it include all the headings

3. DAILY
INTAKE

4. was isolated in , and its structure
was determined in 1933.
 The problems referred to as and
associated with lack of vitamin C had been quite
prevalent for centuries. Some of the most notable
stories are those of the British sailors who often
died from scurvy on seas.

6. , also known as L-ascorbic acid, is a
water-soluble that is naturally present in
some foods, added to others, and available as a
dietary supplement. Humans, unlike most
animals, are unable to synthesize
endogenously, so it is an essential dietary
component.

7.  Ascorbic acid have similar configuration to that
of the sugar L-Glucose .
 The presence of the ascorbate ion that contributes
to vitamin C’s role as a strong reducing
agent (antioxidant).

8.  It is stable in solid form and in acidic solutions
but is rapidly destroyed in alkaline solutions.
 Oxidative destruction of ascorbic acid is
accelerated by increasing pH.
e.g silver and cupric ions accelerated process.

9.  ( L-ascorbic acid )
 It is the reduced form
 L-dehydroascorbic acid
 It is the oxidized form

10. L-ascorbate naturally occurs either attached to a
hydrogen ion, forming ascorbic acid, or joined to
a metal ion, forming a mineral ascorbate.
When L-ascorbate carries out its reducing function,
it is converted to its oxidized form, L-
dehydroascorbic acid .

11.  Some lower mammals like rats can synthesize
the vitamin from glucose by the uoronic acid
pathway
 Man, Monkey and guinea pigs lack the
enzymes necessary for the synthesis. Hence the
entire requirement must be taken from the diet .

12. It includes :
(Distribution, absorption, excretion)
Excretion
Absorption

13. Normal human blood plasma contains approx.0.6 to
1.5 mg of ascorbic acid per 100ml
The vitamins exist in the body largely in the
‘reduced’ form, with reversible equilibrium with a
relatively small amount of
‘’dehydroascorbic acid’’
Both forms are physiologically and metabolically
active.

14.  Under normal dietary intake
n(75 to 100 mg )
 Mainly found in retina,
Adrenal glands ,pituitary
Glands & thymus.
50 to 75% is converted to
inactive
compounds
25 to 50% is excreted
In urine
as such

15.  Ascorbic acid is absorbed in the body by both active
transport and simple diffusion.
 It is absorbed readily in small intestine, peritoneum
and subcutaneous tissues.
 With regular intake the absorption rate varies
between 70 to 95%. However, the degree of
absorption decreases as intake increases. At high
intake (1.25 g), fractional human absorption of
ascorbic acid may be as low as 33%; at low intake
(<200 mg) the absorption rate can reach up to 98%.

16.  Ascorbate 2 sulphate is urinary excreted form of
ascorbic acid.
 Vitamin C is a threshold substance and it is
excreted primarily through kidney.
 If intake is normal then slight increase in intake
above normal will be excreted.

17. Life Stage
Recommended
Amount
Birth to 6 months 40 mg
Infants 7–12 months 50 mg
Children 1–3 years 15 mg
Children 4–8 years 25 mg
Children 9–13 years 45 mg
Teens 14–18 years (boys) 75 mg
Teens 14–18 years (girls) 65 mg
Adults (men) 90 mg
Adults (women) 75 mg
Pregnant teens 80 mg
Pregnant women 85 mg
Breastfeeding teens 115 mg
Breastfeeding women 120 mg

18.  ROLE IN CELLULAR OXIDATION
REDUCTION :
Vitamin c is very sensitive to reversible oxidation,
ascorbic acid to dehydroascorbic acid ,suggests that
it may be involved in cellular oxidation-reduction
process , serving as hydrogen transport agent .
 ROLE IN FORMATION OF
CATECHOLAMINES :
Vitamin C is required as a coenzyme with the
enzyme dopamine hydroxylase which catalyzes the
conversion of dopamine to norepinephrine.

19.  ROLE IN COLLAGEN SYNTHESIS :
Hydroxyproline and hydroxylysine are important
constituents of mature collagen fibers. Precollagen
molecule contain the amino acids proline and lysine
they are hydroxylated by corresponding
hydroxylases in presence of vitamin C.
 PROLINE hydroxyproline
 LYSINE hydroxylysine
Protocollagen proline
hydroxylase
Vit.C Fe++,
Mol.O2
PROTOCOLLAGEN LYSINE
HYDROXYLASE
Vit.C,Fe++,
mol.O2

20.  ROLE IN FORMATION OF CARNITINE :
Formation of carnitine in liver by hydroxylation of gema-
butyrobetaine is helped by vitamin C .
 ROLE IN ALPHA-OXIDATION OF FA :
Vitamin C helps in the action of the enzyme alpha-
hydroxylase which catalyzes the alpha-oxidation of long
chain F.A to form alpha-OH-FA.
 EFFECT ON CHOLESTEROL LEVEL :
Relation of ascorbic acid with hypocholesterolaemia in man
and guinea pigs has been reported.

21.  FORMATION OF FERRITIN
Ascorbic acid is necessary for the formation of
tissues ‘’ferritin’’ .ATP, NAD+, NADP+.
 ACTION ON CERTAIN ENZYMES-
ACTIVATION/INHIBITION:
VIT.C is capable of both activating and inhibiting
different groups of enzymes .
e. g arginine and papain are activated, whereas,
urease and BETA- amylase from plants is inhibited.

22.  Vitamin C play an important role in the reaction of
the body to stress
 Vitamin C have also been reported to act as
coenzyme for cathepsine and liver stress.
 Ascorbic acid in both leucocytes and platelets
found to be lowered significantly in women taking
oral contraceptive pills.
 VIT.C plays important role in electron transport
chain.

24. A disease caused by a deficiency of vitamin C,
characterized by swollen bleeding gums and the
opening of previously healed wounds, which
particularly affected poorly nourished sailors until
the end of the 18th century.

25. In infants between 6 to 12 months of age the diet should be supplemented with
vitamin C sources.
In ascorbic acid deficiency, collagen is abnormal & the intracellular cement
substance is brittle.
So capillaries are fragile, leading to the tendency to bleed even under minor
pressures.
Due to rupture of capillaries, resulting from lack of intracellular substances.
or even hematoma in severe conditions.

26. In severe cases, hemorrhage may occur in the
conjunctiva & retina.
In severe cases of scurvy, the gums becomes painful,
swollen & spongy.
The pulp is separated from the dentine and finally teeth
are lost
Wound healing may be delayed.

27. In the bones, the deficiency results in the failure of the
osteoblasts to form the intracellular substance, osteoid.
Without the normal ground substance, the deposition
of bone is arrested.
The bones become weak and fractures easily.
Hemorrhage into joint cavities.
Painful swelling of joints may prevent locomotion of
the patient.

28. In vitamin C deficiency , normochromic, normocytic
(due to bleeding), megaloblastic (due to reduced
erythropoiesis) and microcytic hypochromic anemia
(due to impaired iron absorption & impaired haem
synthesis) are seen.

29.  Urine ascorbic acid ‘’saturation’’ test : A test dose of 5mg per l
lb (pound) body wt. if 50% or more is excreted in next 24 hrs.
then the individual has no deficiency of VIT. C.
 Intradermal test: intradermal injection of 2,6-dichlrophenol and
determination of the time for decolourization i.e., reduction of
the dye. abnormally long persistence of blue color in cutaneous
wheal indicates saturation of ascorbic acid.
 Tourniquet test : a sphygmomanometer cuff is applied an is
inflated it compresses venous blood .in short time appearance of
petechial haemorrhages on the forearm indicates deficiency.

30. Severe back pain
 Jaundice
 Itchy skin (pruritis)
 Splenomegaly (Tender mass in left upper abdomen)
 Fever
 Abdominal pain
 Dizziness
 Vomiting
 Nausea
 Headache
 Facial flushing
 Dental cavities (caries)
 Decreased urine output

31.  Fatigue
 Mood changes
 Weight loss
 Joint and muscle ache
 Bruising
 Dental conditions
 Dry hair and skins
 Infections because of compromised immune
systems

32.  Oranges
 Chili papers
 Red bell pepper
 Green ball pepper
 Kale
 Broccoli
 Papaya
 Strawberries
 Cauliflower
 Brussels sprouts
 Pineapple
 Kiwi
 Mango

33.  April 4TH Vitamin C day commemorating the
discovery of vitamin C in 1932.

35.  https://www.google.com/search?client=opera&q=scurvy&sou
rceid=opera&ie=UTF-8&oe=UTF-8
 http://www.slideshare.net/dileepchimani/vitamin-c-power-
point-30632727
 http://www.slideserve.com/megan-hinton/vitamin-c
 http://blog.naturalhealthyconcepts.com/2011/04/06/enough-
vitamin-c/
 https://ods.od.nih.gov/factsheets/VitaminC-Consumer/
 http://www.rightdiagnosis.com/v/vitamin_c_overdose/sympto
ms.htm#symptom_list
 http://www.health.com/health/gallery/0,,20745689,00.html