisco Public Data Intensive Application Systems • アプリケーションは、「演算中心(Compute-Intensive)」ではなく「データ中心 (Data Intensive)」であることにより、信頼性、スケーラビリティ、保守性を獲 得した。[*] [*] Martin Kleppmann著、斎藤 太郎監訳「データ指向アプリケーションデザイン」オライリー・ジャパン社 信頼性 スケーラビリ ティ 保守性 • 何か問題が発生しても 正しく動作し続ける • ハードウェア・ソフトウェア・ ヒューマンエラーに対する 耐障害性 • 負荷とパフォーマンスの 計測 • 負荷の増大に対してシス テムが対応できる • 運用性 • シンプル性 • 進化への対応 「データシステム」としての抽象化
  • 5. C97-743300-00 © 2020 Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. Cisco Public VPN GW Data Intensive Architecture へ DC/Private Cloud Internet Public Cloud • Hetero Access LTE 5G • Common Policy/ID • Zero Trust Security Model • Multi Cloud • Edge/Distributed Cloud • Ubiquitous Data Enterprise Internet Firewall Connection Intensive Data Intensive
  • 6. C97-743300-00 © 2020 Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. Cisco Public Connection Intensive Architecture の限界 • Enterprise VPN • LT2P/PPPoE • 3GPP Mobility (GTP-U) Session終端GWによる Scaling Bottleneck Any to Any に 非最適 認証・ポリシーが アクセス手段に依存 Multi Cloud, Edge Cloudに 非最適 境界型 セキュリティ
  • 7. C97-743300-00 © 2020 Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. Cisco Public データ中心アーキテクチャへの道筋 マルチクラウド 分散・ エッジクラウド ヘテロアクセス ゼロトラスト セキュリティ Network as a Service より革新的な データ中心性 データの偏在
  • 8. C97-743300-00 © 2020 Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. Cisco Public 1. Data Intensive Architectureのおさらい 2. Edge Computing – What’s next ? • 必要性 • 分類と参照アーキテクチャ • 現状の課題とNext Step • 今後の展望 Agenda
  • 9. C97-743300-00 © 2020 Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. Cisco Public どんなにアクセス速度が速くなっても… フルリモートワークになり、家のネットワークを高速化した • PPPoE à IPoE • VDSL à 光配線方式 • 古い Hub Switch の撤去 しかし、体感はあまり変わらない。 家族からも気付いてもらえない…L TCP flow control は RTTに依存している RTT が100msあるとすると, スループットは: 65,536 x 8 (bits) / 0.1 (sec) = 5,242,880 (bps) !! Throughput == RTT MSS MSS t (RTT) MSS : Maximum Sebment Size RTT : Round Trip Time
  • 10. C97-743300-00 © 2020 Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. Cisco Public BBRにより改善するが、適用範囲は限定的 SIGCOMM '20: Proceedings of the Annual conference of the ACM Special Interest Group on Data Communication on the applications, technologies, architectures, and protocols for computer communication July 2020 Pages 479– 494https://doi.org/10.1145/3387514.3405882 For 5G, BBR achieves reasonably high band- width utilization of 82.5%. However, the traditional loss/delay based TCP algorithms suffer from extremely low bandwidth utilization— only 21.1%, 31.9%, 12.1%, 14.3%, for Reno, Cubic, Vegas, and Veno, respectively. BBR: Congestion-Based Congestion Control: Measuring bottleneck bandwidth and round-trip propagation time Queue October 2016 https://doi.org/10.1145/3012426.3022184 Loss-based Congestion control https://gkf168.wordpress.com/2012 /05/20/tcp-effective-bandwidth-2/
  • 11. C97-743300-00 © 2020 Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. Cisco Public “Exploring the interplay between CDN caching and video streaming performance”, Ehab Gahbashneh, Purdue University https://blogs.cisco.com/sp/cdn-caching-and-video-streaming-performance TTFB: Time to First Byte - クライアントがHTTPリクエストをしてからWebサーバーから最初のバイトの データを受信するまでにかかる時間のこと CDNによるVideo Throughput向上 Data (Chunk) のロケーションによる、TFTBのばらつき
  • 12. C97-743300-00 © 2020 Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. Cisco Public Video applications are demanding more BW Source: Cisco Annual Internet Report, 2018–2023
  • 13. C97-743300-00 © 2020 Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. Cisco Public Use cases driving Edge deployments Strategies for Connecting the Edge : Heavy Reading Survey 2019
  • 14. C97-743300-00 © 2020 Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. Cisco Public トレンドに戻る 遅延の目安 Delay Description 1 0.5 ~20 ms アップリンク遅延(片方向 )- 約20ms、5Gでは0.5ms -10ms 2 < 25 𝜇𝑠 − 100𝜇𝑠 フロントホール 25𝜇s - 100𝜇s (RANベンダーに依存) 3 1 – 10ms ミッドホール 1- 10ms (RANベンダーに依存) RRC, PDCP, RLC はCU、 MAC scheduling はDU 4 = 11.2 𝜇𝑠 𝑚𝑖 ×𝐷 + 𝑇! 広域ネットワーク遅延(片方向) - 7 𝜇s/km (= 11.2 𝜇s/mi) + 𝑇! (queuing delay) 5 ~2 ms Packet Core遅延(片方向)- 約2ms 6 → 0 サーバ処理時間(無視できる) 7 0.5 ~ 15 ms ダウンリンク遅延(片方向 )- 約15ms、5Gでは0.5ms -10ms WAN (Backhaul)Mid-haul Mobile Switching Office National Data Center Internet POP Services InternetC-RAN CUDU Fronthaul RU Central UP 1 4 7 6 4 4 4 3 3 2 2 5 5 Central / Regional DC CO / Agg / MSO
  • 15. C97-743300-00 © 2020 Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. Cisco Public サービスによる遅延許容特性 Use Case Latency Notes モバイルビデオ ~75ms (片方向) ~25ms のバッファリングを含む。無線区間におけるPacket Loss Ratioに依存。 モバイル拡張現実(AR) 10ms (片方向) エアインタフェースバジェット(30 𝑚𝑠) が、許容遅延(20 𝑚𝑠)よりも大きいため、LTEでのモバイ ルARは困難。5Gにおいても、RANノードの隣接にComputingを置く必要があるだろう モバイルVR, Interactive Gaming 20ms (片方向), 50ms (片方向) VRの場合、40 𝑚𝑠 RTT が必要なので、LTE で < 5 𝑚𝑠 5Gで< 10 𝑚sが求められる VoIP 200ms (片方向) Voice, IMSは集中配置で問題ない。 特に低遅延が求められる将来Use Cases Factory Automation 0.25 − 10 ms 生産ラインの機器とシステムのリアルタイム制御 Intelligent Transportation 0 − 100 ms 自律運転、道路混雑の最適化 Robotics and telepresence 10 − 100 ms 視覚と触覚フィードバック同期による遠隔制御 Health care 1 − 10 ms バイオテレメトリー、遠隔診断、遠隔手術 Smart Grid 100 ms 需要変動を補償するための電源のオン/オフ
  • 16. C97-743300-00 © 2020 Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. Cisco Public 1. Data Intensive Architectureのおさらい 2. Edge Computing – What’s next ? • 必要性 • 分類と参照アーキテクチャ • 現状の課題とNext Step • 今後の展望 Agenda
  • 17. C97-743300-00 © 2020 Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. Cisco Public Taxonomy of Edge Computing
  • 18. C97-743300-00 © 2020 Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. Cisco Public ETSI MEC https://www.etsi.org/technologies/multi-access-edge-computing Complements with 3GPP to harmonize mobile architecture
  • 19. C97-743300-00 © 2020 Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. Cisco Public 3GPP Edge computing can be supported by one or a combination of the following enablers: - User plane (re)selection: the 5G Core Network (re)selects UPF to route the user traffic to the local Data Network as described in clause 6.3.3; - Local Routing and Traffic Steering: the 5G Core Network selects the traffic to be routed to the applications in the local Data Network; - this includes the use of a single PDU Session with multiple PDU Session Anchor(s) (UL CL / IP v6 multi- homing) as described in clause 5.6.4. - Session and service continuity to enable UE and application mobility as described in clause 5.6.9; - An Application Function may influence UPF (re)selection and traffic routing via PCF or NEF as described in clause 5.6.7; - Network capability exposure: 5G Core Network and Application Function to provide information to each other via NEF as described in clause 5.20 or directly as described in TS 23.502 [3] clause 4.15; - QoS and Charging: PCF provides rules for QoS Control and Charging for the traffic routed to the local Data Network; - Support of Local Area Data Network: 5G Core Network provides support to connect to the LADN in a certain area where the applications are deployed as described in clause 5.6.5. 5.13 “Support for Edge Computing”, 3GPP TS 23.501 V16.6.0 (2020-09)
  • 20. C97-743300-00 © 2020 Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. Cisco Public LF Edge – Akraino Edge Stack https://wiki.akraino.org/display/AK/Akraino+Edge+Stack+Goal+and+Key+Principles NTT has joined Akraino : https://www.ntt.co.jp/topics/akraino/index.html
  • 21. C97-743300-00 © 2020 Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. Cisco Public Intel - OpneNESS https://www.openness.org/template s/openness/images/the-network- and-onpremise-edge-new.pdf Robin.io announced the adoption of OpenNESS : https://www.globenewswire.com/news-release/2020/03/03/1994436/0/en/Robin-io-Adopts-Open-Network-Edge-Services-Software-OpenNESS-to- Advance-Innovations-in-5G-Networks.html
  • 22. C97-743300-00 © 2020 Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. Cisco Public LF Edge – EdgeX Foundry https://www.lfedge.org/projects/edgexfoundry/ NEC endorses EdgeX Foundry : https://thinkit.co.jp/article/17501
  • 23. C97-743300-00 © 2020 Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. Cisco Public ONF – AETHER https://www.opennetworking.org/aether/
  • 24. C97-743300-00 © 2020 Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. Cisco Public https://opnfv-edgecloud.readthedocs.io/en/latest/development/requirements/requirements.html OPNFV – Edge Cloud Structure
  • 25. C97-743300-00 © 2020 Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. Cisco Public Open Reference Architecture ”5G at the Edge”, 5G Americas Whitepaper, Oct 2019
  • 26. C97-743300-00 © 2020 Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. Cisco Public 1. Data Intensive Architectureのおさらい 2. Edge Computing – What’s next ? • 必要性 • 分類と参照アーキテクチャ • 現状の課題とNext Step • 今後の展望 Agenda
  • 27. C97-743300-00 © 2020 Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. Cisco Public • 従来のMobile Architecture に Edge Computing を 適用するのはそんなに簡単ではない • Bump in the Wire • SIPTO (Selective IP Traffic Offload) • SSC mode • Remote CUPS + distributed UPF • ・・・ • Application Architecture と Mobile Architecture の ネイティヴな連携の欠如 • DNS や UE Client による discovery 程度 (?) 現状の課題 (1/2) Figure: From Humberto La Roche MEC NodeS1-u S1-MME SAE-GW Proprietary MEC Assistant S1-u MME S11 S11 Policy Charging Lawful Intercept Internet Offload Traffic Other APN S1-MME Mobility Adaptation RAN MEC Node S1-u PDN-GWS5 MMES1-MME Policy Charging Lawful Intercept Internet Other APN SGW S11 L-PGW RAN MEC Host MEC Host CP UPF UP PCRF Charging LI WAN Edge Centralized Edge Workloads UP Edge Workloads
  • 28. C97-743300-00 © 2020 Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. Cisco Public • Opensource/Open Community は エコシステム醸成には至っていない • コンポーネントが多く複雑 • AWS, Google Cloud, Azure 三強か • Application Architecture との 連携、Programming Framework が充実 • Infra Agnostic • Mobility Agnostic 現状の課題 (2/2) https://arxiv.org/pdf/1911.02794.pdf Fang Liu et. al “A Survey on Edge Computing Systems and Tools”
  • 29. C97-743300-00 © 2020 Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. Cisco Public Nest Step ? (通信事業者・SP視点) 現状 [As-Is] 将来像 [To-Be] Connectivity + Centralized NFV Cloud Natvie Practice + Distributed NFV Managed Service Offering with Modernized Multi- cloud Approach Platform for Distributed Applications (1) (2)
  • 30. C97-743300-00 © 2020 Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. Cisco Public https://global.rakuten.com/corp/news/press/2019/0212_06.html 3. Mobile Edge Computing – Putting server- like devices closer to the computing need - Rakuten Mobile Network’s innovative xEdge architecture, leveraging vRAN, Control & User Plane Separated (CUPS) packet core and distributed telco cloud, will enable Mobile Edge Computing for both infrastructure functions and a variety of low latency services. Rakuten (1) Cloud Native Platform for Distributed NFV as a start point
  • 31. C97-743300-00 © 2020 Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. Cisco Public https://www.telecompetitor.com/verizon-5g-stadium-service-will-put-mm-wave-5g-edge-computing-to-the-test/ Verizon (2) Managed Service Offering - Local 5G + Edge Computing
  • 32. C97-743300-00 © 2020 Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. Cisco Public トレンドに戻る (参考) SP Managed Private Cellular 例
  • 33. C97-743300-00 © 2020 Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. Cisco Public 1. Data Intensive Architectureのおさらい 2. Edge Computing – What’s next ? • 必要性 • 分類と参照アーキテクチャ • 現状の課題とNext Step • 今後の展望 Agenda
  • 34. C97-743300-00 © 2020 Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. Cisco Public 今後の展望 – Platform for Distributed Applicationをどう作るか 現状 [As-Is] 将来像 [To-Be] Connectivity + Centralized NFV Cloud Natvie Practice + Distributed NFV Managed Service Offering with Modernized Multi- cloud Approach Platform for Distributed Applications
  • 35. C97-743300-00 © 2020 Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. Cisco Public 今後の展望 – “Platform for Distributed Application”をどう作るか https://aws.amazon.com/wavelength/ • Public Cloud + SP • Infra Integration ? • Mobile Integration ? https://www.fiercewireless.com/5g/verizon-partners-aws-to-bring-more- power-to-its-5g-edge
  • 36. C97-743300-00 © 2020 Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. Cisco Public トレンドに戻る Next Architecture - Intelligent Edge + Diverse Access Networks 5G Fixed Wireless 5G Mobility 5G IoT 4G LTE 4G IoTFiber Distributed Intelligent Edge MEC SDN/ NFVAI/ AutomationhICN Access Networks Services Capabilities Enterprise VR/ AR Drones Smart Cities Mobile Video Smart Lighting
  • 37. C97-743300-00 © 2020 Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. Cisco Public Connection Intensive Architecture の限界 (再掲) • Enterprise VPN • LT2P/PPPoE • 3GPP Mobility (GTP-U) Session終端GWによる Scaling Bottleneck Any to Any に 非最適 認証・ポリシーが アクセス手段に依存 Multi Cloud, Edge Cloudに 非最適 境界型 セキュリティ
  • 38. C97-743300-00 © 2020 Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. Cisco Public Application との連携 R R Leaf Leaf Leaf Leaf App Spine Spine NIC ComputeCompute ComputeCompute Data plane Stack [*1] Ctrl [*2] [*1] Data plane stack : VPP, OVS, Linux Kernel (xDP), etc. [*2] Control plane or Agent for Controller, etc.
  • 39. C97-743300-00 © 2020 Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. Cisco Public Secure Named Data Smart Forwarding Connection less transport Location-independent identifiers Data-centric security Dynamic Multipath and Multicast Anchorless Mobility Connectionless, Pull-based, Multi-source, In-network Caching EDGE CLOUD Local 5G WiFi hICN hICN INTEREST PACKET SOURCE ADDRESS CONTENT NAME SOURCE ADDRESS DEST. ADDRESS hICN DATA PACKET CONTENT NAME hICN hICN hICN Location independent routable IP names Pull-based mobile transport Dynamic forwarding/ caching/multicast Local 5G hICN Dataplane が hICN だったら • Stateless • Content/Data Optimized
  • 40. C97-743300-00 © 2020 Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. Cisco Public Internet hICN insertion in mobile network CELL SITE ACCESS BACKHAUL CORE Integrated on network device (hardware or VNF) INTERNET hICN UPF MEC UPF MEC UPF Or as a UPF, container, VM in edge cloud UPF Only a few strategic routers or UPF have to be hICN-enabled The rest of the IP infrastructure is unaffected by the upgrade and so do UPFs because hICN packets are regular IP packets
  • 41. C97-743300-00 © 2020 Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. Cisco Public Connectionless, Pull-based, Multi-source, In-network Caching Dataplane が SRv6 だったら https://www.segment-routing.net/images/20170517-bell-barefoot-cisco-P4%20Workshop%202017%20v2.pdf • Stateless • Flexible Traffic steering • Programmability
  • 42. C97-743300-00 © 2020 Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. Cisco Public Internet hICN / SRv6 coexistence hICN forwarding strategies act as a control plane for SRv6 by pushing SIDs SRv6 domains hICN semantic can be expressed as a « Function » of SRv6 programmability
  • 43. C97-743300-00 © 2020 Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. Cisco Public 要アーキテクチャ再考! UPF PE PE Mobile domain IP Transport domain Slice#1 Slice#2 3GPP Control plane UE (R)AN UPF AF AMF SMF PCF UDM DNN6 NRFNEF N3 N2 N4 AUSF Nausf Namf Nsmf NpcfNnrfNnef Nudm Naf NSSF Nnssf N9 Slice#1 Slice#2 3GPP Control plane UPF MEC App 3GPP TS23.501 アプリケーションと連携し易く、 柔軟でステートレスなデータプレーンへ draft-kohno-dmm-srv6mob-arch
  • 44. C97-743300-00 © 2020 Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. Cisco Public 1. Data Intensive Architectureのおさらい 2. Edge Computing – What’s next ? • 必要性 • 分類と参照アーキテクチャ • 現状の課題とNext Step • 今後の展望 まとめ Disrupt, or be disrupted !! コミュニティの力でアーキテクチャを変遷しよう