1. ﺳﺮﻣﻘﺎﻟﻪ
CIRCULATION ﺳﻴﺮﻛﻮﻻﺳﻴﻮﻥ
Kamran Afshar Naderi ﻛﺎﻣﺮﺍﻥ ﺍﻓﺸﺎﺭﻧﺎﺩﺭﻱ
ﺍﺻﻄﻼﺡ ﺳﻴﺮﻛﻮﻻﺳﻴﻮﻥ ﺳﺎﻝﻫﺎﺳﺖ ﺑﻪ ﻭﺍژﻩﻧﺎﻣﺔ ﺗﺨﺼﺼﻲ ﻣﻌﻤﺎﺭﻱ ﺭﺍﻩ ﻳﺎﻓﺘﻪ ﻭ
From early times, architects have been attentive to the design
ﻣﻌﻨﻲ ﺁﻥ ﺳﺎﺯﻣﺎﻥ ﮔﺮﺩﺵ ﺩﺭ ﻓﻀﺎ ﻭ ﺩﺳﺘﺮﺳﻲ ﺑﻪ ﺑﺨﺶﻫﺎﻱ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ ﺳﺎﺧﺘﻤﺎﻥ
of building volume no more than they were interested in the
discovery and comprehension of how such volume is seen from ﺍﺳﺖ. ﺳﻴﺮﻛﻮﻻﺳﻴﻮﻥ ﺩﺭ ﻣﻌﻤﺎﺭﻱ، ﺑﻪ ﺍﻧﺪﺍﺯﺓ ﺭگﻫﺎ ﺩﺭ ﺑﺪﻥ ﺍﻧﺴﺎﻥ ﻭ ﻣﺪﺍﺭ ﺩﺭ
the outside. Ancient Greeks designed and built their temples ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢﻫﺎﻱ ﺍﻟﻜﺘﺮﻭﻧﻴﻜﻲ ﺍﻫﻤﻴﺖ ﺩﺍﺭﺩ. ﻛﺎﺭﺁﻳﻲ ﻭ ﻛﻴﻔﻴﺖ ﺳﻴﺮﻛﻮﻻﺳﻴﻮﻥ ﺑﺮ
as sculptures standing in the open so that the corners of the
building were visible to the viewers according to their desired
ﻛﻴﻔﻴﺖ ﻓﻀﺎﻱ ﻣﻌﻤﺎﺭﻱ ﻭ ﺑﻬﺮﻩﺑﺮﺩﺍﺭﻱ ﺍﺯ ﺁﻥ ﺗﺄﺛﻴﺮ ﻣﺴﺘﻘﻴﻢ ﺩﺍﺭﺩ ﻭ ﺍﺯ ﻫﺮ ﺩﻭ ﺟﻨﺒﺔ
or arbitrary point of view. By using a series of stairs, portals ﻓﻴﺰﻳﻜﻲ ﻭ ﺭﻭﺍﻧﺸﻨﺎﺧﺘﻲ ﺣﺎﺋﺰ ﺍﻫﻤﻴﺖ ﺍﺳﺖ. ﺍﺯ ﻣﻨﻈﺮ ﻓﻴﺰﻳﻜﻲ ﻣﻲﺗﻮﺍﻥ ﮔﻔﺖ ﻛﻪ
and predefined paths, Achamanids guided their guests through ﺍﻏﻠﺐ ﻓﻌﺎﻟﻴﺖﻫﺎﻱ ﺍﻧﺴﺎﻥ ﻧﻴﺎﺯﻣﻨﺪ ﺣﺮﻛﺖ ﺍﺳﺖ ﻭ ﺍﺯ ﺩﻳﺪﮔﺎﻩ ﺭﻭﺍﻧﺸﻨﺎﺧﺘﻲ، ﺩﺭﻙ
the building in a way that they were able to discover and view
the main building façade. Such interest in controlling the visual ﻣﺎ ﺍﺯ ﻓﻀﺎ ﻭ ﻓﺮﻡ ﻣﻌﻤﺎﺭﻱ، ﺑﻪﻭﻳﮋﻩ ﺩﺭﻙ ﺑﺼﺮﻱ، ﻣﺘﺄﺛﺮ ﺍﺯ ﻣﻜﺎﻧﻴﺴﻢ ﻛﺸﻒ ﻓﻀﺎ
axis of the building façade has always been present in Persian ،ﻭ ﺩﺭ ﻭﺍﻗﻊ ﺳﻴﺮﻛﻮﻻﺳﻴﻮﻥ ﺍﺳﺖ. ﺩﺭ ﻓﻀﺎﻫﺎﻱ ﭘﺮﺗﺮﺩﺩ ﻧﻈﻴﺮ ﭘﺎﻳﺎﻧﻪﻫﺎ، ﺳﻴﻨﻤﺎﻫﺎ
architecture. The design of Naqsh-e-Jahan Square in Isfahan ﻣﻮﺯﻩﻫﺎ، ﻧﻤﺎﻳﺸﮕﺎﻩﻫﺎ ﻭ ﻭﺭﺯﺷﮕﺎﻩﻫﺎ، ﺳﻴﺮﻛﻮﻻﺳﻴﻮﻥ ﺟﺰﻭ ﺍﺻﻠﻲﺗﺮﻳﻦ ﻋﻮﺍﻣﻞ ﻣﺆﺛﺮ
provides the maximum of depth of view from the axis of the
bazaar. ﺑﺮ ﻃﺮﺍﺣﻲ ﻭ ﭼﻪﺑﺴﺎ ﻋﻨﺼﺮ ﻣﺤﻮﺭﻱ ﺩﺭ ﻣﻔﻬﻮﻡ ﻃﺮﺍﺣﻲ ﺍﺳﺖ. ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﻣﺜﺎﻝ ﺩﺭ
Orientation in space, which happens today through the ﻃﺮﺍﺣﻲ ﻣﺴﻴﺮﻫﺎﻱ ﺧﺮﻭﺝ ﺍﺿﻄﺮﺍﺭﻱ ﺍﺯ ﺳﺎﺧﺘﻤﺎﻥ ﻳﺎ ﺣﺮﻛﺖ ﻋﻤﻮﺩﻱ ﻭ ﺍﻓﻘﻲ ﺩﺭ
application of guiding signs, is an important issue for which the
.ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﺳﺘﺎﻥﻫﺎ، ﺳﻴﺮﻛﻮﻻﺳﻴﻮﻥ ﺑﻪ ﻋﺎﻣﻠﻲ ﺣﻴﺎﺗﻲ ﺗﺒﺪﻳﻞ ﻣﻲﺷﻮﺩ
architectural form should be preferably responasible. In order to
facilitate orientation in buildings, symmetry and similarity must ﺑﻪﺭﻏﻢ ﭼﻨﻴﻦ ﻧﻘﺶ ﻣﻬﻤﻲ ﺩﺭ ﻣﻌﻤﺎﺭﻱ، ﺩﺭ ﺍﻳﺮﺍﻥ ﺑﻪﻧﺪﺭﺕ ﺳﺎﺧﺘﻤﺎﻧﻲ
be avoided. In many office high-rises or hotels with a central .ﻣﻲﺑﻴﻨﻴﻢ ﻛﻪ ﺑﺎ ﺗﻮﺟﻪ ﻛﺎﻓﻲ ﺑﻪ ﺳﻴﺮﻛﻮﻻﺳﻴﻮﻥ ﻃﺮﺍﺣﻲ ﻭ ﺳﺎﺧﺘﻪ ﺷﺪﻩ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ
core, one cannot orient himself after exiting the lift. Differentia-
tion of spaces, creation of halls and inner voids allowing the
،ﺩﺭ ﺑﺴﻴﺎﺭﻱ ﺍﺯ ﺳﺎﺧﺘﻤﺎﻥﻫﺎ ﻧﻴﺎﺯﻫﺎﻱ ﻓﻴﺰﻳﻜﻲ ﺗﺮﺩﺩ، ﻧﻈﻴﺮ ﺩﺳﺘﺮﺳﻲ ﻣﻌﻠﻮﻻﻥ
comprehension of the inner volume of the building as well as the ﺁﺳﺎﻧﺴﻮﺭﻫﺎﻱ ﻛﺎﻓﻲ ﻭ ﺳﺮﻳﻊ، ﭘﻠﻜﺎﻥ ﺭﺍﺣﺖ ﻭ ﺑﻲﺧﻄﺮ ﻭ ﺭﺍﻫﺮﻭﻫﺎﻱ ﺑﺎ ﻋﺮﺽ ﻛﺎﻓﻲ
use of environmental graphic design (color, writings and large ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﻧﺪﺍﺭﻧﺪ ﻭ ﺑﻪﻟﺤﺎﻅ ﺑﺼﺮﻱ، ﺭﺍﻩﻳﺎﺑﻲ ﺩﺭ ﻓﻀﺎ، ﺍﻣﻜﺎﻥ ﻛﺸﻒ ﻭ ﺩﺭﻙ ﻓﻀﺎﻱ
signs) are among the ways of making orientation possible.
One of the important issues in designing circulation in space ﻣﻌﻤﺎﺭﻱ ﺍﺯ ﻃﺮﻳﻖ ﺗﺮﺩﺩ ﺩﺭ ﻓﻀﺎ ﺩﺭﺳﺖ ﭘﻴﺶﺑﻴﻨﻲ ﻧﺸﺪﻩ ﺍﺳﺖ.ﻣﻬﻢﺗﺮﻳﻦ ﻭﺟﻮﻩ
is to allow path correction and interchange. In buildings where :ﻓﻨﻲ ﻣﺮﺗﺒﻂ ﺑﺎ ﻣﻘﻮﻟﺔ ﺳﻴﺮﻛﻮﻻﺳﻴﻮﻥ ﺭﺍ ﻣﻲﺗﻮﺍﻥ ﺑﺪﻳﻦ ﺗﺮﺗﻴﺐ ﺑﺮﺷﻤﺮﺩ
circulation spaces are designed in a tree-like pattern (such as ﺍﻟﻒ: ﻣﺴﻴﺮ ﻭﺭﻭﺩ ﻭ ﺍﺭﺗﺒﺎﻁ ﺁﻥ ﺑﺎ ﻓﻀﺎﻱ ﺑﻴﺮﻭﻥ، ﺣﺠﻢ ﺗﺮﺩﺩ، ﻛﺎﻫﺶ ﺗﺒﺎﺩﻝ
Golestan Shopping Mall in Sharak-e-Qarb) where branches
spread out from a main space dividing into smaller paths, circu- ﺣﺮﺍﺭﺗﻲ ﺑﺎ ﻓﻀﺎﻱ ﺧﺎﺭﺝ، ﺩﺳﺘﺮﺳﻲ ﻣﻌﻠﻮﻻﻥ، ﺩﺳﺘﺮﺳﻲ ﺍﻧﻮﺍﻉ ﺍﺗﻮﻣﺒﻴﻞ ﻭ ﺩﻳﮕﺮ
lation terminates in dead-ends or abandoned paths and those .ﻭﺳﺎﻳﻞ ﺣﻤﻞﻭﻧﻘﻞ، ﻛﻨﺘﺮﻝ ﻭﺭﻭﺩ ﻭ ﺍﻣﻨﻴﺖ
deciding to change path need to go back. Networks are com-
ﺏ: ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ ﺗﻮﺯﻳﻊ ﻭ ﺩﺳﺘﺮﺳﻲ ﺷﺎﻣﻞ ﺣﺮﻛﺖ ﺍﻓﻘﻲ ﻭ ﻋﻤﻮﺩﻱ. ﺍﺟﺘﻨﺎﺏ ﺍﺯ
paratively more successful, yet it is harder to find your way in a
network since nods can be very similar or identical. An architec- ﺗﺪﺍﺧﻞ ﻭ ﺗﻘﺎﻃﻊ ﻣﺴﻴﺮﻫﺎﻱ ﻣﺘﻔﺎﻭﺕ )ﻣﺜﻞ ﭘﻴﺎﺩﻩ ﻭ ﺳﻮﺍﺭﻩ، ﻣﺴﻴﺮ ﻭﺭﻭﺩ ﻣﻬﻤﺎﻧﺎﻥ
tural design differentiating nods and establishing hierarchy be- ﻭ ﺧﺪﻣﻪ ﺩﺭ ﻫﺘﻞ، ﻣﺴﻴﺮ ﺧﺮﻭﺝ ﻭ ﺗﺮﺍﻧﺰﻳﺖ ﺩﺭ ﻓﺮﻭﺩﮔﺎﻩ ﻭ...(، ﻇﺮﻓﻴﺖ ﻭ ﺳﺮﻋﺖ
tween paths according to their length, width or height or formal
and graphic qualities can solve the problem. In linear systems
ﺁﺳﺎﻧﺴﻮﺭﻫﺎ، ﻋﺮﺽ ﭘﻠﻜﺎﻥ ﻭ ﭘﻠﻜﺎﻥ ﺑﺮﻗﻲ، ﻣﻴﺰﺍﻥ ﺷﻴﺐ ﻭ ﻋﺮﺽ ﺷﻴﺒﺮﺍﻫﻪﻫﺎ ﻭ ﻋﺪﻡ
such as the bazaar or spiral museums such as Benz Museum in ،ﻟﻐﺰﻧﺪﮔﻲ ﺁﻥﻫﺎ، ﺭﻭﺷﻨﺎﻳﻲ ﻻﺯﻡ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﺭﺍﻫﻴﺎﺑﻲ، ﻋﺮﺽ ﻭ ﻃﻮﻝ ﺭﺍﻫﺮﻭﻫﺎ، ﻋﺮﺽ
Stuttgart or Guggenheim in New York the problem is thoroughly .ﺟﻬﺖ ﻭ ﻣﺸﺨﺼﺎﺕ ﻓﻨﻲ ﺩﺭﻫﺎ
solved through introduction of secondary ramps or lifts.
Today in many public places such as exhibition spaces, mu- ،ﺝ: ﺧﺮﻭﺝ ﻭ ﺧﺮﻭﺝ ﺍﺿﻄﺮﺍﺭﻱ ﺷﺎﻣﻞ ﻣﺴﻴﺮﻫﺎﻱ ﻓﺮﺍﺭ ﺑﻪﻟﺤﺎﻅ ﻣﻴﺰﺍﻥ ﻋﺮﺽ
seums, airports and parks, movement is the main factor usually ﻃﻮﻝ، ﺭﻭﺷﻨﺎﻳﻲ، ﻣﻘﺎﻭﻣﺖ ﺩﺭ ﻣﻘﺎﺑﻞ ﺣﺮﻳﻖ، ﻋﺪﻡ ﻟﻐﺰﻧﺪﮔﻲ، ﺟﻬﺖ ﻭ ﻣﺸﺨﺼﺎﺕ
evaluated as the major element in designing project concept. ﻓﻨﻲ ﺩﺭﻫﺎ ﺩﺭ ﻣﺴﻴﺮ، ﺗﻨﺎﺳﺐ ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢﻫﺎﻱ ﺧﺮﻭﺝ ﺍﺿﻄﺮﺍﺭﻱ ﺑﺎ ﺟﻤﻌﻴﺖﭘﺬﻳﺮﻱ
Projects such as Benz Museum by U.N.Studio in Stuttgart or
MAXXI Museum by Zaha Hadid are the result of a similar evalu- .ﻓﻀﺎ، ﻃﺒﻘﻪ ﻭ ﺭﻳﺴﻚ ﺣﺮﻳﻖ
ation. In these projects, circulation is a complicated web of paths ﻣﺒﺎﺣﺚ ﺍﺻﻠﻲ ﻣﺮﺗﺒﻂ ﺑﺎ ﺟﻨﺒﻪﻫﺎﻱ ﺭﻭﺍﻧﺸﻨﺎﺧﺘﻲ ﻭ ﺍﺩﺭﺍﻙ ﺑﺼﺮﻱ
forming the space. Visitors of these buildings enter an intercon-
:ﺳﻴﺮﻛﻮﻻﺳﻴﻮﻥ ﻧﻴﺰ ﺍﺯ ﺍﻳﻦ ﻗﺮﺍﺭﻧﺪ
nected and homogenous network of large and small spaces
guiding them throughout the building and allowing them to view (ﺍﻟﻒ: ﻧﺤﻮﺓ ﻛﺸﻒ ﺣﺠﻢ ﺑﻴﺮﻭﻧﻲ ﺳﺎﺧﺘﻤﺎﻥ ﻭ ﻭﺭﻭﺩ ﺑﻪ ﺑﻨﺎ )ﻳﺎ ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﻪ
the exhibited artworks and comprehend the architectural content ﺏ: ﺟﻬﺖﻳﺎﺑﻲ
and spatial structure of the building.
ﺝ: ﺩﺳﺘﺮﺳﻲ، ﺍﺻﻼﺡ ﻳﺎ ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮ ﻣﺴﻴﺮ
ﺩ: ﻛﺸﻒ ﻓﻀﺎﻱ ﻣﻌﻤﺎﺭﻱ ﺍﺯ ﻃﺮﻳﻖ ﺣﺮﻛﺖ
ﻫـ : ﻓﻀﺎﻱ ﺗﺮﺩﺩ ﺑﻪ ﻣﺜﺎﺑﻪ ﻓﻀﺎﻱ ﺯﻧﺪﮔﻲ
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