HHUMBEHV (with assignment)

1. Individual Behavior,
Personality, and Values
HHUMBEHV
Organizational Behavior Chapter 2 by McShane and Von Glinow
Presented by: Mervyn Maico Aldana, SHTM Faculty

2. Individual Behavior and Performance
 For years now, experts have investigated the direct predictors of individual
behavior and performance.
 One of the earliest formulas was Performance = Person x Situation
(where person includes individual characteristics and situation represents
external influences on the individual’s behavior)
 Another is Performance = Ability x Motivation, also known as the skill-
and-will model. It elaborates two specific characteristics within the person
that influence individual performance - ability and motivation.
 Ability, motivation, and situation are by far the most commonly mentioned
direct predictors of individual behavior and performance, but in the 1960s
researchers have identified a fourth key factor – role perceptions.

3. MARS Model
 The four variables – motivation, ability, role
perceptions, and situational forces are
represented in the MARS Model.

4. MARS Model
 All four factors are critical influencers on an
individual’s voluntary behavior and
performance; if any one of them is low on a
given situation the employee would perform
the task poorly.
 Motivation, ability, and role perceptions are
clustered together because they are located
within the person.
 Situational factors are external to the
individual but still affect his or her behavior
and performance.

5. Employee Motivation
 Motivation represents forces within a person that affect his or her
direction, intensity, and persistence that affect his or her voluntary
behavior.
 Direction refers to the path along which people steer their effort; they have a
sense of what they are trying to achieve and at what level of quality, quantity,
and so forth. In other words, motivation is goal directed, and not random.
 Intensity is the amount of effort allocated to the goal. Intensity is all about
how much people push themselves to complete a task.
 Persistence is continuing the effort for a certain amount of time, employees
sustain their effort until they reach their goal or give up beforehand.
 Motivation is a force within individuals; it is not their actual behavior.

6. Abilities
 Ability includes both the natural aptitudes and the learned
capabilities required to successfully complete a task.
 Aptitudes are the natural talents that help employees learn
specific tasks more quickly and perform them better. There are
many physical and mental aptitudes and they affect our ability to
acquire skills.
 Learned capabilities are the skills and knowledge you currently
possess. These capabilities include the physical and mental skills
and knowledge you have acquired. Learned capabilities tend to
wane over time when not in use.

7. Abilities
 Competencies are closely related to aptitudes and learned
capabilities.
 Competencies are a person’s characteristics that result in superior
performance. These characteristics include knowledge, skills,
aptitudes, and behaviors.
 Some studies have attempted to identify a list of core
competencies for performance in all jobs.
 The challenge is to match a person’s competencies with the job’s
competency requirements. A good person-job match not only
produces higher performance; it also tends to increase the
employee’s well-being.

8. Role Perceptions
 Motivation and ability are important influences on individual
behavior and performance, but employees also require
accurate role perceptions to perform their jobs well.
 Role perceptions refer to how clearly people understand the
job duties assigned to them or expected of them.
 These perceptions are critical because they guide the
employee’s direction of effort and improve coordination with
coworkers, suppliers, and other stakeholders.
 Employees with clearer role perceptions also tend to have
higher motivation.

9. Role Perceptions
 Role clarity exist in three forms:
 First, employees have clear role perceptions when they understand the
specific tasks assigned to them, when they know the specific duties and
consequences for which they are accountable.
 Second is how well employees understand the priority of their various tasks
and performance expectations.
 Third is understanding the preferred behaviors or procedures for
accomplishing the assigned tasks.

10. Situational Factors
 Employees’ behavior and performance also depend on the situation.
 Conditions that are beyond the employee’s immediate control that constrain
or facilitate behavior and performance.
 Example – lack time, budget, physical work facilities, and other situational
conditions.

11. Types of Individual Behavior

12. Task Performance
 Task performance refers to goal-directed behaviors
under the individual’s control that support
organizational objectives.
 Task performance behaviors transform raw
materials into goods and services or support and
maintain these technical activities.
 Tasks involve working with data, people, or things,
working alone, or with people; and degrees of
influencing others.

13. Organizational Citizenship
 Organizational Citizenship Behaviors (OCBs) – various forms
of cooperation and helpfulness to others that support the
organization’s social and psychological context.
 In other words, companies excel when employees go the
“extra mile” beyond the required duties.
 Examples – assisting coworkers with their work problems,
adjusting your work schedule to accommodate coworkers,
showing genuine courtesy towards coworkers, and sharing
your work resources with coworkers, cooperation and
helpfulness toward the organization such as supporting the
company’s public image, taking discretionary action to help
the organization avoid potential problems offering ideas
beyond those required for your own job, attending volunteer
functions, and keeping up with new developments in the
organization.

14. Counterproductive Work Behaviors
 Counterproductive Work Behaviors (CWBs) are
voluntary behaviors that have the potential to
directly or indirectly harm the organization.
 Examples – harassing coworkers, creating
unnecessary conflict, deviating from preferred
work methods, being untruthful, stealing,
sabotaging work, avoiding work obligation
(tardiness) and wasting resources.

15. Joining and Staying with the
Organization
 Hiring and retaining talent is a critical requirement in the organization’s
survival and success.
 Even when companies are able to hire qualified staff in the face of shortages,
they need to ensure that these employees stay with the company.
 Companies with high turnover suffer because of the high cost of replacing
people who leave. More important, much of an organization’s intellectual
capital is the knowledge carried around in employee’s heads.
 When people leave, some of this vital knowledge is lost often resulting in
lower productivity, poorer customer service, and so forth.
 Some employers attract job applicants and minimize turnover by nurturing an
enjoyable work environment.

16. Maintaining Work Attendance
 Along with attracting and retaining employees, organizations need everyone
to show up for work at scheduled times.
 Most employees blame the situation for their absenteeism, such as the bad
weather, transit strike, and family demands. However, some people still show
up for work because they have a strong motivation to be there, whereas
others take sick leave when they are not genuinely unwell.
 Employees who experience job dissatisfaction or work-related stress are more
likely to be absent or late for work because taking time off is a way of
temporarily withdrawing from stressful or dissatisfying conditions.

17. Maintaining Work Attendance
 Absenteeism is also higher in organizations with generous sick leaves because
this benefit minimizes the financial loss of taking time away from work.
 Another factor in absenteeism is the person’s values and personality.
 Studies report absenteeism is higher in teams with strong absence norms,
meaning that team members tolerate and even expect workers to take time
off.

18. Presenteeism
 Along with attending work when expected, maintaining
work attendance includes staying away from scheduled work
when attendance would be dysfunctional for the individual
and organization.
 Presenteeism – attending work when one’s capacity to work
is significantly diminished by illness, fatigue, personal
problems, or other factors.
 Presenteeism may be more serious than being absent when
capable of working. Employees who attend work when they
are unwell or unfit may worsen their own condition and
increase coworker’s health risk. These employees are also
less productive and may reduce coworker’s productivity.
 Presenteeism is more common among employees with low
job security, who lack sick leave pay or similar buffers, and
whose absence would immediately affect many people.

19. Personality in Organizations

20. Personality
 Personality is an important individual characteristic, which explains why
several companies try to estimate the personality traits of job applicants and
employees.
 Personality is the relatively enduring pattern of thoughts, emotions, and
behavior that characterize a person, along with the psychological processes
behind those characteristics.
 It is in essence, the bundle of characteristics that make us similar to or
different from other people.

21. Personality Determinants: Nature or
Nurture
 Most experts agreed that personality is shaped by
both nature and nurture, although the relative
importance of each continues to be debated and
studied.
 Nature – refers to our genetic or hereditary
origins – the genes we inherit from our parents.
 Nurture – the person’s socialization, life
experiences, and other forms of interaction with
the environment.

22. Five-Factor Model of Personality
 Hundreds of personality traits have been described over the years, so
personality experts have tried to organize them into smaller clusters.
 The most widely respected clustering is the Five-Factor Model (Big Five)
personality dimensions.

23. Five-Factor Model of Personality
 Conscientiousness – characterizes people who are organized, dependable,
goal-focused, thorough, disciplined, methodical, and industrious.
 People with low conscientiousness tend to be careless, less thorough, disorganized,
and irresponsible.
 Agreeableness – traits of being trusting, helpful, good-natured, considerate,
tolerant, selfless, generous, and flexible.
 People with low agreeableness tend to be uncooperative, and intolerant of others’
needs as well as more suspicious and self-focused.
 Neuroticism – people who tend to be anxious, insecure, self-conscious,
depressed, and temperamental.
 In contrast, people with low neuroticism are poised, secure and calm.

24. Five-Factor Model of Personality
 Openness to Experience – refers to the extent in which people are
imaginative, creative, unconventional, curious, nonconforming, autonomous,
and aesthetically perceptive.
 People with low on this dimension tend to be more resistant to change, less open
to new ideas, and more conventional and fixed in their ways.
 Extraversion – people who are outgoing, talkative, energetic, sociable, and
assertive.
 Introversion – people who are quiet, cautious, and less interactive with others.

25. Jungian Personality Theory and the
Myers-Briggs Type Indicator
 Psychiatrist Carl Jung proposed that personality is primarily
represented by the individual’s preferences regarding perceiving and
judging information.
 Jung explained that perceiving, which involves how people prefer to
gather information or perceive the world around them, occurs through
two competing orientations: Sensing (S) and Intuition (N).
 Sensing (S) involves perceiving information directly through the five
senses; it relies on organized structure to acquire factual and preferably
quantitative details.
 Intuition (N) relies more on insight and subjective experience to see
relationships among variables.
 Sensing type focus on the here and now, whereas intuitive type focus more
on future possibilities.

26. Jungian Personality Theory and the
Myers-Briggs Type Indicator
 Jung also proposed that judging – how people process information or make
decisions based on what they perceived – consists of two competing
processes: Thinking (T) and Feeling (F).
 People with Thinking (T) orientation rely on rational cause-effect logic and
systematic data collection to make decisions.
 Those with strong Feeling (F) orientation, rely on their emotional responses to the
options presented, as well as how those choices affect others.

27. Jungian Personality Theory and the
Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI)
 Along with the four core processes of Sensing, Intuition, Thinking, and
Feeling, people also differ in their degrees of Extraversion (E) and
Introversion (I).
 Along with Jung’s S-N, T-F, E-I, the MBTI also measures Perceiving (P) and
Judging (J), which represents a person’s attitude toward external people.
 People with Perceiving (P) orientation are open, curious, flexible; prefer to adapt
spontaneously to events as they unfold, and they prefer to keep their options
open.
 Judging (J) types prefer order and structure and want to resolve problems quickly.

28. MBTI Personality Types

29. Jungian Personality Theory and the
Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI)
 The MBTI is one of the most widely used personality tests in work settings as
well as in career counseling and executive coaching, however, it poorly
predicts job performance and is generally not recommended for employment
selection or promotion decisions.

30. Personality Testing in Organizations
 Personality tests are applied for personal
development, such as career development and
team dynamics.
 Personality tests are also being incorporated into
employment selection and promotion decision
process.

31. Assignment
 Take a Personality Test Online.
 Print and submit next meeting.

32. Go to this website:
https://psychcentral.com/quizzes/personality/start.php

33. Scroll down and answer some questions

34. Answer series of questions by clicking
the answer that best describes you.

35. Results
 Print.
 To be submitted next meeting.
 Short bond paper.