Week 2 Assignment Assignment: The Stevens Company is converting from the SQL Server database to the Oracle® database.  Using the sample shown below, create a Risk Information Sheet for at least five risks that might be encountered during the conversion. Risk Information Sheet Risk id: PO2-4-32 Date: March 4, 2014 Probability: 80% Impact: High Description: Over 70% of the software components scheduled for reuse will be integrated into the application. The remaining functionality will have to be custom developed. Refinement/Context: · Certain reusable components were developed by a third party with no knowledge of internal design standards. · Certain reusable components have been implemented in a language that is not supported on the target environment. Mitigation/Monitoring: · Contact third party to determine conformance to design standards. · Check to see if language support can be acquired. Management/Contingency Plan/Trigger: · Develop a revised schedule assuming that 18 additional components will have to be built. · Trigger: Mitigation steps unproductive as of March 30, 2014 Current Status: In process Originator: Jane Manager · Home · Lab Primers · Instructor Portal · Weird Science · Search · Contact info The Biology Primer · Home · Lab Primers · Instructor Portal · Weird Science · Search · Contact info · Menu <img src="http://static1.squarespace.com/static/52668d02e4b0f593739ec2b6/t/53d13504e4b0d732cf485abd/1406219591452/Plants.gif" alt="Plants.gif" /> Photosynthesis Photosynthesis is the process by which plants and other organisms (i.e. cyanobacteria and algae) convert light energy from the sun into chemical energy. In the process of photosynthesis, carbon dioxide (CO2) and water (H2O) undergo a series of chemical reactions initiated by light energy to produce glucose (C6H12O6) and oxygen gas (O2).  As sunlight shines down on plants, water is absorbed by the root system of the plant. Water is carried up by an internal plumbing system, known as the vascular tissue, up to the photosynthetic tissue (i.e. the leaves). In the leaves, water brought up from the vascular tissue absorbs into the photosynthetic leaf cells via simple or facilitated diffusion. Carbon dioxide (a gas) diffuses into the leaf directly through specialized mouth-shaped cells, known as guard cells. The holes made by guard cells are called stomata. Carbon dioxide and water go through a series of chemical reactions in the chloroplasts of plants to produce glucose with oxygen as a byproduct. In the leaf of the plant, there are several different tissues. The upper and lower most tissues are composed of small, boxed-shaped cells known as the epidermis. These cells excrete a waxy substance on the outside of the epidermis, known as a cuticle. The cuticle’s function is to prevent water loss in plants. Cuticles are so effective at preventing water loss, plants had to develop a mechanism for getting carbon dioxide gas into the leaf. Guard cells are able to open and close .

1. Week 2 Assignment
Assignment: The Stevens Company is converting from the SQL
Server database to the Oracle® database.
Using the sample shown below, create a Risk Information Sheet
for at least five risks that might be encountered during the
conversion.
Risk Information Sheet
Risk id: PO2-4-32
Date: March 4, 2014
Probability: 80%
Impact: High
Description:
Over 70% of the software components scheduled for reuse will
be integrated into the application. The remaining functionality
will have to be custom developed.
Refinement/Context:
· Certain reusable components were developed by a third party
with no knowledge of internal design standards.
· Certain reusable components have been implemented in a
language that is not supported on the target environment.
Mitigation/Monitoring:
· Contact third party to determine conformance to design
standards.
· Check to see if language support can be acquired.
Management/Contingency Plan/Trigger:
· Develop a revised schedule assuming that 18 additional
components will have to be built.
· Trigger: Mitigation steps unproductive as of March 30, 2014
Current Status:

2. In process
Originator:
Jane Manager
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<img
src="http://static1.squarespace.com/static/52668d02e4b0f59373
9ec2b6/t/53d13504e4b0d732cf485abd/1406219591452/Plants.gi
f" alt="Plants.gif" />
Photosynthesis
Photosynthesis is the process by which plants and other
organisms (i.e. cyanobacteria and algae) convert light energy
from the sun into chemical energy. In the process of
photosynthesis, carbon dioxide (CO2) and water (H2O) undergo
a series of chemical reactions initiated by light energy to
produce glucose (C6H12O6) and oxygen gas (O2).
As sunlight shines down on plants, water is absorbed by the root
system of the plant. Water is carried up by an internal plumbing
system, known as the vascular tissue, up to the photosynthetic
tissue (i.e. the leaves).

3. In the leaves, water brought up from the vascular tissue absorbs
into the photosynthetic leaf cells via simple or facilitated
diffusion. Carbon dioxide (a gas) diffuses into the leaf directly
through specialized mouth-shaped cells, known as guard cells.
The holes made by guard cells are called stomata. Carbon
dioxide and water go through a series of chemical reactions in
the chloroplasts of plants to produce glucose with oxygen as a
byproduct.
In the leaf of the plant, there are several different tissues. The
upper and lower most tissues are composed of small, boxed-
shaped cells known as the epidermis. These cells excrete a waxy
substance on the outside of the epidermis, known as a cuticle.
The cuticle’s function is to prevent water loss in plants.
Cuticles are so effective at preventing water loss, plants had to
develop a mechanism for getting carbon dioxide gas into the
leaf. Guard cells are able to open and close and are responsible
for regulating the plant’s CO2 and H2O levels.
<img
src="http://static1.squarespace.com/static/52668d02e4b0f59373
9ec2b6/t/53d142cce4b0489f902aec24/1406223053328/Untitled.j
pg" alt="Cross Section of a Leaf. " />
Cross Section of a Leaf.
Inside the leaf are two other photosynthetic tissues. Just below
the upper epidermis is a layer of tightly packed photosynthetic
cells that undergo the majority of photosynthesis in plants, the
palisade mesophyll. Directly below this layer are photosynthetic
cells that are much more spread out, known as the spongy
mesophyll. When the guard cells close to conserve water, this
layer serves as a CO2 reservoir, which allows photosynthesis to
continue even in a closed system. That is, until all of the CO2 is
fixed.
<img
src="http://static1.squarespace.com/static/52668d02e4b0f59373

4. 9ec2b6/t/53d14b8fe4b0a7476418c333/1406225366477/" />
Water is absorbed by the roots of the plant and travels up the
vascular system by the tissue known as xylem. Water enters the
leaf and absorbs into the photosynthetic cells by osmosis,
combining with CO2 to produce glucose and oxygen. Inside the
cell, water can be stored in the vacuole.Excess oxygen not used
during cellular respiration diffuses to the outside environment
via diffusion. Glucose is either utilized by the cell directly, or
is shuttled to the vascular tissue that transports glucose to other
cells incapable of photosynthesis (i.e. roots) in a vascular tissue
known as phloem.
The anatomy of a chloroplast
Comprehending chloroplasts’ internal anatomy will help your
understanding of the specific chemical pathways of
photosynthesis: the light reactions followed by the Calvin
Cycle.
Chloroplasts are ellipsoid organelles with a multiple (2-4)
membranes (depending on the organism). Inside the chloroplast
are pancake-like structures, known as thylakoids. At the
membrane of the thylakoids, the light reactions of
photosynthesis occur. Thylakoids tend to form stacks, known as
grana. The products of the light reactions travel into the liquid
area inside the chloroplasts, known as the stroma. Once those
products reach the stroma, they undergo the Calvin Cycle.
<img
src="http://static1.squarespace.com/static/52668d02e4b0f59373
9ec2b6/t/53d14c55e4b088cc1804bc50/1406225513015/800px-
Chloroplast_diagram.svg.png" alt="Anatomy of a chloroplast"
/>
Anatomy of a chloroplast
Light reactions
When light energy strikes the membrane of the thylakoids, the

5. molecule chlorophyll becomes excited. When this happens,
chlorophyll donates electrons in a chemical chain reaction,
known as the electron transport chain. It is at this step that
chlorophyll has converted light energy into chemical energy.
This energy is used to split a water (H2O) molecule into oxygen
gas (O2) and a proton (H+). A proton is a regular hydrogen
molecule with one proton and no electrons. Oxygen gas is a
byproduct and is exported outside of the chloroplast via
diffusion. This proton (H+) combines with the molecule NADP+
(nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate) forming
NADPH. NADPH is shuttled out of the thylakoid and gives up
its H+ in the Calvin Cycle. The chemical splitting of water
actually releases kinetic energy of its own which is used to
synthesize ATP (adenosine triphosphate) from ADP and P, in a
process known as photophosphorylation. These ATPs are used
to initiate the Calvin Cycle.
Calvin Cycle
The three products of the light reactions are NADPH, ATP, and
O2. Oxygen is a waste product and leaves the chloroplast (and
eventually the plant through the stomata) via diffusion. NADPH
and ATP leave the thylakoid, entering into the stroma (the
liquid interior of the chloroplast) and enter the Calvin cycle.
The Calvin cycle is a very complicated biochemical pathway
whose details are beyond the scope of this primer. It is in the
Calvin cycle that gaseous carbon dioxide becomes “fixed” into a
usable carbon-containing molecule. ATP from
photophosphorylation is used to fuel the Calvin cycle. The
NADPH also enters into the Calvin cycle, donating its hydrogen
(H+). That hydrogen is combined with the carbon and oxygen
from CO2 to form the desired product: glucose (C6H12O6).
Lab: Investigating Photosynthesis
Introduction
You will be using a leaf disk assay to investigate
photosynthesis. You will use a hole punch to make leaf disks
and put these leaf disks in a sodium bicarbonate (baking soda)
solution. In water, the bicarbonate solution is a carbon source

6. that the plant can use to undergo photosynthesis (akin to CO2 in
air). Initially when you submerge the leaf dish in the
bicarbonate solution, the air spaces in the leaf should fill with
the bicarbonate solution causing the leaf disks to sink. As
photosynthesis proceeds, oxygen gas will be produced and build
up in the leaf. As this happens the density of the leaf should
become lower than water and the leaf disks should begin to rise.
Since plants also use oxygen gas during cellular respiration, this
assay is only a relative measurement of photosynthesis. The rate
of photosynthesis can be measured by how quickly the leaf
disks rise. The faster they rise, the higher the net rate of
photosynthesis.
Materials
· Sodium bicarbonate (Baking Soda)
· Liquid soap
· Plastic syringe (10cc or larger) – remove any needle
· Leaf (spinach or ivy are known to work very well
· Hole punch
· Clear plastic cups
· Timer
· Light source
Protocol (Experimental Group)
1. Prepare 0.2% bicarbonate solution. Add 1/8 of a teaspoon of
sodium bicarbonate to 300ml of water. Stir until the sodium
bicarbonate is completely dissolved. Add 1 drop of liquid soap
to the solution and mix. This allows the solution to be absorbed
by the leaf. If you acquire suds , you will need to add more
bicarbonate solution until the suds disappear.
2. From your plant material, cut out 10 leaf disks with a hole
punch. Be careful to avoid major plant veins.
3. Remove the plunger from your syringe.
4. Place 10 leaf disks in plunger.
5. Place plunger back in the syringe and depress it, being
extremely careful not to apply any pressure to the leaf disks. If
you crush the leaf disks, the experiment will not work. If this
happens, simply cut out more leaf disks.

7. 6. Place the syringe in the bicarbonate solution, and draw a
small amount (2-3cc) of bicarbonate solution. Tap the syringe to
suspend the leaf disks.
7. While holding your finger over the opening of the syringe
(make sure you removed the needle), draw the plunger back in
order to create a vacuum. Hold the vacuum for 10 seconds and
swirl the leaf disks to suspend them in the solution.
8. After 10 seconds, remove your finger releasing the vacuum.
This will allow the sodium bicarbonate solution to infiltrate the
air spaces in the leaf. Once this occurs, the leaves will sink.
You will likely need to repeat this procedure several times to
get the leaf disks to sink. If you can not get your leaf disks to
sink after three evacuations, add one more drop of soap to your
bicarbonate solution and repeat the procedure. Continue adding
soap one drop at a time and repeating the procedure until the
leaf disks sink.
9. Carefully remove the plunger from your syringe. Pour the
contents (leaf disks and bicarbonate solution) in to a transparent
glass. Add more bicarbonate solution to the cup to a depth of
3cm.
Protocol (Control Group)
1. Repeat the procedure for the Experimental Group,
substituting water for the bicarbonate solution.
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