2. Las características geológicas determinan el relieve, y el
relieve es el resultado de la tectónica, la erosión
y los deslizamientos.
3. CADA FORMACIÓN GEOLOGICA
EN UN AREA DETERMINADA
POSEE UNAS DETERMINADAS
PROPIEDADES GEOTECNICAS
LA GEOLOGIA ES DETERMINANTE
EN TODA OBRA CIVIL
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4. • Desde el punto de vista litológico los materiales se
clasifican de acuerdo a su génesis o formación
diferenciándose dos grupos de materiales diversos
que son:
• La roca
• El suelo
5. CLASIFICACIÓN GENERAL DE INGENIERÍA DE LOS DIVERSOS
MATERIALES LITOLÓGICOS.
TIPO DE
MATERIAL
FORMACIÓN CARACTERÍSTICAS DETALLES PRIORITARIOS
ROCA IGNEA
METAMÓRFICA
ROCAS FORMADAS POR
CRISTALES DE MINERALES
ESTRUCTURA GEOLÓGICA.
FRACTURAS.
SEDIMENTARIA (DEBE
DEFINIRSE EL TIPO DE
ROCA EN LA FORMA
MÁS DETALLADA
POSIBLE).
ROCAS FORMADAS POR GRANOS
CEMENTADOS, DEPOSITADOS EN
CAPAS.
PLANOS DE ESTRATIFICACIÓN.
ROCA
METEORIZADA
(SAPROLITO)
IGNEA
METAMÓRFICA
SEDIMENTARIA
PERMANECEN ALGUNOS RASGOS
DE LA ROCA PERO ÉSTA SE
ENCUENTRA DESCOMPUESTA, EN
LAS DISCONTINUIDADES.
ESTRUCTURA GEOLÓGICA
DISCONTINUIDADES
ESTADO DE METEORIZACIÓN.
SUELO RESIDUAL ROCA METEORIZADA EN LA CUAL
YA NO APARECEN LAS
CARACTERÍSTICAS FÍSICAS DE
LA ROCA.
ESTRUCTURA GEOLÓGICA.
DISCONTINUIDADES.
PROPIEDADES FISICOQUÍMICAS.
ALUVIAL
COLUVIAL.
GLACIAL
LOESS
GRUPOS DE PARTÍCULAS O
BLOQUES DE SUELO O ROCA.
PROPIEDADES FÍSICAS.
MATERIALES
HETEROGÉNEOS
ROCA, ROCA
METEORIZADA, SUELO.
MEZCLA DE DIVERSOS
MATERIALES EN UN MISMO
PERFIL.
ESTRUCTURA GEOLÓGICA.
DISCONTINUIDADES.
METEORIZACIÓN.
PROPIEDADES FISICOQUÍMICAS.
8. - PRODUCTO DE ENFRIAMIENTO DEL MAGMA ANTES DE AFLORAR A LA
SUPERFICIE
- FORMAN 98% DEL “VOLUMEN” DE LA CORTEZA TERRESTRE
- ESTAN FORMADOS POR CRISTALES CON UNIONES MUY FUERTES
- MICROESTRUCTURA DESORDENADA E ISOTROPICA
- EN ESTADO NATURAL SON MUY DENSAS Y DURAS
- AL FRACTURARSE Y METEORIZARSE SON BLANDAS Y DEBILES
- COMPORTAMIENTO CONTROLADO POR LA ESTRUCTURA
ROCAS IGNEAS INTRUSIVAS
9. GRANITO (ALTO CONTENIDO DE CUARZO)
DIORITA
GABRO
DOLERITA (BAJO CONTENIDO DE CUARZO)
PRINCIPALES ROCAS IGNEAS INTRUSIVAS
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18. LA GRANODIORITA ES UN MATERIAL INTERMEDIO ENTRE EL
GRANITO Y LA DOLERITA
LA DIORITA SE ENCUENTRA EN MASAS MAS PEQUEÑAS QUE
EL GRANITO
DIORITA
CUARZO
FELDESPATOS
PLAGIOCLASA
HORNBLENDA (FERRO MAGNESIANO DE COLOR VERDE)
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19. Roca de textura fanerítica compuesta por
fenocristales de muscovita, cuarzo, feldespato
potásico y plagioclasas.
Granodiorita
21. •ROCA IGNEA BASICA (MUY POCO CUARZO)
•ALTO CONTENIDO DE: MAGNESIO
• CALCIO O SODIO
•COLOR OSCURO
•MUY RESISTENTE EN ESTADO NATURAL
•SE METEORIZA A ARCILLA COLOR CAFE
DOLERITA
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22.
23. ROCAS “PIROCLASTICAS”
SUS PRORIEDADES INGENIERILES DEPENDEN DEL GRADO DE
SOLIDIFACION
ROCAS IGNEAS EXTRUSIVAS (VOLCANICAS)
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24. -RIOLITAS
(ALTO CONTENIDO DE CUARZO
MEGACRISTALES)
-TOBAS
(POROSAS, RICAS EN VIDRIO)
- ANDESITAS
-BASALTOS
(BAJO CONTENIDO DE CUARZO
GRANO FINO)
ROCAS VOLCANICAS PRINCIPALES
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27. Roca con variaciones texturales entre fanerítica y
afanítica constituido por fragmentos de rocas
volcánicas con oquedades semejantes a la piedra
pómez
Bombas Piroclásticas
29. COLOR OSCURO
SANO ES DURO Y DIFICIL DE EXCAVAR
METEORIZA A ARCILLA
SUELO RICO EN POTASIO Y FOSFORO (NUTRIENTES)
BASALTO
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30.
31. ACIDEZ DE LAS ROCAS IGNEAS
MODO DE OCURRENCIA ÁCIDA
>66%SIO2
INTERMEDIA
52-66% SIO2
BÁSICA
< 52% SIO2
EXTRUSIVA
VOLCÁNICA
RIOLITA ANDESITA BASALTO
DIQUES E INTRUSIONES
MENORES
CUARZO
PORFIRITA
PORFIRITA DOLERITA
INTRUSIONES MAYORES
PLUTÓNICAS
GRANITO DIORITA GABRO
32. METAMORFISMO
RECRISTALIZACION DE ROCAS IGNEAS O SEDIMENTARIAS
LAS ROCAS SUFREN CAMBIOS DE TEXTURA Y MINEROLOGIA
ROCAS METAMORFICAS
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36. Definition of Metamorphism
The alteration of a pre-
existing igneous,
sedimentary, or
metamorphic rock (called
the “parent rock” or
“protolith”) by the
application of heat and/or
pressure. Complete
melting does not occur.
55. Figure 22.1. Examples of foliated metamorphic rocks. a. Slate. b. Phyllite. Note the difference in reflectance on the foliation
surfaces between a and b: phyllite is characterized by a satiny sheen. Winter (2001) An Introduction to Igneous and
Metamorphic Petrology. Prentice Hall.
a: Slate
b: Phyllite
Slate: compact, very fine-
grained, metamorphic
rock with a well-
developed cleavage.
Freshly cleaved surfaces
are dull
Phyllite: a rock with a
schistosity in which very
fine phyllosilicates
(sericite/phengite and/or
chlorite), although rarely
coarse enough to see
unaided, impart a silky
sheen to the foliation
surface. Phyllites with
both a foliation and
lineation are very
common.
Foliated Metamorphic Rocks
57. METAMORPHISM OF AN ARGILLITE
–
THE TEXTURAL STORY
Just as progressive metamorphism of an argillite or
mudstone parent rock gives rise to a characteristic
succession of minerals with increasing grade or intensity,
so too it gives rise to a characteristic succession of
textures, based on the arrangement or orientation of the
grains. The rock names derive from the names of the
textures, and so we see in order of increasing grade the
rocks slate, phyllite, schist, and gneiss, which will be
illustrated in turn. The corresponding textural terms are
slaty cleavage, phyllitic cleavage, schistosity, and
gneissosity, all of which are admittedly awkward terms.
58. Slate.
This represents
the lowest
grade of
metamorphism.
There is grain
reorientation
without
appreciable
grain growth.
The reorientation of fine sheet silicates in response to the directed
stress leads to slaty cleavage, wherein the rock splits very cleanly
along essentially planar surfaces. A red shale would be less compact
and lack the sheen of the cleavage surfaces of this red slate.
59. Slate – Exploiting its Properties
These discards from the roofing material used (by one of Edmonton’s
more prosperous citizens) in preference to shakes or asphalt
shingles could be cleaved more finely [green arrows]. Alignment of
the platy grains makes the material impermeable, and the fact it
splits into thin sheets makes the weight manageable. Note the low
sheen on the cleavage planes, which pass between grains.
60. Slate – Original Identity Preserved
In this low grade metamorphic rock, the original identity of the parent
rock can be seen. We see graded beds [purple arrows] with light,
coarse grains at the base grading to dark, fine grains at the top. As
well, we notice that the foliation and cleavage, parallel to the broad
faces of the sample, are unrelated to the original bedding, whose
planes are parallel to the light blue arrows.
62. Phyllite.
This is also a
low grade
metamorphic
rock, but is of a
higher grade
than slate.
Cleavage
planes are
highlighted by
yellow stars.
With higher metamorphic grade comes increased crystal size. The
faces of the larger grains are more reflective than smaller grains, and
so the cleavage planes of the rock have a greater sheen than they do
in slate. Even irregular fracture surfaces have a sheen [blue star].
63. Phyllite.
As with slate,
cleavage is a
bulk property of
the rock and
passes
between
grains, unlike
mineral
cleavage which
passes through
crystals.
This phyllite has less regular cleavage planes and a higher sheen due
to the coarser grains. The intermediate stress has influenced the
growth of these crystals such that they form ridges and swales aligned
parallel to the green arrows and perpendicular to this stress.
64. Figure 22.1c. Garnet muscovite schist. Muscovite crystals are visible and silvery, garnets occur as large dark porphyroblasts.
Winter (2001) An Introduction to Igneous and Metamorphic Petrology. Prentice Hall.
Schist: a metamorphic
rock exhibiting a
schistosity. By this
definition schist is a
broad term, and slates
and phyllites are also
types of schists. In
common usage, schists
are restricted to those
metamorphic rocks in
which the foliated
minerals are coarse
enough to see easily in
hand specimen.
Foliated Metamorphic Rocks
66. Schist.
This texture
also appears
first at low
grades, but
higher than
both slate and
phyllite. The
significance of
the stars is
explained on
the next slide.
This schist has a reasonably coarse grain size, wherein individual
grains of biotite in particular are readily distinguished with the unaided
eye. This low grade schist is friable, that is, can easily be crumbled with
normal finger pressure. This is not generally seen in slate or phyllite.
67. Schistosity and Weathering - 1
The foliation produced by alignment of the biotite grains is the
schistosity, and accounts for the easy way in which this rock splits
[green arrows]. This exposes the fresh surface [yellow stars], which
is nearly black as expected for biotite, whereas the weathered
surface [blue stars] is brown because of oxidation [rusting] of the
iron content of the mafic sheet silicate biotite.
68. Schistosity and Weathering - 2
Again, the iron content of biotite causes the weathered surface [blue
stars] to turn brown, as distinct from the dark fresh surface [yellow
stars]. This sample is of higher grade than the previous one, as
indicated by the coarser crystal size. The coarser grains result in a
loss of well developed cleavage planes; the rock splits very
irregularly, but still parallel to the foliation [green arrows].
69. Schist.
At a higher
grade, in this
case medium
grade, new
minerals such
as garnet
[yellow arrows]
may appear,
within a matrix
of muscovite in
this case.
The garnet crystals have a strong force of crystallization, and will
usually be larger in size than surrounding micas. Such larger crystals
are called porphyroblasts, and generally their appearance marks the
onset of medium grade metamorphism, still within schists.
70. Schist.
Generally at a
higher grade
than for garnet,
staurolite [blue
arrows] may
appear as
porphyroblasts.
In this case, the disparity in grain size between staurolite
porphyroblasts and the biotite of the matrix is extreme. Even though the
sample is not bounded by large planar surfaces, the biotite grains at its
surface are parallel to each other and define the foliation.
71. Schist
with a
Twist.
In this sample,
the grains of
various
minerals are
clearly not
uniformly
distributed.
Alignment of micas produces a strong foliation [green arrow]. Parallel to
the foliation is a thin band of quartzofeldspathic [mix of quartz plus
feldspars] material. If this was introduced to the sample later, it could
be a schist, but the banding is suggestive of another rock, gneiss.
72. Figure 22.1d. Quartzo-feldspathic gneiss with obvious layering. Winter (2001) An Introduction to Igneous and Metamorphic
Petrology. Prentice Hall.
Gneiss: a metamorphic
rock displaying gneissose
structure. Gneisses are
typically layered (also
called banded), generally
with alternating felsic and
darker mineral layers.
Gneisses may also be
lineated, but must also
show segregations of
felsic-mineral-rich and
dark-mineral-rich
concentrations.
Foliated Metamorphic Rocks
76. Gneiss – A High Grade Metamorphic Rock
At the highest grades, minerals segregate into distinct compositional
bands. Generally there will be dark bands dominated by mafic
minerals such as biotite and amphibole, and white/grey/pink bands
[arrows] dominated by quartz plus feldspars. Feldspars may occur
as discrete pockets called augen, from the German for “eyes”
[stars]. Left view is cut surface, right is weathered.
77. Gneiss.
This is called a
granitic gneiss
because its
mineralogy
matches that of
the igneous
intrusive rock
granite. Its
texture marks it
as
metamorphic.
The orientation of the sample in this view means that we are not
looking parallel to the fabric. Nevertheless, the distinct segregation into
compositional bands is apparent. Turning a sample around will often
show things not apparent in your first view.
78. Twice as Gneiss (Sorry, couldn’t resist it!)
Two more examples of gneiss illustrate differing degrees of segregation
between mafic and quartzofeldspathic minerals. The left sample
exhibits a discrete layer of dark, mafic minerals parallel to what is
otherwise a barely developed foliation [green arrow], whereas the
right sample shows alignment of distinct elongate pods of the lighter
minerals that have nevertheless not coalesced into bands.
79. Gneiss – Banding Without Segregation
The foliation [blue arrow] is defined by banding, with alternating biotite-
rich dark layers [yellow arrows and stars] representing
metamorphism of mudstones, and quartz-plus-feldspar-rich light
layers representing metamorphism of sandstones. In this case
banding does not reflect high grade metamorphism, but rather low to
medium grade metamorphism of layered sedimentary rocks.
85. Foliated Metamorphic Rocks
Foliation Grain Size Composition Other
Parent
Rock
Grade Name
microscopic
to very fine
clay minerals
Cleavage surfa ces
usually have dull
luster; color
variable
Shale low SLATE
Slaty cleavage
—breaks into
flat plates
very fine to
fine
clay, mica
Fine-grained;
micaceous minerals
give surface a satiny
luster
Shale low PHYLLITE
includes
mica, garnet
Commonly does not
contain feldspars;
large mica grains
create sparkly
surface
Shale,
siltstone,
graywacke
medium SCHIST*
Schistosity—
Platy fo liation
due to mica
grains
medium to
coarse
blue
amphibole
Blueish-gray color;
mostly
nonmicaceous
Basalt
medium
to high
BLUESCHIST
Gneissic (light
& dark) banding
coarse
includes
quartz,
feldspar,
amphibole,
pyroxene
mostly
nonmicaceous
minerals; light and
dark layers
common; may also
contain biotite and
garnet
Shale,
siltstone,
graywack e,
fel sic
igneous
high GNEISS*
*Descriptive adjectives shouldbe added to the rock name to describe the minerals it contains.
(For example, a schist containing garnet and muscovite would be called a garnet-muscovite schist.)
QuickTime™ and a
TIFF (Uncompressed) decompressor
are needed to see this picture.
Rocas metamórficas foliadas
86.
87. Non-foliated Metamorphic Rocks
Composition
Grain
Size
Other Parent Rock Grade Name
Calcite
(acid reaction)
commonly
coarse
Crystalline texture; does not
scratch glass; color variable -
usually white, pink, gray
Limestone
low to
high
MARBLE
Quartz
(scratches glass)
fine to
coarse
Crystalline texture; color
variable - usually white, pink,
tan, brown, red, purple
Quartz,
Sandstone
low to
high
QUARTZI TE
Rock fragments coarse
Sometimes deformed, rock
frag ments; rock breaks through
individual clasts
Conglomerate
low to
medium
METACONGLOMERATE
Pyroxene,
amphibole,
plagioclase
fine
Dense, commonly dark in color;
can be similar to basalt; for med
from contact metamorphism
Shale,
siltstone,
basalt
low HORNFELS
Chlorite,
amphibole,
plagioclase
fine to
medium
Greenish gray to greenish
black; massive
Basalt,
Gabbro
low to
medium
GREENSTONE
Serpentine
fine to
medium
Greenish to black; commonly
mottled or streaked; often shiny
(may be fiberous)
Dunite,
gabbro
medium
to high
SERPENTINITE
Amphibole coarse
Dark green to black; also may
contain biotite, plagioclase, and
garnet; (This rock may show
lineation - a parallel alignment
of "pencil"-shaped minerals.
However, in many samples the
lineation will not be obvious.)
Basalt,
Gabbro
medium
to high
AMPHIBOLITE
Rocas metamórficas no foliadas
92. Geotermómetro de composición de minerales
Roca se forma :
500-550°C
Staurolita – Forma a 500-750
Garnet – Forma a 450-700°C
Moscovita – Formsa a300-55
94. Rocas metamórficas foliadas
Roca madre - Shale
Pizarra (Bajo grad
Filita (Bajo grado)
QuickTime™ and a
TIFF (Uncompressed) decompressor
are needed to see this picture.
95. Rocas foliadas(cont.)
Filita (Grado bajo )
Esquisto (Grado medio)
QuickTime™ and a
TIFF (Uncompressed) decompressor
are needed to see this picture.
97. CLASIFICACIÓN DE TEXTURA DE ROCAS METAMÓRFICAS
TEXTURA ROCA CARACTERÍSTICAS
GRANULAR CHERT,
CUARCITA
GRANO FINO CON PREDOMINIO DE
PARTÍCULAS DE CUARZO
MÁRMOL GRANOS FINOS A GRUESOS, PARTÍCULAS
DE CALIZA O DOLOMITA
BANDEADA NEISS GRANOS DE MINERALES LAMINARES
ELONGADOS CON BANDEADO
COMPOSICIONAL
FOLIADA ESQUISTO,
SERPENTINIT,
PIZARRA,
FILITA
ROCAS FOLIADAS FINAS CON
PROPORCIONES ALTAS DE FILOSILICATOS
99. NEIS
- ROCA BANDEADA O FOLIADA
- BANDAS PARALELAS DE CUARZO Y DE FELDESPATOS
- BANDAS DE BIOTITA Y HORNBLENDA
- ROCA MUY RESISTENTE EN ESTADO NATURAL
ORTONEISS ORIGEN EN GRANITOS
PARANEISS ORIGEN EN ROCAS SEDIMENTARIAS
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111. CARACTERÍSTICAS DE LAS ROCAS SEDIMENTARIAS
ROCA COMPONENTE CARACTERÍSTICAS
CONGLOMERA
DO
PARTÍCULAS GRANDES
REDONDEADAS DE ROCA Y
FRAGMENTOS DE MINERALES.
MÁS DEL 50% DE LOS GRANOS
MAYORES DE 2 MM Y MENOS DEL 25%
DE ARCILLA
BRECCIA PARTÍCULAS ANGULARES DE ROCA
Y FRAGMENTOS DE MINERALES
MÁS DEL 50% DE LOS GRANOS
MAYORES DE 2 MM Y MENOS DEL 25%
DE ARCILLA
ARENISCA PARTÍCULAS REDONDEADAS
MENORES DE ROCA
MÁS DEL 50% DE LOS GRANOS ENTRE
2 Y 0.06 MM Y MENOS DEL 25% DE
ARCILLA.
LIMOLITA PARTÍCULAS DEL TAMAÑO DE LIMOS MÁS DEL 50% DE LOS GRANOS
MENORES DE 0.06 MM Y MENOS DEL
25% DE ARCILLA
ARCILLOLITA PARTÍCULAS DE ARCILLA MÁS DEL 50% DE ARCILLA.
LODOLITA ROCAS ARCILLOSAS CON ALTO
CONTENIDO DE LIMOS
MÁS DEL 50% DE LOS LIMOS.
CALIZA GRANOS DE CALCITA MÁS DEL 50% DE CALCITA Y MENOS
DEL 25% DE ARCILLA.
125. - MAS DEL 50% DE CARBONATO DE CALCIO
- PRESENCIA DE CONCHAS O FOSILES
- SE FORMAN GRANDES CAVERNAS
- TOPOGRAFIA KARSTICA
CALIZAS
MARGAS: ARCILLOLITAS CALCAREAS
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129. GRUPOS LITOESTRUCTURALES
NICHOLSON Y HENCHER (1997)
- CARACTERISTICAS LITOLOGICAS
- RESISTENCIA
- SUSCEPTIBILIDADES
ELABORÓ
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130. 1. ROCA FUERTE MASIVA
- RESISTENTE A LA MAYORIA DE PROCESOS DE DETERIORO
- ALGO SUSCEPTIBLE A LA METEORIZACION
EJ: GRANITO, GABRO, DOLERITA, BASALTO, RIOLITA,
METACUARCITA, NEISS, CALIZA, MARMOL
131. 2. ROCA FUERTE DISCONTINUA
- FRACTURADA
- SUSCEPTIBLE A CAIDOS, DESMORONAMIENTO E INCLINACIONES
ARENISCA Y CONGLOMERADOS CON JUNTAS ORTOCUARCITA,
ROCAS PIROCLASTICAS, CALIZAS, DOLOMITAS, MARMOLES Y
ROCAS IGNEAS FISURADAS.
133. 4. ROCA DEBILITADA TECTONICAMENTE
ROCA FALLADA CON FRACTURAS Y ZONAS DE BRECCIA
SUSCEPTIBLE A DESMORONAMIENTO, COLAPSO Y CAIDOS
ELABORÓ
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134. 5. ROCA DEBIL GRANULAR
ROCAS CON GRANOS POBREMENTE CEMENTADAS, UNIONES
DE ARCILLAS, CALCIO O YESO
SUSCEPTIBLE A FRAGMENTACION, CAIDOS, LAVADO DE
GRANOS.
136. 7. ROCA ANISOTROPICA
ESTRUCTURA LAMINAR
LUTITAS, PIZARRAS, FILITAS, ESQUISTOS
- FORMACIÓN DE CASCARAS Y LAMINAS
- SUSCEPTIBLE A PROCESOS DE EROSION
ELABORÓ
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137. 8. ROCA CON APARIENCIA DE SUELO
- MATERIALES MUY DEBILES O MUY METEORIZADOS
SUSCEPTIBLE A EROSIÓN EN SURCOS Y CARCAVAS
ELABORÓ
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139. MINERALES
SICOALUMINATES DE POTASIO,
SODIO Y CALCIO
•FELDESPATOS
OTROS: HORNBLENDA, PIROXENOS, MICAS, CLORITA,
GRANOTE, EPIDOTITA, CARBONATOS, ARCILLAS,
YESO, ANHIDUITA, SALES.
•CUARZO
ELABORÓ
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140. PARTICULAS
BLOQUES - > 300 MM
CANTOS - 150 A 300 MM
GRAVAS - 4.76 A 150 MM
ARENAS - 0.074 A 4.76 MM
LIMOS - GRANULARES MENOS DE 0.074 MM
ARCILLAS - PLASTICAS
ELABORÓ
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156. - SUELOS TRANSPORTADOS Y DEPOSITADOS POR LA FUERZA
DE GRAVEDAD
- MUY SUSCEPTIBLES A DESLIZAMIENTOS
SUELOS COLUVIALES (COLUVIONES)
157. MASA INCOHERENTE DE MATERIALES SUELTOS Y
HETEROGÉNEOS DE SUELO Y FRAGMENTOS DE ROCA
DEPOSITADOS POR LAVADO DE LA LLUVIA, REPTACION O
DESLIZAMIENTO
COLUVION
ELABORÓ
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158. MEZCLA DE FRAGMENTOS ANGULARES EN MATRIZ DE
MATERIALES FINOS.
COLUVION TIPICO
ELABORÓ
:
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159. DESDE PARTICULAS DE ARCILLA HASTA ROCAS DE VARIOS
METROS DE DIAMETRO
COLUVIONES
ELABORÓ
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160. ES COMUN QUE SE ENCUENTREN EN EQUILIBRIO LIMITE
SE TOCA Y SE MUEVE
INESTABILIDAD DE LOS COLUVIONES
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162. LA MAYORIA DE ÁREAS DE SUELOS
RESIDUALES ESTAN CUBIERTAS DE
DEPOSITOS COLUVIALES QUE VARIAN DE
ESPESOR DESDE ALGUNOS CENTÍMETROS
HASTA DECENAS DE METROS
SUELOS RESIDUALES CUBIERTOS POR COLUVIONES
ELABORÓ
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186. - POROSOS (ACUMULAN AGUA FACILMENTE)
- PRESENTAN MINERALES PROPIOS DE LOS SUELOS
VOLCANICOS
- CON FRECUENCIA SON EXPANSIVOS
LOS SUELOS VOLCANICOS SON
