7. 7
Remarks on Scarcity
Scarcity is a r______________ concept
Scarcity exists when limited resources are
insufficient to satisfy all unlimited wants
Scarcity is simply a condition that we want
more than we have
Scarcity is a universal problem
Scarcity can be reduced but not be
eliminated
8. 8
Is Sea Water Scarce?
No!
Because we
do NOT
want more
than we
have.
9. 9
Opportunity Cost (OC)
OC is the h_____________ valued (or best)
option f_____________
We choose the highest valued/best option
and forgo the second best option, which
becomes our OC in a making decision
18. 18
Would the cost change if:
1. the watch does not function as
well as expected?
2. The book is now half-priced?
Remarks on Opportunity Cost
Cost changes only if the highest valued
option forgone changes.
19. 19
How does the cost change if the songs on
the CD is not as good as expected?
Remarks on Opportunity Cost
Change in value ≠ change in cost
Exercise 6: TB/P.12/Q 1.3
Exercise 7: TB/P.12/MCQ 5
Closer Look: TB/P.2/1.9
20. 20
Economic Goods
A good is economic good if its quantity
available is i____________________ to
satisfy all our wants
Scarce resources are used in production
More of it is p_______________
Quantity demanded (Qd) is larger than
quantity supplied (Qs) at zero price
Commanding a positive price
– Examples: air conditioner & sport shoes
21. 21
Free Goods
A good is free good if its quantity available is
s________________ to satisfy all our wants
No scarce resources are used in production
More of it is NOT preferred
Quantity demanded is smaller than quantity
supplied at zero price
Commanding zero price
Examples:
– Sea water & air on the earth
22. 22
Sea water Tap water
Free Goods? Economic Goods?
Exercise 8: TB/P.13/MCQ 6
Exercise 9: TB/P.14/MCQ 7
Closer Look: TB/P.15/1.10
23. 23
Free vs. Economic Goods
Free Goods Economic Goods
Produced without using
scarce resources
Produced with scarce
resources
More of it is NOT
preferred
More of it is preferred
Zero production OC Positive production OC
Zero price Positive price
Qd < Qs at zero price Qd > Qs at zero price
24. 24
Consumer Goods
A consumer good is any good which
satisfies human wants directly
They are produced for direct
consumption
Examples:
– air-conditioners used in classrooms
– bread consumed by housewives
25. 25
Capital/Producer Goods
A capital good is any good that is used
for producing other goods or services
They are produced for indirect
consumption
Examples:
– air-conditioners used at home
– bread used as part of decoration in a
bread shop
26. BUS 2304 Riduanul Mustafa26
Consumer or Capital Goods?
Consum
er Goods
27. BUS 2304 Riduanul Mustafa27
Consumer or Capital Goods?
Capital Goods
28. 28
Consumer vs. Capital Goods
Whether a good is consumer good or
capital good is NOT classified by its
nature, but by how and where it is
being used.
29. 29
Basic Economic Problems
What to produce?
– What kinds of product to be produced?
– What quantity of it should be produced?
How to produce?
– Which production method to be used?
For whom to produce?
– How to distribute the quantity?
– What criteria should be chosen?
Exercise 10: TB/P.16/MCQ 8
30. 30
Traditional Economy
Economic decisions are made by referring to
customs and traditions
The three basic economic problems are
being solved by following the practices of
previous generations/ancestors.
31. 31
Market Economy
What to produce?
– Product prices serve as signals to direct the
producers to find out what to produce
– Higher price ensures the most profitable kind of
products
33. 33
Market Economy
How to produce?
– Factor prices serve as signals to direct the
producers to identify the cheapest method of
production
– Lower price ensures the least costly method of
production or ensures the most profitable
production
35. 35
Market Economy
For whom to produce?
– Prices determine who gets what and in what
quantity
– Goods are distributed to those who are able and
willing to pay the highest price for it
37. 37
Market Economy
Most/All economic decisions are made by
individuals
Most of the productive resources are
p________________ owned
38. 38
Planned/Command Economy
Most/All economic decisions are made by the
central authority
Most of the productive resources are socially
owned and under the control of the central
government
39. 39
Mixed Economy
NO pure planned or market economy
All the economies are mixed economy which
contains both the features of planned and
market economy
Resources are allocated by
– market forces, commands and orders from the
authority, and traditions and customs
Exercise 12 & 13: TB/P.20/MCQ 11 & TB/P.20/Q 1.6