Racial Racism

Racial Racism
From the colonial era, the English men from Britain arrived East America , they brought advanced
technology, at the same time, they also brought about racism. From the 20th century, the black in
America did not accept racial discrimination from the white in their social lives and they started to
revolt the policies of the white. In order to strength disparity between the white and the black, racial
politics still remain in the society of America. Slavery, segregation, the American Indian Wars,
Native American Reservations are all the results of racial politics. Official racial discrimination was
mostly banned in the mid–20th century, and it is regarded as unacceptable repugnant .(Henry, 2002)
Racial stratification continues to occur in employment, housing, education, lending, and
government.
There are several reasons account for the racism in America and I will illustrate it from 3 aspects.
In the first place, when the colonists come to America, they suppressed the black to work for their
farms , factories or families . Thus, the black people seemed to be lowered than the white in the
country. This leads to racial discrimination and racial prejudice. In that time, slavery was one
government admitted activity and it has great influence on history . Thus, the influence of slavery
cannot by totally eliminated from the society with the removal of the system after a series of anti–
slavery movements .Slavery is a legitimate system which had great oppression on the blacks. For
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Civil Rights During The 20th Century
Today, we stand at a precipice threatening a definitive split between Blacks and Jews, and Jews of
Color and Jews. The recent platform of Black Lives Matters denounces Israel as an apartheid state.
A respect for the history of Black political thought demands we not forget Israel and Jews (of all
races) remain a vulnerable minority.
Jews and Black Americans are most often linked together during the 20th century Civil Rights
movement. These communities were victims of institutionalized discrimination and social shunning.
Jim Crow signage proclaimed: "No Jews, No Dogs, No Negroes." At the height of the Civil Rights
era, Jews and Blacks marched together and were martyred during the Freedom Rides for voter
registrations.
The 19th and 20th centuries were filled with social and political change from the outlawing of
slavery, the Labor Movements advancement of workers' rights, and WWI and WWII toppling of
empires and raising up new nations. Unfortunately, Blacks and Jews continued as subjects of racism
and anti–Semitism, with increasing violence. Black enfranchisement was met with government
sanctioned White Supremacist aggression (such as the Klu Klux Klan). Similarly, the Holocaust
highlights Jewish vulnerability. Esteemed historian and Pan–Africanist WEB Dubois exclaimed,
"Every child knows that ancient Jewish civilization and religion centered in Palestine... When it
comes therefore to an issue of original possession and ownership, there is no final answer for any

Theories Of The Civil Rights Movement
General theories that explain social change, are geographical, biological, economic, and cultural
(Mondal, 2016). According to Mondal (2016), theories that seek to explain social change can be
separated into two groups, theories that relate to the direction of social change, which includes
various types of evolutionary theories and cyclical theory. The second group consists of theories
which are related to the causation of change and includes those that explain change in terms of
endogamous factors and those which emphasize exogamous factors (Mondal, 2016). Many of those
theories can help explain social change, when examining the Civil Rights Movement and the Black
Live Matter Movement, which is arguably an extension of the civil rights movement ... Show more
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Following the murder of a seventeen–year–old in California, the man accused was not acquitted, and
a Facebook post reflection was released by a young women who expressed herself through drafting
a love note to black people. She coined the term, "our lives matter, black lives matter", which was
later turned into a hashtag. These actions expanded into a movement involving street protests and
online organizing. They seek to address the systemic issue of racism, as exemplified in the culture of
violence that exists within law enforcement and the United States criminal justice system. The
movement has elevated the issue, raising consciousness to this important problem. The Black Lives
Matter Movement is concerned with changing policy are working to further develop organizational
strategies, but are deeply dedicated to campaigning for change efforts to improve the lives of
marginalized people. Black Lives Matter, is working to redefine a new way of living that reduces
violence and killings of ethnic and racial minorities (Montagne, 2015). According to Montagne
(2015), there are differences in opinion about this movement that have come to light in the social
conversation, such as critics who doubted its longevity due to a lack of structure and leadership as
well as claims that they are

Why Did Napa Build Alliances With Other Organizations
Dhruv Trivedi Assignment: 2 Chapter: 7, 8, 9 Q –1: How did NAPA build alliances with other
organizations? ANS: Napa build alliances with other organization by helping other organization.
Napa helped Welfare Rights and they had black student movement which made Rutgers in Newark
to force a 25% enrolment of Black and Latina student in freshman semester. In return, the Welfare
Rights members, BOS, and other various and sundry folks would accompany NAPA. That's how
Napa grew stronger and build alliances with other organization. Q – 2: Why was the Black and
Puerto Rican Convention established? ANS: On November 14–16, 1969, the Committee for Unified
Newark sponsored the Black and Puerto Rican Convention, which was designed to formally select
the

Du Bois ' The Souls Of Black Folk Essay
W.E.B. Du Bois' The Souls of Black Folk, published in 1903, encompasses the post–slavery era
struggle of the integration of African Americans into a predominantly white society. Du Bois, a
prominent figure in forming movements that worked towards ending this obvious segregation
between whites and blacks during his time, writes to his audience through a collection of essays
regarding the meaning of being both American and black, and the struggles African Americans faced
in order to survive in a post–slavery era. Du Bois's main proposal in this book is to explain the effect
racism had on the identity of African Americans. Du Bois tries to make his audience comprehend
the systematic oppression that African Americans faced during the time of reconstruction through a
series of true anecdotes and narratives. He uses the anecdotes and narratives not only to appeal to his
audience's pathos and ethos, but also to convince his audience with evidence in a realistic and clear
manner. He tries to have his audience understand the very different life African Americans lived
compared to those that white Americans lived, and how that existing racism affected the identity of
those African Americans. Throughout this book, he explains that the law and order of society in a
post–slavery era prevented African Americans from achieving true equality, which hindered their
understanding of their own blackness. Du Bois explains this oppression African Americans faced
through three significant

The Y Greene : A Quiet, But Not Silent Hero
Cheryll Y Greene: A Quiet, but not Silent Hero History is not about events that have transpired, it is
about those events that have been recorded. The first people who author history are reporters, who's
job it is to keep the masses informed of current events. The second authors of history are the
historians, who weave together threads of information in order to produce a tapestry of narratives
used to illustrate what has occurred. However, as recent events pass into history there are people
who are at these watersheds. Such individuals provide a priceless window into these events. One
such person is Cheryll Y Greene. Who while is best known for her work on the PBS documentary
"Malcolm X: Make it plain" also worked on a number of other major projects about both the history
of others and her own personal experiences as a woman of color in her time in a way that is
accessible to people from a variety of backgrounds. Greene's first major breakthrough into the
popular view was her contributions to Essence magazine, whose target audience was African–
American women between the ages of eighteen and forty–nine years old. Greene used this platform
along with other contributors and editors to provide a platform to empower the magazine's targeted
demographic. One of the many articles she authored is an interview with June Jordan and Angela
Davis. Later on, Greene worked as an executive editor for seven years from 1983–1990. fifteen
years after Greene's departure from essence the

The African American Culture And Consciousness From The...
New Day in Babylon is a book describing the long term effects on African American culture and
consciousness from the short lived Black Power movement. The book was written by William L.
Van Deburg. Van Deburg received his B.A. in history from Western Michigan University then
continued on to attain his PH.D. in American History from Michigan State University. Some of his
works include, The Slave Drivers: Black Agricultural Labor Supervisors in the Antebellum South,
Slavery and Race in American Popular Culture, Black Camelot: African–American Culture Heroes
in Their Times, 1960–1980, and Hoodlums: Black Villains and Social Bandits in American Life.
New Day in Babylon describes the lasting effects of the revolutionary Black Power movement. Van
Deburg details how every aspect of African American culture was affected by the Black Power
movements' emergence into American society. He describes why there was a need for a Black Power
movement by describing the condition of the African American in America. There were many socio–
economic disparities that served as barriers preventing the "American Dream" for most African
Americans. Van Deburg also describes the mind sets of many of the Black Power movement's
leaders as they attempted to describe the hypocrisy that is America. The condition of African
Americans when compared to the American Anthem's verse "land of the free, home of the brave"
was more accurately described as "land of the free, home of the slave". Not only was

The Reinforcement of Racial Hierarchies in Morrison's "The...
Race and racial hierarchies are reinforced through the proliferation of a predominant, societal, white
aesthetic and through the perceptions associated with physical characteristics. In The Bluest Eye,
Toni Morrison first illustrates the reinforcement of racial hierarchies through the proliferation of a
predominant, societal white aesthetic by recounting passages from the Dick and Jane books, a
standardization of family life. Next, "The Black Arts Movement" by Larry Neal demonstrates the
reinforcement of racial hierarchies through the proliferation of a white aesthetic by discussing how
Black culture, including Black art, is in danger if the white aesthetic is accepted by Black artists.
The reinforcement of racial hierarchies through ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
These books, with their simplistic two and three word sentences, were widely used to teach all
children how to read and suggested that the lifestyle of Dick and Jane was typical and standard. But,
the Dick and Jane lifestyle was certainly not the typical lifestyle for Claudia, Pecola or either of their
families. So, that lifestyle was presumed to be the typical white lifestyle. Furthermore, the lifestyle
of Dick and Jane was obviously viewed as superior to a sad, broken, difficult family life, similar to
what Claudia and Pecola were accustomed, so white lifestyles in general were viewed as superior.
Consequently, exposure to this white aesthetic, especially at an early age, would create, proliferate
and reinforce a racial hierarchy.
In "The Black Arts Movement," Larry Neal also discusses how a racial hierarchy is reinforced
through the proliferation of a predominant, societal, white aesthetic. Neal says that, "there are in fact
and in spirit two Americas – one black, one white." (Neal 2039). Further, Neal discusses the danger
of not counteracting the white way of thinking, trumpeting the need for a Black aesthetic. "The
motive behind the Black aesthetic is the destruction of the white thing, the destruction of white
ideas, and white ways of looking at the world." (Neal 2040). Neal's adamancy concerning the need
for a Black aesthetic confirms his belief in the existence and power of a predominant, societal, white

The Apartheid Of South African Apartheid
Introduction:
South African Apartheid was one of the darkest eras of racial persecution the world has ever seen.
From 1948 to 1991 the South African government headed by the National Party imparted not only
strict racial classifications that divided whites, blacks, Indians, and c*loreds, anyone who did not fit
into one of the previous groups, but also laws that restricted all aspects of black life; this time period
is known as apartheid. Certain individuals shined through in the fight against apartheid, these heroes
who dedicated and often sacrificed their lives and wellbeing for justice for the black community are
still remembered as some of the bravest people who have ever lived. Steven Biko is a quintessential
example of an anti–apartheid activist and hero. Biko formed the Black Consciousness movement to
empower the black community, he endured torture and jail time for the furthering of justice, and
eventually he died fighting for the cause. Biko's work and self–sacrifice fighting the unfair, unjust,
and cruel laws placed on his fellow black people during apartheid empowered generations of
activists to come and make him a true example of a hero.
Context Paragraph
Topic Sentence: South Africa was colonized by the Dutch and British during the 17th century, and
the British torment of the Dutch led them to become highly nationalistic and even more proud of
their white heritage than the Dutch in Holland; their hubris is what led Afrikaners to institutionalize
blatant racism.

Analysis Of Steve Biko And Steve Biko
1. Introduction
Steve Biko's political thought draws a significant amount of its ideas from Franz Fanon's political
thought. In fact, Steve Biko – in his only publicised works – often quotes Fanon and his ideas. Both
Biko and Fanon share similarities in their political thought. Such similarity is seen in their belief on
how political emancipation should be achieved. Biko, in similar respect to Fanon, is of the opinion
that mental emancipation is a prerequisite to being emancipated politically. Therefore psychology
and the psyche play a very significant role in the political thought of Steve Biko and Franz Fanon.
This essay will seek to explain, in light of Biko's political thought, how mental emancipation is a
precondition to political emancipation. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Referring again to his book, Biko makes reference to Fanon's writings by saying that the apartheid
government emptied black people's brain of 'all form and content', merely reducing the black man to
'a shell, a shadow of a man' (Biko, 1978: 31). Psychological oppression was very significant to the
apartheid government because 'the most potent weapon in the hands of the oppressor is the mind of
the oppressed' (Biko, 1978: 74). This refers to what Hook (2004: 85) describes as 'psychopolitics'.
Psychopolitics refers to the 'critical awareness of the role that political factors play within the
domain of the psychological' (Hook, 2004: 85). The apartheid government manipulated the minds of
black South Africans in such a way that they viewed themselves as incomplete and insignificant,
especially in relation to the white man. This made the black man easier to oppress politically,
economically and socially.
One could argue that mental oppression or psychological oppression is a precondition to political
oppression, particularly the oppression that occurred in apartheid South Africa. If one accepts such
an idea, one can begin to see the importance of Steve Biko's Black Consciousness Movement. It is
through consciousness that freedom can be achieved by the black man. Mental emancipation is the
necessity for political emancipation. Black Consciousness is what is needed

Characteristics Of Black Literature
Black literature includes the works of many different people throughout a lengthy and painfully
eventful history. Therefore, black literature encompasses many different concepts and characteristics
including idea of writing with an agenda, double–consciousness, and the idea of black excellence,
pride, and hope. Black literature largely emerged from the oppression blacks faced during slavery.
As blacks learned to read and write, they realized that their writings must have an agenda. Unlike
their white counterparts, early black writers wrote with the purpose of showing their humanity,
fighting for equal rights, making their opinions and ideas known, and searching for their identity.
For years, blacks were oppressed and, therefore, not given a voice in the United States. In fact,
blacks were dehumanized by a majority of people throughout the country, and it would be seen as
inappropriate for them to even consider speaking up for themselves or others. Therefore, learning to
read and write was a major privilege because blacks were now more educated and could use their
writing to express themselves. As seen in Olaudah Equiano's The Interesting Narrative of the Life of
Olaudah Equiano, he vividly describes his traumatic experiences as a slave. He begins by talking
about Africa and its sophistication when he says that his "father was one of those elders or
chiefs...and was styled Embrenche; a term...importing the highest distinction and signifying in
[their] language a mark of

Impact Of The Black Consciousness Movement
What was the impact of the Black |Consciousness Movement on the Student Movements in the
1970s in Apartheid South Africa?
Introduction
The aim of this research essay is to determine the following; whether or not the Black
Consciousness Movement's ideology, headed by Steve Biko, once a black university student and a
member of SASO, were prevalent in the Student Soweto Uprising of 1976 in response to the forcing
of Afrikaans as a teaching language in black schools by the Bantu Education Board. Had the Black
Consciousness Movement help the Student Movements in determining their stance and actions
against the apartheid government and did the banned African National Congress' Freedom Charter
manifesto of non–racialism thrive in the student movement, ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
Biko not only inspired workers in Durban to boycotts and strikes in 1973, but also helped spark off
the student Soweto Uprising in 1976. In the 1970s, The South African Student Organisation (SASO)
was gathering support from campus to campus, outside of the province of Natal into the Transvaal.
SASO became increasingly radical in its theology and openly hostile towards apartheid and white
supremacists. SASO was then spreading to primary and high schools. In 1972, the Black People's
Convention (BPC) was formed and was used to promote the Black Consciousness philosophy,
complementing SASO as its student wing. This shows how the Black Consciousness philosophy and
Steve Biko were influencing the student movements' decision–making. Many student leaders,
however, were already influenced by the ANC, much like Biko's approach to non–racialism. This
helped spread the ideals of non–racialism within black townships, as the philosophy of "one man,
one vote and the redistribution of wealth and land." (Socialism) cried out among students in the
townships and universities. Three days before the Soweto uprising, at a meeting of the South African
Students' Movement (SASM) convened at Naledi High School, the Soweto Students Representative
Council was formed, composing of SASM delegates. This shows that the BCM impacted the
Student Movement's thinking on political ideology, and its actions against the Apartheid regime, as
decision to protest was agreed upon under BCM leadership. SASO was banned in October 1977 and
left students without a national body, but protests continued around South Africa and in 1978 the
Faculty of Science at the University of Zululand held a protest against appalling conditions for black

Summary Of New Negro By W. E. B. Dubois
Initially, I felt very in tune with the writings of W.E.B. Du Bois, and when given this assignment I
was certain I would pick him as my favorite author. W.E.B. Du Bois touched on a great majority of
hardships and cruelties presented to African–Americans in this society. However, when reading
Alain Locke there was a more advantageous response. As Du Bois touched on the distress, it
developed an irritated reaction afterwards. Du Bois read was without a doubt compelling, but I
appreciate Locke's reading regarding the empowerment of African–Americans. I respected Locke's
message and the depiction of the importance of black art and what it represents. It reminded me that
African–Americans' creativity is often times not given the proper credit that is rightfully deserved.
Given in the past, many songs by black artists were stolen by acclaimed white artists. Locke also
presented the belief of how powerful black excellence is. "A negro news caring materials in English,
French, and Spanish." Despite how the world wants to repress African–Americans, my ancestors
continued to preserve and reign supreme. The brilliant mindset African–Americans held at that time
was by far inspiring. It proved that their consciousness was revived with determinations to achieve
every ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
I was satisfied once I realized "New Negro" was about the bold consciousness African–Americans
brought into the light from years of believing this consciousness was inadmissible. One could
assume that "New Negro" is about a changed mindset, but it was more than just a mindset. It was a
movement. Without the work of African–Americans pioneering in the Harlem Renaissance, where
would society be musically? It is no secret that the African–American culture is used all throughout
our society. Locke presented that using art in this movement is very effective and connects with
people on a deeper

1. The History Of The Black People Of South Africa Is...
1. The history of the Black people of South Africa is currently and scientifically reported to extent
back to some of the oldest human species on Earth. For example, 2.5 million years of human
evolution occurred on the territory of South Africa. Approximately, 125,000 years ago the modern
human era developed around the Klasies River Caves, a region in the Eastern Cape of South Africa
in the Middle Stone Age. The hunter–gathers San and pastoral herders Khoikhoi people developed
in the Middle Paleolithic in northwestern area of South Africa. Eventually, populations of Bantu–
speaking people migrated from interior regions of West Africa started approximately 1000 BCE to
settle in South Africa. In the 19th century abundant of diamonds, ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
Biko's father was employed as a police officer and later a clerk in the King William's Town Native
Affairs office. Mzingaye Biko attempted to earn a correspondence law degree from the University of
South Africa, but could not complete the course requirements before his early death in 1950. Biko's
mother was a domestic worker in White households and then a cook at Grey's hospital in King
William 's Town. After her husband sudden death, Nokuzola Biko had difficult duty of raising their
children on a diminished income and in the inhumane apartheid system of South Africa.
Nonetheless, his parents, especially his mother, instill the important of becoming an excellent
student and attain higher education for upper class mobility and economic advancement. In 1952,
Steve Biko attended St Andrews Primary School and Charles Morgan Higher Primary School, he
was well–known as very intelligent student who was allowed to skip the 4th grade. He was known
to assist his classmates with their school work when they needed it. In 1963, he attended Forbes
Grant Secondary and was an excellent student in mathematics and English studies, and developed
himself as one of the best student in the school examinations. In 1964, he was given bursary to
attend the prestigious Lovedale Boarding School to award his advanced intelligent and academic
accomplishment. Biko was expelled a few months after entrance in Lovedale Boarding School with

Nietzsche: Uses And Disadvantages Of History For Life
Nietzsche ́s pragmatic conception of History: correlation and dichotomy of historical consciousness
and happiness Using Nietzsche's great essay on the "Uses and disadvantages of history for life" as
the starting point I have examined the utility of the study of history for judgment and practicality.
This term paper argues, following Nietzsche; that the wrong kind of historical study can be very bad
for "life " causing misery and depression, while the right kind–the kind employed by a pragmatic
judge–may deviate from literal accuracy in the direction of a verbal and inspirational narrative of
historical events that can be constructively employed in a forward–looking approach for
contentment and cheerfulness. 1 Introduction "The history ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net
...
According to Nietzsche the useful way to study past is to see simple events, chronology or record of
the past instead of relating it to, decoding or explaining the past. It is history in the first sense that is
Nietzsche's target. He does not deny that there are knowable facts about things that happened in the
past, but at the same time the total of those facts, empty of analysis, interpretation, or causal
acknowledgements, such understanding is unclear and is not what we mean by historical
understanding. Yet Nietzsche is not, at least in the essay that I am considering, skeptic about either
type of history. For example, he does not deny that we can know that Napoleon Bonaparte
abandoned for the second time in 1815, or even that we can know that Napoleon did (or did not)
accelerate the emergence of German nationalism. He is skeptical about the social rather than the
truth value of history. He boldly opposes that the search for historical understanding can have a
devastating effect on meeting the challenges of the present or the future and thus it is useful to see
history in its pragmatic way as the social value or understanding can lead to the question that
whether this knowledge is possible or

The Earliest Movements For Repatriation By Black Americans
The earliest movements for repatriation by Black Americans in the late nineteenth–century reflected
the ways in which the gratuity of violence of both colonialism and slavery created a dialectical
tension between Black Americans and Continental Africans. The psychological and social effects of
this violence manifested in the concerns W. E. B. Du Bois discusses in relation to double
consciousness. Amongst the most important of them would be the ways in slavery and colonialism
had shaped Black Americans perspectives of themselves, Continental Africans and Africa as a land.
While many Black Americans are representative of this process, people such as Martin Delaney, one
of the first proponents for Black Nationalism, and Robert Campbell, a teacher at the Institute of
Colored Youth in Philadelphia, exemplify the attitudes taken up by Black Americans in the late
nineteenth–century and how both behavioral and structural violence shaped their understandings.
Through the conceptual framework provided by people such as Du Bois, E. P. Skinner, Frantz Fanon
and Frank B. Wilderson, III, one can begin to understand how these movements not only were a
product of the ideologies of Black Americans, but also the products of white supremacist, anti–
Black ideology. In the beginning of his book, The Souls of Black Folk¸ DuBois (1903) describes
double consciousness as a "sense of always looking at one's self through the eyes of others" in
which "[o]ne ever feels his twoness,–an American, a

Summary Of Apartheid Overview : Soweto Uprising Scene And...
1) Using "Apartheid Overview," Soweto Uprising Scene," and "Nelson Mandela: The history of a
Struggle": Define Apartheid. How and why did it come into being? When did it end? Why?
Apartheid, apartness in Afrikaans, is a tough system built on segregation that actively enforced
segregation and racism in Africa for several generations. Apartheid began in Africa in 1948 as the
National Party came into power, but the roots of the Purified National Party go back to 1934 where a
group of extremist founded the Purified National Party under the pretense of the Calvinistic idea that
the Afrikaners were God's chosen people and thus superior and separate from the inferiors around
them. Apartheid started falling apart in 1989 when Nelson Mandela was released from prison; from
there he took reign of the campaign again and tried to encourage an end to segregation and fighting.
What aspects of Apartheid seem to be the most destructive? (You can look to medical care, police,
courts, business, education, neighborhoods, etc.) Explain and be specific using examples from both
sources. An objectification of inferior people is a bit disgusting on the grounds that soldiers did not
bat an eye at the massive slaughter of a mob that was just being noisy and appeared to not cause any
real crime. While the people in the uprising video seem united to revolt against oppression, the
prominence of a national identity is not present. As seen in many European and Western countries, a
feeling of

The Poetics Of Women's Rights, By T. V. Reed
In T.V. Reed's essay, The Poetical is the Political: Feminist Poetry and the Poetics of Women's
Rights, he conveys how poetry is not a luxury but a theory and a feminist practice that plays an
important role in helping to form new issues and new feminist identities. After reading Reed's essay
in the fourth edition of the Feminist Theory and the other feminist writers, there is no mention of
visual art as a theory or as a feminist practice. In fact, there are no visual artists mentioned in the
book or artwork displayed to convey a perspective to feminist thought. As an art educator and artist,
I question the absence of artists in feminist theory, especially Black women artists. Just like poets,
visual artists created a feminist art movement, which grew out of consciousness–raising groups of
women protesting their absence in the art world. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
This essay will discuss the lack of Black female artists in feminist literature and how their artwork is
a personal experience available for public political discussion. The scope of the essay show how
Black Feminist visual artists use their artwork to identify, develop, and communicate feminist
issues. I will explore the editors' structure of the Feminist Theory Reader selection of poems and
essays in the book. The significance in this essay is the theoretical framework produced from visual
art. I will examine how Black women artists create a counter–narrative to the stereotyped images
seen in the art world. I am concern with feminist theorists excluding Black women visual artist or
selecting a few token artist to pretend there is a cooperative feminist practice. I argue the images
Black feminist female visual artists create are also the main tool exhibiting consciousness–raising
lens, feminist perspectives, feminist practice, and feminist

Analysis: The Harlem Renaissance
The Harlem Renaissance was a cultural movement that stimulated an explosive wave of literature,
visual art, music and intellectualism amongst the Black community in Harlem from the 1920s until
the mid–1930s. It was a chapter in a splendid and venerable progression and became a time for
cultural celebration and advancement for Black Americans. The roots of the Renaissance can be
linked to the Great Migration during WWI (Sayre, 2014), as a result of harsh and relentless racial
discrimination and disenfranchisement in the South, relocated millions of Blacks Americans to the
North. W.E.B DuBois illustrated the Black American experience during this time in correlation with
an ambiguity of an individual whose self–consciousness is split into different ... Show more content
on Helpwriting.net ...
("Langston Hughes Biography") Hughes' work encompassed a myriad of poetry, plays, and other
literature, including political writings, during the Harlem Renaissance. He became a voice for Black
Americans, his work illustrating the everyday lives of the working–class Black American. He
highlighted the highs and lows of the Negro in America, shining light on racial stereotypes and
prejudicial conditions that permeated the lives of the Black community. In his poem "The Weary
Blues", Hughes refers to the Black pianist on Lenox Avenue repeatedly as a Negro. He is a Negro
and a pianist. Hughes also rouses dualism by referring to the pianist's ebony hands and the piano's
ivory keys. The piece is melancholy in tone and expresses a theme of one's troubles and worries
being calmed or quieted through the power of music. Music, especially Jazz music was a common
outlet in everyday life for the Black community in those times. The singer in Hughes' poem was able
to channel the frustrations and pains of life into his music. In the end, the singer stops playing and is
able to sleep soundly writing, "The singer stopped playing and went to bed while the Weary Blues
echoed through his head. He slept like a rock or a man that's dead."

Harlem Renaissance Research Paper
The movement known as Harlem Renaissance or the New Negro Movement is an intricate and
important event in African–American cultural history. In the second half of the 1920s, with the
dramatic upsurge of creativity in literature, music, and art within black Africa, the movement
reaches its zenith. By exploring and probing racial themes and analyze what it means to be Black,
both ethnic and cultural consciousnesses awaken among blacks and they want to be a new Negro
and a new black American identity.
Many scholars and writers involve in the movement, like Langston Hughes honored as the "Poet
Laureate of Black People"; Alain Locke, an editor of an anthology the New Negro: An
Interpretation, regarded as the definitive text in the movement; James ... Show more content on
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Du Bois in his epochal collection The Souls of Black Folk reflects the old image of African–
Americans who endure hardships and sufferings, but his outcry against racial discrimination is
permeated in the book. His constantly appealing for equity, unity and ethnic identity helps black
people raise their political consciousness, and improve their national self–respect. They hope to
blend into the American mainstream society and build a color–blind and integrated American
society. A new identity is anchored by African heritage. The music and performances of African–
Americans attract lots of audience among which white Americans are included. The Cabaret and
varieties of Clubs become the hot destination for white people. In Cotton Club the white's enjoying
black people's entertainment allows for the possibilities of Black culture to become a phenomenon
within the White world. The new African–American cultural expressions soon sweep across the
urban areas in the United

Similarities Between Nelson Mandela And Steve Bidela
Nelson Mandela and Steve Biko, were one of the braves' black African men who fight against their
citizen rights, and against the Apartheid, which was taking place in South Africa between 1948–
1978, this term means to segregate South African citizen based on their race, and that lead south
Africa to end up with unstably and unequal society where every one feel foreign and unequal to
other.
Staring with brief introduction about some differences between Mandela and Biko. Mandela was
born village of Mvezo, South Africa, and he was the Xhosa chief son. Mandela started his political
life as affiliated with ANC, and through these year with this party, he did a lot to end discrimination
and violence of government, he was well known as anti–Apartheid founder.
Moving to Steve Biko, he was born in Ginsberg Township, South Africa. He was an activist against
Apartheid in student movements in South African Syudent Organization, which lead him to found
the Black consciousness movement. Black consciousness means by "an inward looking process"
(Stubbs, Aelred). Biko believed in self–confidence, self–proudness, self–determination, integration
with no ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
But they are differed in the approach they used in order to end Apartheid era. Mandela was more
liberal and idealistic, while Biko was encourage national spiritual and was rationalistic. In my
opinion, I think Biko was more charismatic than Mandela, Biko raised from nothing, and he moved
a lot of Black South African people on to streets to opposed the system, while Mandela was born as
son of leader, so his voice is more likely to be heard by others, and he tried to Charismatic but I
think he do not have this talent, because people take long time to follow him, and he because more
influence especially after Biko

The Pan Africanism For Beginners
The Pan–African movement as described in Lemelle's Pan–Africanism for Beginners is "a set of
ideas and ideologies containing social and cultural, political and economic, material and spiritual
aspects." Each aspect is accompanied by a plethora of historical figures and terms unique to the
movement, well described throughout the text and in the presented glossary. This book makes it easy
to understand all the information accompanying each topic. While it does have its strengths and
weaknesses, this book as a whole creates and explains a diverse scope of information. It describes
the beginnings of Pan–Africanism and shows how the beliefs of many influential people have
stemmed from notions and dreams of years passed.
As a learning experience, Lemelle 's Pan–Africanism for Beginners provides a strong broad base of
knowledge. Instead of concentrating on the specifics of Pan–Africanism, this book covers a broad
range of aspects, from the Diaspora to Garveyism to the Harlem Renaissance. Because there are so
many people and movements associated with Pan–Africanism, it is nearly impossible to go into
detail about every important event in one book. Even so, Lemelle does a good job at providing
enough detail on each topic, while still conveying how complex Pan–Africanism is. By including
many facets of Pan–Africanism, Lemelle is able to spark an interest in the reader so that they can
continue onto more specific research. For instance, when Lemelle explained the Conference of

Jessie Redmon Fauset During The Harlem Renaissance
Harlem Renaissance
The Harlem Renaissance was a black–American cultural movement that spanned from 1920s to
1930s and characterized literature, music, and art. The movement played a significant role in the
recognition of the intellectual contributions and struggles of African–Americans, which would later
lead to the Civil Rights Movement as well provide America with beautiful and positive images of
the black people. The renaissance had common characteristics, for instance, the conveyance of
modern black life experiences in the urban North, the impacts of institutional racism, black identity,
and slavery influence. Further, the movement inspired many future black intellectuals in Africa,
America, and the Caribbean. Two of the notable poets during the Harlem Renaissance were
Langston Hughes and Jessie Redmon Fauset.
Jessie Redmon Fauset
Jessie Fauset played the crucial role of a mentor to the young writers of the time as well as a creator
of her own work despite her advanced age at the height of the movement. She was different from her
peers in the Harlem Renaissance given her reserved demeanor, lifestyle, and age leading to names,
such as the midwife and older sister figure of the Renaissance. Her works were ... Show more
content on Helpwriting.net ...
She used her role in the movement to talk about cultural compromises, constrained opportunities,
and prejudice through a portrayal of bourgeois characters who were dealing with such issues. Her
contribution changed how the white people viewed blacks, especially through black biography and
consciousness. Moreover, Fauset chose to work on unpopular topics thereby challenging the
publishers' preconception by not writing about the common descriptions of blacks, such as abject
poverty, race riots, fights, or drinking. Through her work, Fauset changed how people view the
black American woman as more searching rather than

Harlem Renaissance Essay
The Harlem Renaissance was an African–American creative and intellectual crusade that thrived
throughout the 1920s and 1930s. The crusade was based in Harlem, New York, but its inspiration
stretched throughout the country and even the world. After the Civil War, huge quantities of
African–Americans traveled to northern metropolitan areas, like New York and Chicago. Harlem a
neighborhood that was situated near Manhattan became one of the primary endpoint for many of
these African Americans, and it was here that a distinctive way of life developed for this group.
Harlem renaissance was and is about the outpouring of creating communication and self–expression
in ones arts that came about with new opportunities since the moving up north. It was also a time of
reawakening for many like the modernist movement claimed to be; it was also a time of self–
consciousness of the rethinking of the African culture and a principle part for the search of racial
identity. In other words, it was a cultural place where the blacks had a pride to express their art.
(Hutchinson, 2017) Therefore, the Harlem Renaissance was a place of expression of pride for the
culture of the black. It was where artists, photographers, writers and alike spoke about their work
implicitly. I will be looking at two poets of this area in particular and they are Langston Hughes and
Claude McKay. I will discuss what part they played as well as their importance within the literary
movement along with the major themes of

African Americans And African American History
Since colonialism, blacks have been subjected to white standards of beauty. For African Americans,
gaining acceptance in society was once synonymous with whitening one's appearance. Throughout
African American history, black women have styled their hair in order to avoid shame and
mortification and attempt to appear under American standards of beauty. For example, during
slavery, slaves were required to change their hair to resemble white beauty standards. Changes in
hairstyles varied between light–skinned and dark–skinned slaves due to their working positions. In
the 1970s, during the Black Power movement, idealisms of black beauty changed and the afro was
worn as an act of rebellion and a symbol of black power. Despite the movement, relaxers were still
ubiquitous in black barber shops and salons. Not until recently has the use of relaxers dwindled and
more African Americans are deciding to wear their hair natural. While the current natural hair
movement may not be an act of rebellion, it does represent how African Americans ideas about
black beauty have changed. Where at once point blacks chose to wear their hair in a certain manner
for political reasons, or due to unconscious attempts to style themselves after white American beauty
standards, modern day blacks are styling their hair for personal reasons. Today African Americans
can find an innumerable amount of resources for natural hair now that the movement is flourishing.
Naturalists can find support through online

Collective Identity Within The Gay Community And Women 's...
Collective Identity within the Gay Community and Women's Liberation Movement
The gay community and women's liberation movement were both formed through collective
identities and political/oppositional consciousness. Moreover, both groups were discriminated
against by external social structures and yet, succeeded due to internal factors. Whittier and Taylor
describe collective identity as "the shared definition of a group that derives from member's common
interests, experiences, and solidarity" (Whittier 105). The gay community was being oppressed for
their sexuality while women were being suppressed based on their gender. Although both
communities formed collective identities, they experienced numerous obstacles in unifying their
movements, the most notable being race and ethnicity. Since both groups were being discriminated
against due to factors out of their control, they formed collective identities and created communities,
which propelled their movements forward.
The shift from agricultural economy to capitalism changed family dynamics, and was "directly
linked to the appearance of a collective gay life" (D'emilio 102). In an agricultural society, families
used to work together to produce food, clothing and other goods (D'emilio 103). "There was, quite
simply no "social space" in colonial systems of production that allowed men and women to be gay"
(D'emilio 104). In essence, survival was structured around a nuclear family until the emergence of
the free labor

B. Du Bois Essay
W.E.B. Du Bois was a major force in twentieth–century society, whose aim in life was to help define
African–American social and political causes in the United States. History writes that W.E.B. Du
Bois was a sociologist, historian, civil rights activist, and Pan–Africanist. However, white people
who feared him labeled him a trouble maker and some black people saw him as an outcast. No
matter what Du Bois's critics thought about him, Du Bois was the voice of African–American fight
for equality. As a prolific writer and speaker he was regarded by many as a prophet. Historical
record researched and documented revealed, Du Bois is mostly "known for his conflict with Booker
T. Washington over the role of blacks in American society. In an essay on Booker T. Washington, Du
Bois praised Washington for preaching Thrift, Patience, and Industrial trainee emasculation effects
of caste distinctions, opposes to the higher training of young African–American minds". My essay
will focus on one of Du Bois's most famous works "The Souls of Black Folk" written in (1903).
Because the short story is so detailed I am going to focus on two of his most controversial concepts
(veils and double–consciousness). The concepts that Du Bois used to describe the quintessential
African–American experience and how white–American views defined them in the 20th century. I
will use scenarios to explain how these concepts affected the identity of African–Americans. W.E.B.
Du Bois "The Souls of Black

Case Study Of Steve Biko
Introduction
This assignment aims to evaluate and understand what personality is and its importance. Stephan
Bantu Biko's life and his fight against apartheid is investigated. His life is inextricably linked and
gives an appropriate and realistic example of humanistic theory, which than explains his life
decisions, behavior and personality .Motivation and its theory of McClelland evaluation and linking
it to the case study of Steve Biko.
Steve Biko
Stephan (Steve) Bantu Biko born on the 18th of December 1946 in Eastern Cape and passed away
on the 12 September 1977 in Pretoria due to injuries sustained while in police custody. He was an
anti–apartheid activist in South Africa. Steve Biko co–founded the South African Students
Organization ( ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
(Kagan 2010).Steve Biko was a charismatic person and anti–apartheid activist whose fight for his
people started early in his school which in the end lead to his brutal death. A death that is honoured
and seen as iconic as he was prominent in the bloody struggle for South African independence.
Steve Biko would be a good case study on humanistic theory as it focuses on a person's conscious
life experiences and choices in personality development. Motivation plays a huge role in Steve
Biko's life as his motivation resulted in something bigger than himself which was the freedom and
equality for

The Impacts Of Biko And The Black Consciousness Movement
The Black Consciousness Movement encouraged black people to gain their freedom by regaining
their confidence and ending their dependence on the whites. "Man, you are okay as you are. Begin
to look upon yourself as a human being." advised Biko. The new approach embodied by the
movement, made the blacks reflect and take care of their own destiny. It sought to do this by
eradicating feelings of inferiority and reliance on white people. "Black man, you are on your own!"
was a favourite slogan.
It was this element of psychological liberation, rather than its capacity for tangible, concrete
resistance planning which characterised the movement. In 1970, Biko called on black people (all
those oppressed by apartheid, including Indians and Coloureds) ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
Some writers have argued that Black Consciousness leaders were mostly professional people who
did not have widespread support. However, it must be noted that those who graduated, as teachers,
social workers, priests, journalists or trade–unionists, spread the ideas of black consciousness
through their respective disciplines and through to the level of the "ordinary" person. Examples of
such personalities include Cyril Ramaphosa, Popo Molefe, Patrick Lekota, Tito Mboweni,
Mamphele Ramphele, Strini Moodley and Saths Cooper. Such individuals were destined to play
prominent roles in the evolution of South Africa into a democratic country by 1994 and continue to
do so in contemporary South African

Betty Friedan Women Research Paper
1. What were the expectations for middle class girls and women in the 1950s? During the time
period of the 1950's, middle class girls and women had certain expectations placed on them. Some
of these expectations included meeting a man, getting married at a young age, and starting a family
of their own. 2. What were their education and career prospects? Within this time period, women did
not have many education or career prospects. Young women were expected to raise their children
and take care of their home instead of getting an education and working. 3. How did women feel if
the didn't meet the expectations set for them? If women felt like they did not meet the expectations
set for them, they would often feel as though they were failing ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
What were the issues that Betty Friedan's The Feminine Mystique make visible? Betty Friedan's
book, The Feminine Mystique, made visible how truly problematic the idea of women being
"homemakers" was. Her book helped to bring attention the idea that women were not truly happy in
this position, and they were not being allowed to live up to their true potential as individuals. 5. The
wide range of opinions went beyond a mere book. Why do you think American women of the 1950s
had such divergent opinions of the message behind The Feminine Mystique? I believe the reason
why women in the 1950's had such mixed opinions on the Feminine Mystique is because society
had put such an important emphasis on the idea that true happiness came out of being a "perfect"
homemaker, and nothing more. Additionally, I think women did not truly believe they had the
potential and power to break out of the social norms and use any of their talents or abilities for their
own personal gain. 6. Initially, why didn't Black women identify with feminism and the women's
movement? At first, black women did not identify with feminism and the women's movement
because of the fact the movement was not making much progress in changing the way women were
being discriminated within the work

Assess the Sociological Explanations for the Growth of New...
Assess the sociological explanations for the growth of new religious movements.
By: Amy Rashid
Over the years, there has been a growth of new religious movements in the society. This growth can
be explained in terms of why people chose to join the movements or in terms of wider social
changes. Hence, in this essay, I shall discuss several sociological explanations for this occurrence.
Firstly, Steve Bruce (1995, 1996) attributes the development of a range of religious institutions,
including sects and cults, to a general process of modernization and secularization. He believes the
weakness of more conventional institutionalized religions has encouraged some people to consider
less traditional alternatives. As modern societies ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Thus, members are expected to remain celibate during their youth. They are to subsequently marry,
have children, and create an ideal family which contributes to world peace. Thus showing that
world–rejecting new religious movement attracted the youth with its idealistic, spiritual and caring
way of life. Furthermore, this may be supported by Steve Bruce (1995) who saw world–rejecting
movements as having a particular appeal to the young. Many became disillusioned by the failure of
the counter–culture in the 1960s to radically change the world. Drugs and exploitation of the
movement disintegrated the hippie culture, and thus these disillusioned youths turned to religion as a
path to salvation rather than religion. An example of this would be the International Society for
Krishna Consciousness (ISKCON), which is also popularly known as 'Hare Krishna'. ISKCON is
based in Hinduism and they worship the hindu god, Krishna as the Supreme God. Hare Krishnas are
also known for their public singing and dancing and distribution of materials including their
magazine, Back to Godhead. ISKCON is actively evangelistic, with the goal of spreading God–
consciousness throughout the world. Notable followers of this movement would be the Beatles.
Therefore, showing that new religious movements appeal to youths due to its potential for a more
spiritual and idealistic life via more loving social relationships. Lastly, Wallis also claims that
world–affirming new religious

Black Lives Matter Movement Essay
Durkheim illustrates social solidarity as social unity and integration, that uses moral phenomenon to
help understand the moral degrees in society. Durkheim suggest social solidarity works under two
different types which are mechanical and organic solidarity. Durkheim defines mechanical solidarity
as common value and beliefs that are shared within society, that creates unity and shared goals.
Organic solidarity is the highest interaction between different groups, with diverse ideologies.
Durkheim suggest that the Black Lives Matter movement use their social solidarity to achieve
collective awareness of the unjust repressive laws that discriminate against African Americans
within the judicial and prison system. Durkheim would suggest that the ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
In my opinion, Durkheim and Weber's understanding of the Black Lives Matters existence in the
United states are based on judicial, social, and political injustice of African Americans. Weber would
conclude that African Americans having lower social status and class decreases the amount of
political and social influence that African Americans have in society. Weber's understanding of
social status in the aspect of the Black Lives Matter movement is dictated by social hierarchy
created in society. Weber concluded that African Americans low social stratification presents a level
of political, economic and social abandonment, that is created by judiciary law in the United States.
Weber defines social stratification as a system in which society rank individuals based on their class,
social status and political party. Weber's belief entertains the thought that the Black Lives Matter
existence aim at creating recognition towards African American disenfranchise social class, status,
and political power. Durkheim would conclude that the laws in America must change because they
repress members of the black community and the laws reinforce black struggle. Durkheim
explanation of repressive law challenges the morality of the laws that are enforced on African
American. Durkheim seeks to expose the lack of restitutive law which foundation is to restore and
maintain social

Literary Analysis : `` Invisible Man `` Essay
William Edward Burghardt "W. E. B." Du Bois was an American sociologist, historian, civil rights
activist, Pan–Africanist, author, and editor and he explored a societal idea that other authors, poets,
and short story writers adapted in their pieces of writings as well. The theories of Du Bois' "Double
Consciousness" made its way into Ralph Ellison 's novel Invisible Man, and Langston Hughes series
of poems. All of these authors wrote about Double Consciousness in there own way but never
changed the real meaning of it being, it describes the individual sensation of feeling as though your
identity is divided into several parts, making it difficult or impossible to have one unified identity.
Double Consciousness, had two perceptions that anyone could take either way. The first being, the
presentation of African–American as almost entirely deprived of their agency. Then, the second idea
branching off of Double Consciousness was what Ellison adapted to his novel. One is not just
"African" or just "American" that certain black society lives as an "American" and a "Negro" but
derives from all the wealth of human experience encompassing multiple layers of identity. Both
views lead back to the ideas of identity in society and within a single person, which Ellison, and
Wright challenged us as the readers to find in there pieces of work. Ralph Ellison's novel, Invisible
Man, took on the story of a black man in New York just before the infamous Civil Rights movement
was going to

Comparing The Civil Rights Movement And Malcolm X's Black...
Though the term humanity encompasses all people, the vast array of distinctions between different
groups help to build barriers and overshadow the similarities that connect them. This concept is only
emphasized when examining phenomenon such as the South African Apartheid or American
Segregation. Not only did these systems magnify stereotypes, but they also exacerbated the gap
between races, leading to discrimination and inequality of large proportions. It was through the
Anti–Apartheid Movement and the American Civil Rights Movement where these traditions of
separation were condemned, ultimately leading to the collapse such systems as well as an increased
sense of fellowship unhindered by race. Throughout these struggles, several individuals emerged as
leaders, not only transforming the movements but also serving as ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
One of the easiest comparable aspects of their leadership roles is the underlying ideology of Steve
Biko's Black Consciousness campaign and Malcolm X's Black Power campaign. Both ideologies
stemmed from the concept that white people were the source of the discrimination other ethnic
groups faced. While defining Black Consciousness, Biko asserted that "our culture, our history and
indeed all aspects of the black man's life have been battered nearly out of shape in the great collision
between the indigenous values and the Anglo–Boer culture" (Steve 48). This suggests that the
ignorance and suppression of African culture in South African society was a detrimental
consequence of the invading white influence. In fact, Malcolm X could not have named such a
reality better when describing the plight of African Americans: "We have a common oppressor, a
common exploiter, and a common discriminator ... the white man. He's an enemy to all of us"
(Message 1). Undeniably, the white population maintaining and enforcing these prejudicial systems
was identified in both campaigns as the reason for

Womanism: The Black Feminist Movement
Black feminism is womanism. Womanism is black feminism. The term "black feminism" was
coined by Kimberlé Crenshaw in 1989. Black feminism not only deals with empowering women,
but it fights against sexism, classism, and racism. Within the movement, the black feminists believed
that all of these things are related which is called intersectionality. The black feminist movement is
said to become popular in the 1960s during the Civil Rights Movement but I disagree because it
started with Sojourner Truth in the nineteenth century. The black feminist movement is separated
from the white feminist movement because of the oppression that black women suffer from is
different from any other woman and there was racism in the white feminist movement. I will ...
Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
After she defined womanism, she even related it to the African woman in the United States. Her
definition of womanism is what makes it different from white feminism. I think that the womanist
perspective is the entire reason for the movement because African women in the United States, they
have been stripped of their femininity via mass incarceration of their mates, single–parent
households, the crack epidemic, etc.
To Africans, womanism is the totality of feminine self–expression, self–retrieval, and the self–
assertion in positive cultural ways. It is generally believed that Alice Walker bought the word into
focus as an aspect of African Americans' appreciation of mature womanhood in a girl (Kolawole
24).
This relates to the Black Lives Matter movement because black women started the movement
because the struggles are intersectional. Black women have been stripped of their femininity and
they have the womanist movement to take it back. There is a need for a Black Lives Matter
movement because if the police unlawfully kill black people, there will be no womanist movement.
In all, both movements advocate for black

Awa Thiam's Arguement Against the Statement “Rape is to...
Awa Thiam speaks on the topic of the daughters of black Africa trying to find themselves. She also
states the comparison of the black women struggle with the European women. Thiam is arguing the
point that the European feminist imposed the false argument "Rape is to women what lynching is to
Blacks" (Thiam 114). Women in the text suffered from double domination and double enslavement
by the colonial phallocratic. Thiam explains the false consciousness of the black women as well.
The goal for the women is to achieve total independence, to call man bluff and all alienating
influences.
The European view point of exploitation of women in Europe compared to the African American
women shows an inaccurate judgment. If rape is to women compared to ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
Three forms of oppression first sexism dominated by men, racism suffered from appropriation of her
country by the colonial and class division mercy of the capitalist exploitation. Women must fight
and realize the system that is controlling and denying them, that system is patriarchal and
phallocratic. Many were unconscious whether to rebel against this system that exploits them or
accept it and remained in slavery. So many women were confused on what they should do because if
they rebel they were dehumanized and disposed of.
Phallocratic and patriarchy maintained sexual violence and controlled women. Their way of
controlling was to rape, female genital mutilation, force marriage and polygamy. European did not
succeed in wiping out the black African civilization. Thiam credits the mothers/ancestors of the
country, they held on to their belief to keep African civilization alive. In the phallocratic system
European women and African women suffers oppression and exploitation by the capitalist as the
male worker. Women also struggle wage on their own native land. Women and man fighting and
bearing arms for the liberation of their country, only then they are seen to be equal as man. Women
are capable just as men in assimilating skills of guerrilla warfare.
On the other hand, the same dominance shown fighting for their country alongside the males, the
patriarchal society have not yet rid them of the customs such as tattooing, wearing the veil,
housekeeping

The 's Theory Of Pan Africanism
The oppression of Africans has been a prevalent source of pain and suffering since the Trans–
Atlantic Slave Trade. Political and economic systems have been designed to implement
disenfranchisement for people of color on all societal platforms. Throughout the course of the black
experience, many prominent individuals held arguments and intellectual conversations regarding the
socioeconomic characteristics of African–Americans. The most controversial, prolific intellectual
figure who harnessed a self–reliance attitude, with the idea of collective identity as a people, was
none other than the Caribbean–born Marcus Garvey. Garvey, a social activist, was prominent in the
Black Nationalism and Pan–Africanism movements. Theories developed by Garvey inspired
millions as he lectured about self–reliance and liberation of blacks to embark on the back–to–Africa
movement. Achieving the goal of black liberation fueled the arguments presented by Marcus
Garvey. Garvey's theory of Pan–Africanism proved to be a dominant force in the unification of the
African community. Throughout this essay, I will respond to the notion of Pan–Africanism, Garvey's
Ideologies, and his accomplishments in providing Black consciousness for the African diaspora.
Garvey's ideologies were illustrated through his founding of the United Negro Improvement
Association (UNIA), as well as being the founder of the Black Star Line which engaged the idea of
the back–to–Africa movement. Collectively, these key

The Pan Africanism For Beginners
The Pan–African movement as described in Lemelle's Pan–Africanism for Beginners is "a set of
ideas and ideologies containing social and cultural, political and economic, material and spiritual
aspects." Each aspect is accompanied by a plethora of historical figures and terms unique to the
movement described thoroughly in the text and the presented glossary. The piece makes it easy to
understand all the information accompanying each topic. While it does have its strengths and
weaknesses, the book as a whole creates and explains a diverse scope of information. It describes
the beginnings of Pan–Africanism and shows how the beliefs of many influential people have
stemmed from the notions and dreams of years passed.
As a learning experience, Lemelle 's Pan–Africanism for Beginners provides a strong broad base of
knowledge. Instead of concentrating on the specifics of Pan–Africanism, it covers a broad range of
topics, from the Diaspora to Garveyism to the Harlem Renaissance. Because there are so many
people and movements associated with Pan–Africanism, it is nearly impossible to go into detail
about every important event in one book. Even so, Lemelle provides enough information to convey
the complexity of Pan–Africanism. By including its many facets, Lemelle is able to spark an interest
in the reader so that they can focus on specific research. For instance, when Lemelle explained the
Conference of Independent African States, he described that the purpose of the conference was

A Brief Note On George Curley And The Oppressed
Sarah Garcia
Professor Bell
History 20W
Due: 1 December 2014
Section # 68 – TA George Curley
How...? and The Oppressed
In the year 1941 during the middle of WWII, the Atlantic Charter created between U.S. president
Franklin D. Roosevelt and British Prime Minister Winston Churchill was made in a secret meeting
to secure their ally status with each other. Highlighted in this charter are rights the "self" should
have, including: "...self–determination and self–government, equal economic opportunity, and the
ability 'to live in freedom from fear and want'" (p. 223). Because the U.S. and Britain were
considered the "great nations", their popularity led marginalized people involved in social justice
movements at the time to catch on to these ideas of the rights of "self" stated in the charter. These
marginalized people realized that if the U.S. and Britain strived so much for freedom, equality, and
self–governing, they, the oppressed, should have been left at peace without dealing with people
being racist or condescending towards them. Steve Biko, a writer on Black consciousness and the
oppressor/oppressed in society, stated a solution to seek true humanity to rid of the problems at
hand. I argue that Steve Biko's assertion about Black Nationalism that "...the most powerful weapon
in the hands of the oppressor is the mind of the oppressed" (p. 248) resonated in the writings of
participants of the socially marginalized in Black Nationalism and Consciousness, Decolonization,
and the

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