Android PUGC Students Report

Report
On
Android
We’ve reached 2 billion
monthly active android
devices around the world!

Report on Android
Submitted To:
Ms. Aadila Hussain
Head of English Department
University of the Punjab, Gujranwala Campus
Submitted By:
Imama Tahir MT16009
Usma Asif MT16019
Humna Jamal MT16031
Asad Imtiaz MT16034
Muhammad Qasim MT16050
University of the Punjab, Gujranwala Campus
Date of Submission:
September 12, 2017

Letter of Acceptance:
University of the Punjab,
Gujranwala, Pakistan
September 12, 2017
Ms Aadila Hussain, Lecturer
University of the Punjab
Respected Ma’am:
We hereby accept the order to write a report on the topic of “Android”. We promise to obey all terms
of reference.
Cordially,
MT16009
MT16019
MT16031
MT16034
MT16050

Letter of Transmittal:
University of the Punjab,
September 12, 2017
Ms Aadila Hussain, Lecturer
University of the Punjab
Respected Ma’am:
Here is the report you asked us to prepare. It shows the monopoly of Android. Android is a mobile
operating system developed by Google. It was founded in Palo Alto California in October 2003 by
Andy Rubin, Rich Miner, Chris White and Nick Sears. Android has a growing selection of
applications which extends its functionality. It is greatly advantageous regarding its usage and
multitasking. Android is taking control over the market by leaps and bounds. It is also stepping into
a magical level of success surpassing Robotics, Space Exploration and 3D mapping etc.
Thus, we have collected data of “Android” from different resources. The facts and figures which are
being discussed in this report are 100% authentic.
Cordially,
MT16009
MT16019
MT16031
MT16034
MT16050

Table of Contents:
Title Page Topic………………………………….……………I
Letter Of Authorization…………………..…..……………….II
Letter Of Acceptance ……………………………...…………III
Letter Of Transmittal ………………………………..…..……IV
Summary ...................................................................... 1
Chapter One
Introduction To Android
Introduction.......................................................................................................................... 3
History ………………….................................................................................................. 4-6
The Evolution Of Android.................................................................................................. 7-12
Platform usage…………………………...………………………… 12-14
.
Chapter Two
Open Source Community and Applications
Open source community................................................................................... 16-18
Applications........................................................................................................................... 19
Free Application with one billion or more downloads..................................................... 20-21
Chapter Three
Android And Its Competitors 22
Advantages of Android........................................................................................................ 23-24
Advantages of Android over Iphone............................................................................. 25-30
Advantages of Android over Windows Phone................................................................... 31-32
Drawbacks Of Android........................................................................................................... 33
Device Defects............................................................................................................... 33
System Defects….......................................................................................................... 34
Drawbacks for User .…................................................................................................. 34-35
Competitors of Android…….......................................................................................... 36-38
Chapter Four
Future Horizons of Android
Future Horizons...................................................................................... 40-45
Conclusion ……............................................................................................. 46
Recommendations…………………….…………...………….…………. 47
Glossary......................................................................................................... 48-51
Index..................................................................................................................... 52-53
Appendices......................................................................................................... 54-55
References............................................................................................................ 56

List of illustration:
Chapter One
Introduction to Android
Figure 1.1…………………………………5
Figure 1.2…………………………………5
Figure 1.3…………………………………12
Figure 1.4…………………………………14
Chapter Two
Open Source Community and Applications
Figure 2.1…………………………………17
Figure 2.2…………………………………18
Figure 2.3…………………………………18
Figure 2.4…………………………………21
Chapter Three
Android and Its Competitors
Figure 3.1…………………………………23
Figure 3.2…………………………………24
Figure 3.3…………………………………25
Figure 3.4…………………………………26
Figure 3.5…………………………………26
Figure 3.6…………………………………27
Figure 3.7…………………………………28
Figure 3.8…………………………………29
Figure 3.9…………………………………36
Figure 3.10……………………..…………37
Figure 3.11………………..………………38
Figure 3.12…………………..……………38
Chapter Four
Future Horizons of Android
Figure 4.1…………………………………40
Figure 4.2…………………………………41
Figure 4.3…………………………………41
Figure 4.4…………………………………42
Figure 4.5…………………………………43
Figure 4.6…………………………………43
Figure 4.7…………………………………44
Figure 4.8…………………………………44
Figure 4.9…………………………………45
Figure 4.10……………………..…………45

1
Summary
Android is a mobile operating system developed by Google, based on the Linux kernel and designed
primarily for touch screen mobile devices such as Smartphone’s and tablets. Android, Inc. was
founded in Palo Alto, California in October 2003 by Andy Rubin (co-founder of Danger), Rich
Miner (co-founder of Wildfire Communications, Inc.), Nick Sears (once VP at T-Mobile),and Chris
White (headed design and interface development at WebTV ).
Platform usage of Android includes Nougat (0.7%), Marshmallow (29.6%), KitKat (22.6%), Jelly
Bean (11.6%), Ice Cream Sandwich (1.1%), and Gingerbread (1.0%).An important thing to
remember here is that Android is a free open-source operating system. The AOSP
(Android Open Source Project) is free to download, free to alter, free to build into a product that can
power just about anything. Google makes money from Android by giving it away to everyone else
.
Android has a growing selection of application which extend its functionality. Popular Android apps
include Tube Mate YouTube Downloader, Google Play, VidMate, SHAREit – (Transfer & Share),
UC Browser – (Fast Download), Snap Tube, APKPure etc.Android is greatly advantageous
regarding its Ease of Notification ,Multitasking ,Easy Accessibility, Bigger Screen, Google Maniac
and Widgets on Screen etc .It has also many advantages over Iphone and Windows phone including
Micro SD Card Support ,Multiple User support , Customization ,Charging Time and Adoption rate.
On the other hand, there are drawbacks of android as well including Overheating and Compatibility
issues, System and Safety issues, Insufficient Storage and Malware issues from Play store and some
Data connection issues .Inspire of all these drawbacks,
Android is taking control over the market by leaps and bounds. The major competitors of android
are IOS, Symbian ( from Nokia), Symbian ( from Nokia),Windows ,BlackBerry. Android just hit a
record 88% market share of all smart phones. One of the reasons of its Market growth is that it pays
sufficient for promoting its advertisement and maintaining goodwill.
Thus With all the upcoming applications and mobile services Android is stepping into a magical
level of success surpassing Robotics, Space Exploration, Modular phones,3D Mapping, Balloon
internet ,Air Borne Wind Turbine and many other such Imaginative and fascinate inventions in near
future. So we hope that these future possibilities become a reality and Android lead monopoly.

2
Introduction
To Android
Chapter One

3
Introduction:
Android is a mobile operating system developed
by Google, based on the Linux kernel and
designed primarily for touch screen mobile
devices such as Smartphone’s and tablets.
Android's user interface is mainly based on direct
manipulation, using touch gestures that loosely
correspond to real-world actions, such as
swiping, tapping and pinching, to manipulate on-
screen objects, along with a virtual keyboard for
text input. In addition to touch screen devices,
Google has further developed Android TV for
televisions, Android Auto for cars, and Android
Wear for wrist watches, each with a specialized
user interface. Variants of Android are also used
on notebooks, game consoles, digital cameras,
and other electronics.
Android has the largest installed base of all
operating systems (OS) of any kind.[b] Android
has been the best selling OS on tablets since
2013, and on smart phones it is dominant by any
metric.
The mobile development community is at a
tipping point. Mobile users demand more
choice, more opportunities to customize their
phones, and more functionality. Mobile
operators want to provide value-added content to
their subscribers in a manageable and
lucrative way. Mobile developers want the
freedom to develop the powerful mobile
applications users demand with minimal
roadblocks to success. Finally, handset
manufacturers want a stable, secure, and
affordable platform to power their devices. Up
until now single mobile platform has adequately
addressed the needs of all the parties. Enter
Android, which is a potential game-changer for
the mobile development community. An
innovative and open platform, Android is well
positioned to address the
growing needs of the mobile marketplace.

4
History:
Android, Inc. was founded in Palo Alto,
California in October 2003 by Andy Rubin (co-
founder of Danger), Rich Miner (co-founder
of Wildfire Communications, Inc.), Nick Sears
(once VP at T-Mobile),and Chris White
(headed design and interface development at
WebTV to develop, in Rubin's words,
"smarter mobile devices that are more aware
of its owner's location and preferences". The
early intentions of the company were to
develop an advanced operating system for
digital cameras. Though, when it was realized
that the market for the devices was not large
enough, the company diverted its efforts
toward producing a smartphone operating
system that would rival Symbian and
Microsoft Windows Mobile. Despite the past
accomplishments of the founders and early
employees, Android Inc. operated secretly,
revealing only that it was working on
software for mobile phones. That same year,
Rubin ran out of money. Steve Perlman, a
close friend of Rubin, brought him $10,000 in
cash in an envelope and refused a stake in the
company.
In July 2005, Google acquired Android Inc. for
at least $50 million, whose key employees,
including Rubin, Miner and White, stayed at
the company after the acquisitionNot much
was known about Android Inc. at the time,
but many assumed that Google was planning
to enter the mobile phone market with this
move. At Google, the team led by Rubin
developed a mobile device platform powered
by the Linux kernel. Google marketed the
platform to handset makers and carriers on
the promise of providing a flexible,
upgradeable system. Google had lined up a
series of hardware component and software
partners and signaled to carriers that it was
open to various degrees of cooperation on
their part Speculation about Google's
intention to enter the mobile
communications market continued to build
through December 2006. An earlier prototype
codenamed "Sooner" had a closer
resemblance to a BlackBerry phone, with no
touchscreen, and a physical, QWERTY
keyboard, but was later re-engineered to
support a touchscreen, to compete with
other announced devices such as the 2006 LG
Prada and 2007 Apple iPhone. In September
2007, InformationWeek covered an
Evalueserve study reporting that Google had
filed several patent applications in the area of
mobile telephony.
On November 5, 2007, the Open Handset
Alliance, a consortium of technology
companies including Google, device
manufacturers such as HTC, Sony and
Samsung, wireless carriers such as Sprint
Nextel and T-Mobile, and chipset makers such
as Qualcomm and Texas Instruments,
unveiled itself, with a goal to develop open
standards for mobile devices. That day,
Android was unveiled as its first product, a
mobile device platform built on the Linux
kernel. The first commercially available
smartphone running Android was the HTC
Dream, released on October 22, 2008.

5
Andrew E Rubin is the Co-founder and former CEO
of both Danger Inc., and Android Inc. He is
currently senior Vice President of the Mobile and
Digital Content at Google, where he oversees
development of Android an open source operating
system for the smart phones. Rubin has four patents
for his inventions.
Andrew E Rubin
Rich Miner is an investment partner on the Google
Ventures team. Miner joined the Google Ventures in
March 2009 and is based out of Cambridge, MA.
Before joining Google Ventures ,Miner was a former
Co-founder of Android Inc., origin of the Android
mobile operating system and was executive on the
Android team after its acquisition by Google.
Rich Miner
Figure 1.1
Figure 1.2

6
Since 2008, Android has seen numerous
updates which have incrementally improved
the operating system, adding new features
and fixing bugs in previous releases. Each
major release is named in alphabetical order
after a dessert or sugary treat; for example,
version 1.5 "Cupcake" was followed by 1.6
"Donut". In 2010, Google launched its Nexus
series of devices – a line of smartphones and
tablets running the Android operating system,
and built by manufacturing partners. HTC
collaborated with Google to release the first
Nexus smartphone, the Nexus One. Google
has since updated the series with newer
devices, such as the Nexus 5 phone (made by
LG) and the Nexus 7 tablet (made by Asus).
Google releases the Nexus phones and tablets
to act as their flagship Android devices,
demonstrating Android's latest software and
hardware features. From 2013 until 2015,
Google offered several Google Play Edition
devices over Google Play. While not carrying
the Google Nexus branding, these were
Google-customized Android phones and
tablets that also ran the latest version of
Android, free from manufacturer or carrier
modifications.
From 2010 to 2013, Hugo Barra served as
product spokesperson, representing Android
at press conferences and Google I/O,
Google’s annual developer-focused
conference. Barra's product involvement
included the entire Android ecosystem of
software and hardware, including
Honeycomb, Ice Cream Sandwich, Jelly Bean
and KitKat operating system launches, the
Nexus 4 and Nexus 5 smartphones, the Nexus
7 and Nexus 10 tablets, and other related
products such as Google Now
and Google Voice Search,
Google’s speech recognition product
comparable to Apple’s Siri. In 2013, Barra left
the Android team for Chinese smartphone
maker Xiaomi.[48] The same year, Larry Page
announced in a blog post that Andy Rubin
had moved from the Android division to take
on new projects at Google. He was replaced
by SundarPichai who became the new head
of Android and Chrome OS, and, later, by
Hiroshi Lockheimer when Pichai became CEO
of Google.
In 2014, Google launched Android One, a line
of smartphones mainly targeting customers in
the developing world. In May 2015, Google
announced Project Brillo as a cut-down
version of Android that uses its lower levels
(excluding the user interface), intended for
the "Internet of Things" (IoT) embedded
systems.
University of Cambridge research in 2015,
concluded that almost 90% of Android
phones in use had known but unpatched
security vulnerabilities due to lack of updates
and support. In a year since (mid-2015) that
report, well over a billion Android
smartphones have been sold (more than the
just over billion sold in 2014); and Android 5.0
(with better security) and later, went from
5.4% market share to currently over half,
which means that the 90% number must be
very outdated; those phones now very likely
represent less than half of all Android phones.
Recent devices do get security updates
Android 5.0 introduced an improved
centralized update system.

7
The Evolution Of Android:
Alpha 2008
The Android 1.0 was launched in 23rd
September 2008.
 The first Android device, the HTC Dream (G1), featuring Android 1.0
 Integration with Google Services.
 Web Brower to Show, Zoom and pan full HTML and XHTML
 Web pages, multiple pages show as windows.
 Android Market Apps downloads and updates.
 Multitasking instant Messaging, Wi-Fi and Bluetooth.
Beta 2009
 It was first version of Android.
 It focuses on testing incorporating usability.
 Android beta will generally have many more problems related to speed and
 Performance.
Cupcake 2009
 Based on Linux Kernel 2.6,27,the official 1.5 (cupcake) updates for Android was released on
30 April 2009.
 Faster Camera start-up and image capture.
 Much faster acquisition of GPS location (powered by SUPL AGPS)
 On screen soft Keyboard
 Directly uploads videosto Youtube and Picassa .

8
Donut 2009
Based on Linux Kernel 2.6.29, the 1.6(Donut) SDK was released on 15 September 2009.
 Quick Search Box and Voice Search
 Integrating Camera, Camcorder and Gallery, toggle between still and video capture modes.
 Battery usage indicator.
 CDMA support.
 Multilingual text-to-speech function.
Éclair 2009
Based on Linux Kernel 2.6.29, the 2.0 (Éclair) SDK was released on 26 October 2009.
 Multiple accounts for email and contact synchronization.
 Microsoft Exchange support for syncing e-mail
 Bluetooth 2.1 support
 New browser User Interface and support for HTML5.
 New Calendar features
Froyo 2010
Based on Linux Kernel 2.6.32, the2.2 (Froyo) SDK was released on 20 May 2010.
 New tips widget for home screen.
 Improved Exchange support.
 Hotspot support.
 Multiple Keyboard languages.
 Adobe Flash 10.1.

9
Gingerbread 2010
The Android 2.3 (Gingerbread) SDK was released on 6 December 2010.
 UI refinement for simplicity and speed.
 New Keyboard for the faster text input.
 One-touch word selection and copy/paste.
 Near field communication (NFC).
 Internet calling.
Honeycomb 2011
The Android 3.1 SDK (Honeycomb) was released on 10 May 2011.
 Specifically optimized for tablets and devices with larger screen size.
 Refined multitasking, rich notifications, home screen customization, widgets.
 Bluetooth tethering.
 Built –in support for Media /picture transfer protocol.
Ice Cream Sandwich 2011
Android 4.0 (Ice cream Sandwich) was released on 19 October 2011.
 New typeface called Roboto.
 New face Unlock feature.
 Android Beam A-secure NFC-powered content sharing platform.
 Re-arrange able folders, Favorites Tray, Screenshots.
 Swipe to dismiss notification tasks, and browser tabs.
 Wi-Fi Direct and Bluetooth HDP support.

10
Jelly Bean 2012
Android 4.1 (Jelly Bean) was released on 9 July 2012.
 Faster, smoother, More Responsive.
 Resizable App widgets.
 Google Now, Offline voice dictation.
 Improved Android Beam.
 Better, Faster App Updates.
Kitkat 2013
Android 4.4 was released on 31 October 2013.
 Ability for applications to trigger translucency.
 In the navigation and status bars.
 Wireless printing capability.
 And even more features are currently being rolled out.
Lollipop 2014
Android 5.0 was released on 3 November 2014.
 Inbuilt Flashlight, Notification panel.
 Battery changes, Flappy Bird Easter egg.
 Guest user, Trusted Places, Prioritize apps.
 Multitasking, Soft key redesign.
 Quick access to Chromecast

11
Marshmallow 2015
Android "Marshmallow" (codenamed Android M during development) is the 6.0 major version of the
Android operating system. First released as a beta build on May 28, 2015, it was officially released
on October 5, 2015, with Nexus devices being the first to receive the update.
Features inside Android 6.0 Marshmallow:
 Google Now on Tap.
 Improved Cut & Paste.
 Voice Search Directly From the Lock Screen.
 Check If Your Security Is Up to Date.
 App Permissions .
 Google Lives on the Settings Menu Now.
 Smart Lock for Passwords.
 App Power Saving Exceptions.
 Enable the Secret 'UI Tuner' Menu.
 Edit the Quick Settings Menu.
 Easter egg Game.
Nougat 2016
Android 7.0 Nougat has finally reached Google’s Nexus devices after more than
five months of developer preview testing. The final version is more stable and has a ton
of new features.
 Doze mode gets better
 New notifications will take some getting used to
 Multi-window has potential
 Customizable quick settings, finally!
 Nougat, the kitty collector

12
Oreo 2017
Android "Oreo" (codenamed Android O during development) is the eighth major version of
the Android mobile operating system. It was first released as an quality developer preview
on March 21, 2017. The second developer preview was released on May 17, 2017, and it is
considered beta quality and the third developer preview was released on June 8, 2017 and
finalizes the API. On July 24, 2017, a fourth developer preview was released which
includes the final system behaviors and the latest bug fixes and optimizations.[4] It was
released to the public on August 21, 2017.
 Picture in Picture (PiP) mode
 Faster boot times
 Restricted background activities
 Contextual press-to-hold options
 Adaptive icons
 Boosted audio performance
 New emoji
 Easter egg
 Notification dots
Figure 1.3

13
Platform usage:
Oreo (0.8%)
Nougat (0.7%)
Marshmallow (29.6%)
Lollipop (33.4%)
KitKat (22.6%)
Jelly Bean (11.6%)
Ice Cream Sandwich (1.1%)
Gingerbread (1.0%)
Charts in this section provide breakdowns of Android versions, based on devices
accessing the Google Play Store in a seven-day period ending on January 9, 2016
Therefore, these statistics exclude devices running various Android forks that do not
access the Google Play Store, such as Amazon's Fire tablets.
Version Code name Release date API
level
DVM/ART Distribution First devices to
run version
8.0 Oreo August 21,
2017
26 ART 0% 8.0
7.1 Nougat October 4,
2016
25 ART 0.2% Pixel
7.0 August 22,
2016
24 ART 0.5% Nexus
5X, Nexus 6P
6.0 Marshmallow October 5,
2015
23 ART 29.6%
5.1 Lollipop March 9,
2015
22 ART 23.3% Android One
5.0 November 3,
2014
21 ART 2.1.0 10.1% Nexus 6
4.4 KitKat October 31,
2013
19 DVM (and
ART 1.6.0)
22.6% Nexus 5
4.3 Jelly Bean July 24, 2013 18 DVM 1.7% Nexus 7 2013
4.2 November
13, 2012
17 DVM 5.9% Nexus 4, Nexus
10

14
4.1 July 9, 2012 16 DVM 4.0% Nexus 7
4.0 Ice Cream Sandwich December 16, 2011 15 DVM 1.1% Galaxy Nexus
2.3 Gingerbread February 9, 2011 10 DVM 1.4.0 1.0% Nexus S

Figure 1.4

15
Open Source Community
And Applications
Chapter Two

16
Open-Source Community:
Android Central explains what "open source"
means, and how it applies to Android.
Open-source software is software that makes
the source code freely available, for anyone to
see and use. Companies, individuals,
universities and a lot of other entities build
entire projects and use an open-source license,
then they give the code away to anyone who
wants to use it. The license used determines
how others who use this code share their
modifications.
There are different open-source licenses that
have different use conditions, from the GPL
(GNU General Public License) —
which allows "free distribution under the
condition that further developments and
applications are put under the same license"
— to more liberal licenses like the Apache
License, which doesn't require modifications
to be open and have the source code available.
Android uses both of these licenses, and we'll
have a look at them in turn.
The Linux kernel that is used in Android is
covered under the GPL. This means that any
changes made to the source code must be
made available when a binary (geek-speak for
a compiled, executable piece of software) is
released to the public. This means
manufacturers like HTC, Samsung, Motorola
and the rest must release the kernel source-
code for any devices they sell at the same time
they begin selling them. Of course, this rarely
happens and we end up waiting for a team to
remove notes, source comments and other
helpful things before it gets to us. These are
the code releases you'll see mentioned on the
internet, and consist of the kernel source and
other open-source "bits" that are covered
under the GPL.
The source code for Android itself is released
mostly under the Apache License. Anybody is
allowed to download the source code and
change it however they like, but they are not
required to make their changes available in
source code form to the public. This is why
we can't easily modify Samsung's Touch wiz
(for example) — the changes they
made to the base Android source code aren't
available to us. While many folks (myself
included) don't like this situation very much, it
does make sense from a business standpoint.
If manufacturers had to share all of their
secrets, there wouldn't be as much monetary
incentive to innovate, so the source was
offered with a far more liberal license. It
certainly worked, as we see devices from
many major players in the electronics world.
Google's other major consumer product —
Chrome OS — is written from the Chromium
source. The Google-written parts of
Chromium are open source, under the BSD
license. Other contributors use various open-
source licenses like the MIT license or the
GPL.
An important thing to remember here is that
Android and Chromium are open source, but
the operating systems used for Nexus devices
and Chrome books are not. They are built
from the open-source projects, but may
contain proprietary parts to improve the
software for each particular device. For Nexus
phones, these proprietary bits are released on
the Android Developer site and are ready to
drop into anything you may build from the
AOSP to get the same experience. Chrome
books will run on a completely open build of
Chromium, but won't have some closed
Google APIs or the full suite video and audio
codec’s.
Google also releases applications that are not
open-source licensed. Gmail, Maps and plenty
of the other Google apps that come on our
phones aren't part of the AOSP, and are
developed independently for Android,
Chrome, iOS and the web. When you hear the
internet squabbles about Android not being
"open", this is what they are talking about.
Android, and everything required to install
and run Android apps is completely open-
source, but the popular applications that make
it better are not. This isn't likely to change.

17
What is the Android open source project?
Google makes money from Android by giving it away to everyone else.
Android is a free open-source operating system. The AOSP (Android Open Source Project) is free to
download, free to alter, free to build into a product that can power just about anything. But it's
probably not something you've ever used when you picked up a phone or other gizmo that runs
"Android".
Android is not a thing as much as something you use to make a thing.
At its heart, Android is nothing more than a platform that anyone can use to run applications plus the
bits and pieces needed for it to talk to standard hardware. We tend to think of Android as an
operating system for a phone or tablet (or even a watch or television), but it's just a part of the
software needed to get any device to turn on and do things. That being said, it's one of the most
important parts.
Having a huge library of code that anyone can use is great. Having all the things people build with it
able to use the same applications is even better. It's better for us because we will have a huge list of
applications that work out of the box when we buy an Android-powered device. It's better for the
companies making the devices because we'll want to buy them and they don't have to put in the work
to build their own application platform. It's also great for Google because it means more devices will
be able to use the internet and its services.
Figure 2.1

18
That last part is why Google maintains the
AOSP. Google has always held the belief
that everyone should have access to the
internet. While some of the reasons may be
altruistic and good-natured, the main reason
Google as a company has these goals is
because the internet is how it makes money.
All companies exist to make money, but
with the AOSP, Google has found a new
way to make money from everyone while
giving away one of its most expensive
products: Android.
This is done through the AOSP.
Google maintains the Android source code.
That means exactly what you think it does: It
keeps things clean and tidy and up-to-date,
then makes it available for other people. It
also has people working full time to make
improvements and add new features to
Android. All of this is made available for
anyone to freely use under a liberal license
that allows changes to be made to the code
and not submitted back to the maintainers.
Samsung is allowed to do whatever it wants
with the AOSP. So are you, and so am I. If we
do something different, we can keep those
changes to ourselves to offer a (hopefully)
better product than anyone else can.
But the phones and gadgets we buy aren't running
the AOSP as an operating system. What we see is
the end result of someone or some company using
it to create software that is unique and their own.
This can be done by changing the code or by
adding more code or even adding applications
that aren't open sourced like the AOSP is. Every
company that sells Android-powered gadgets,
including Google itself, is doing this. But even this
fits into
Google's methods to make money because
there are some restrictions when a company wants
to use Google's popular applications and services.
The process is a circle. Google gives Android
away. A company uses it on its phone. As consumers, we want Android phones that can use Google
Play and Gmail and Google Photos and all the other things that make Android great. The company
making the phone can bundle those features in for free as long as it makes sure its product can use
every other application found in the Google Play store. Phone manufacturers, like Samsung, save
time and money by not building their own application platform and application storefront; we get a
phone with access to all the apps we love plus a market with over a million others, and Google gets a
lot of people using its services and being on the internet to see Google's ads.
Figure 2.2
Figure 2.3

19
Applications:
Applications ("apps"), which extend the functionality of devices, are written using
the Android software development kit (SDK) and, often, the Java programming
language that has complete access to the Android APIs. Java may be combined
with C/C++, together with a choice of non-default runtimes that allow better C++
support;[70][71][72]
the Go programming language is also supported since its version 1.4,
which can also be used exclusively although with a restricted set of Android APIs. The
SDK includes a comprehensive set of development tools,[74]
including
a debugger, software libraries, a handset emulator based on QEMU, documentation,
sample code, and tutorials. Initially, Google's supported integrated development
environment (IDE) was Eclipse using the Android Development Tools (ADT) plug-in;
in December 2014, Google released Android Studio, based on Interlay IDEA, as its
primary IDE for Android application development. Other development tools are
available, including a native development kit (NDK) for applications or extensions in
C or C++, Google App Inventor, a visual environment for novice programmers, and
various cross platform mobile web applications frameworks. In January 2014, Google
unveiled an framework based on Apache Cordova for porting Chrome HTML 5 web
applications to Android, wrapped in a native application shell.
Android has a growing selection of third-party applications, which can be acquired by
users by downloading and installing the application's APK (Android application
package) file, or by downloading them using an application store program that allows
users to install, update, and remove applications from their devices. Google Play
Store is the primary application store installed on Android devices that comply with
Google's compatibility requirements and license the Google Mobile Services
software. Google Play Store allows users to browse, download and update applications
published by Google and third-party developers; as of July 2013, there are more than
one million applications available for Android in Play Store.]
As of July 2013, 50
billion applications have been installed. Some carriers offer direct carrier billing for
Google Play application purchases, where the cost of the application is added to the
user's monthly bill.]
Due to the open nature of Android, a number of third-party application marketplaces
also exist for Android, either to provide a substitute for devices that are not allowed to
ship with Google Play Store, provide applications that cannot be offered on Google
Play Store due to policy violations, or for other reasons. Examples of these third-party
stores have included the Amazon App store, Get Jar, and Slide Me. F-Droid, another
alternative marketplace, seeks to only provide applications that are distributed
under free and open source licenses.

20
Free applications with one billion or more download:
These are the Google Play apps with over one billion downloads on unique devices.
As of August 22, 2016, there are 19 applications to make it into this top category; all
are owned either by Google or Facebook.
App Developer Date Reached Category
Google Play Services[4] Google 2014-01-29[5]
Tools
Gmail[6] Google 2014-05-06[7]
Communication
Google Maps[8] Google 2014-05-28[9]
Travel & Local
YouTube[10] Google 2014-07-12[11]
Media & Video
Facebook[12] Facebook 2014-09-02[13]
Social
Google Hangouts[14] Google 2015-06-14[15]
Communication
Google Search[16] Google 2014-12-08[17]
Tools
Google+[18] Google 2015-01-06[19]
Social
WhatsApp Messenger[20] Facebook 2015-03-04[21]
Communication
Google Text-to-
Speech[22]
Google 2015-03-27[23]
Tools
Google Play Books[24] Google 2015-06-02[25]
Books & Reference
Messenger[26] Facebook 2015-06-06[27]
Communication

21
Google Chrome[28] Google 2015-06-14[29] Communication
Google Play Games[30] Google 2015-08-12[31]
Entertainment
Google Play Music[32] Google 2015-08-20[33]
Music & Audio
Google Play
Newsstand[34]
Google 2015-08-20[35]
News
Google Play Movies &
TV[36]
Google 2015-09-24[37]
Entertainment
Google Drive[38] Google 2015-10-08[39]
Productivity
Instagram[40] Facebook 2016-08-22[41]
Social
Figure 2.4

22
Android and its
Competitors
Chapter Three

23
Advantages Of Android:
Multitasking
If you possess an android phone, then you have an added advantage of multitasking.This is because i
t can be used to perform several tasks at the same time. For example,you can browse on the Internet
as well as play music on your android phone.
Ease Of Notification
Every new activity that takes place within your android phone like messag
es, email andall the other activities are displayed on your screen in real ti
me as notifications. Yourphone will always be alerting thus you will never
miss anything that requires yourattention on your phone.
There Is An Easy Accessibility To Several Android Apps,
Which Are Found In The Play Store
This is one of the Advantages of Android Phone that favors those who lov
e playingphone games and those who like downloading different types of
phone apps on theirdevices. This is because they will find the free downlo
ads that are found there in theapp market.
They Are Of Different Models
Android is an OS that does not restrict other phones producing companies from usingit. Due to this,
there is a variety of android phones thus the user has to make a
decisionon which brand he or she should buy. The quality of the android phone has gone sohigh beca
use of the competition that exists between the android phone producing companies.
A Well Modified ROM Can Still Be Installed
In case you are not in love with the original display of your android phone, you can stillchange it and
have the one that pleases you, and you would love to have.
Phone Options Are Various
Apart from enjoying the multitasking, ease of notification and other similar benefits, you can be
benefitted from many other aspects if you posses an android Smartphone. There are plenty of options
to choose from where iOS, windows phones are limited to
Figure 3.1

24
only some few manufacturers. For example, iOS is available only from Apple whereas android has
thousands of manufacturers such as Samsung, Motorola, HTC, Sony Ericson etc. All these
manufacturers have their own styles again that are unique for example Motorola present the phone
with Motoblur, Sony Ericson with Timescape etc. So, you can go with any brand to opt an attractive
android Smartphone.
Bigger Screen
Yes, the screen of android Smartphone is comparatively
bigger than iPhone while you need to pay less money.
So, if you are wishing to own a bigger screen phone
with your little savings, this is the one to go for.
www.technobooklet.com
Google Maniac
If you are a Google maniac, android Smartphone is
probably best suited for you. The reason is this
operating system is integrated with Google product and
services that let the user synchronize their Google
account in the device so as to easy access most of the Google services like Gmail, Google maps,
Google reader, Google docs. Etc.
Widget
Android operating system offers ample widget on the home screen through which you can have
access to the settings much quickly and easily. So, this is another added advantage of having android
Smartphone over other phones.
Cost Effective
Users who are bored of using the base level phone and want to experience something more at a very
affordable price range, android Smartphone is always the best option to go for when compared with
Apple, Blackberry or similar Smartphone. Android Smartphone are available in all ranges that will
not hit your bank account deeper way while you can still get a well designed device loaded with lots
of applications. With these Advantages of Android Phone, you do not need to buy another
phone apart from android.
Figure 3.2

25
Advantages Of Android Over iphone:
More Choice with Android
Apple offers more choice than we’ve seen
from them before with the iPhone 7 Plus,
iPhone 7 and iPhone SE as well as older
models — but you still only have three screen
sizes and two designs to pick from.
Android delivers more options with
waterproof phones, different screen sizes,
more colors, different materials and other
differentiating factors.
With Android smartphones users can choose a
waterproof option like the Galaxy S7 or S7
Edge or go with a modular design like the LG
G5. 2017 brings newer designs and options.
There is also support for a huge screen with a
built-in stylus with the Note 6. In addition to
these big
Micro SD Card Support
The 16GB iPhone 6s and iPhone 6s Plus
options don’t offer enough room for most
users, and that is the amount of storage you
are stuck with until you buy a new iPhone in
two years. if you want to buy more storage off
the bat, you’ll spend $100 more for 64GB and
$200 more for 128GB.
Many Android phones support a Micro SD
card that can store photos, videos and
some apps so that you can easily add
more storage for $15 to $30 with a small
memory card.
Even 16GB Android phones offer more use
thanks to the ability to add a Micro SD card to
the mix. Some phones support up to a 128GB
Micro SD card and almost all current Android
phones with a Micro SD card slot can handle a
64GB Micro SD Card.
Google Maps is Better on
Android
Use Google Maps easier on Android.
You can install Google Maps on the
iPhone, but you cannot make it the
default app.
Figure 3.3

26
This means Siri will always get directions in
Apple Maps. The Apple Maps app is better
than it was at launch, but it is still missing
many points of interest, complete streets and
neighborhoods and it still sends on on weird
routes very often.
On Android, Google Maps offers transit
directions in more cities, better driving
directions, a deep point of interest search that
works more often and it is integrated into the
phone so that addresses open into Google
Maps unless you choose to use an alternate
mapping service.
Easy to Clear Cache to Get Space Back
Quickly reclaim space on Android faster than on
iPhone.
Apps often download photos, videos and other
pieces of information to your phone as you use
them. If you look at the size of an app like Vine or
Instagram on the iPhone or Android you’ll likely see
a lot of storage space in use. This is because the app
can keep data related to the photos and videos that it
downloads.
On the iPhone you need to delete the app and re-
install it to get that space back. If you are using a
16GB iPhone, you may do this once every month or
two.
On
Android
the app often includes an option to clear the cache, even if
the iPhone version doesn’t. If that doesn’t work you can
also clear the cache of an app in the Android software.
Android Widget Support is Better
Widgets on Android are better than on the iPhone.
On Android users can choose widgets to show on the lock
screen and on their
home screen. This puts weather
information, a live calendar and other
information that each user finds important
with a glance at the screen.
Figure 3.4
Figure 3.5

27
On the iPhone users can add
some widgets with iOS 8
and that are still in iOS 10,
but they are only in the
Notification Center and Apple
is notoriously picky about what the widgets
can do and what they cannot do.
It’s easier to tap a widget on the home screen
than it is to open the Notification Center,
count to three for all the widgets to load and
change the location of the one you want to tap,
and then tap it.
Android Customization Blows iPhone Away
Users enjoy more customization on Android
than on the iPhone. On Android users can
install a new launcher that changes the overall
look of the home screen.
Many Android versions include small options
to change themes for color and other tweaks.
Samsung and other companies are even going
further with themes that change more than just
the main color of the phone.
If you want more control over what your
phone looks like without the need to jailbreak,
Android is the better option.
Android Default App Choices Are
Better
Choose a default Android app. You cannot do
this on iPhone.
On the iPhone Apple does not let you choose
new default apps. Safari, Mail and Apple Maps
are the default and unless you are in a third-
party app that lets you choose which browser to
use there is no real choice. Deep linking helps
you stick in apps you like, but it’s not as good as
setting your favorite browser, mail client or
other app.
On Android users can choose a default app to handle almost any task. This includes picking an app
to watch YouTube links, Twitter links, send email with, browse the web and much more. Users can
choose a new default and reset the default app later if they need to choose new one.
Figure 3.6

28
Split Screen Multitasking on Android
The top Android phones from Samsung and
LG offer the option to use two apps on-screen
at the same time. This multitasking makes it
possible to chat and look at a document or
work and watch content without a second
device.
On a small phone screen there are limits to the
usefulness, but it is an option that we enjoy on
Android.
The iPhone does not support running two apps
on the screen at the same time so you need to
switch back and forth if you are talking to
someone about a webpage or document. Apple
added support for this to the iPad, but so far it
is not available on the iPhone.
Multiple User Support on Android
Switch users on Android phones easily.
We don’t share our phones with others the same
way we share a tablet, but it is nice to have a multi-
user mode on Android phones running Android 5.0
Lollipop and higher.
This includes the option to create an account with
limited access for your kid, a guest account so you
can lend a device without sharing your info. There is
even an option to pin a screen so that when you
hand someone your phone they can’t see more than
what you are showing them.
The iPhone offers no support for multiple users and no real kids mode without going through a
complicated process to lock one app to the screen.
Install Android Apps from Any Source
Unless you jailbreak the iPhone or rely on
shady user profiles there is no way to install
apps on the iPhone outside of the App Store.
On Android you can choose an option that lets
you install apps from any location. You can
side-load an app that is not on the Google Play
Store so that you can use any app you need to.
This also makes it possible to run apps not
specifically designed to work with your
phone.
Figure 3.7

29
Android Wireless Charging
One the really great Android features that we
see is wireless charging. The Galaxy S7,
Galaxy S7 Edge and many other Android
phones include wireless charging built-in.
This allows you to charge by simply setting
your phone down on a pad, or setting it in a
wireless charging cradle in your car.
Speed improvements make wireless charging
faster and more usable than ever. Not every
new Android phone offers this, so check
before you buy.
On the iPhone you need to buy a special
wireless charging iPhone case or build your
own iPhone wireless charging case if you
want this feature. For users who don’t like
cases this is not as nice as a built-in option.
Download Movies & Music From Anywhere
You can download music, movies and shows
from almost anywhere.
If you want to add music or movies to your
iPhone you need to download them on a
computer and sync with iTunes or purchase them
inside an app and only use them in that app. Yes,
the iPhone lets you download Spotify music,
download movies from iTunes and other movie
services without a computer, but on Android you
can download right from the web.
On the iPhone it is not possible to download the
Louis CK comedy special right to the device, so
users need to stream it. On Android a user can
download this file to the phone or Micro SD card
to watch offline without needing a computer.
There are similar benefits to buying music online
if you don’t want to buy through iTunes.
Google Now & Google Assistant Beat Siri
Hey Siri is useful, and Siri can finally connect to a variety of third-party apps, but it pales in
comparison to the connectivity that Google Now and the Google Assistant offer.
Figure 3.8

30
On many Android devices users can say, “OK
Google,” or a custom command to wake the
phone up for voice control without touching it
or it being connected to power. Users can also
choose which app Google Now should use for
an activity. Instead of restricting users to
Google Music, a command to play an artist
can open Spotify or another music app.
Google Now also does a great job of showing
useful and relevant information for users on
the Google Now home screen. With the Pixel
you also get Google Assistant.
More Mobile Payment & NFC Options
The iPhone 6s and iPhone 6s Plus include
NFC to let users make mobile payments, but
that is the only function and there is only one
option — Apple Pay.
On Android phones users can use NFC to
control phone settings, trigger tasks like
turning on car mode or setting the phone to
home mode.
Android phones also support Android Pay for
payments and other options like Samsung Pay.
Some of these only support limited banks, like
Apple Pay, but you do have more options.
With Samsung Pay, you can even pay on
normal credit card machines without advanced
NFC chips.
Android Notifications Are Appealing
On the iPhone Notifications stack up in the Notification Center and quickly turn it into an unusable
mess because clearing a notification is an annoying double tap procedure that involves small touch
targets unless you have a newer phone with 3D Touch.
On Android users can swipe to the side to remove a notification and on many devices you can see
deliver incredibly useful notifications on the lock screen that let users see what the notification is
about at a glance.

31
Advantages Of Android Over Windows Phone:
Application Ecosystem
While I love Windows Phone’s beautiful Start Screen with Live Tiles, you are going to need apps to
fill that space. The application ecosystem is currently Microsoft’s biggest downfall, even four years
after its initial release. Many popular applications including Snapchat, Tinder, WatchESPN,
SoundCloud, Square, Secret and many more, are still missing. In recent months, we have seen the
popular arrival of applications such as Tumblr, Pinterest, and ooVoo. Games are a similar story,
while we have a collection of great games, many of the top quality games we see on other platforms
take months to get to Windows Phone (if it ever do).
Device Compatibility
Windows Phone support issues don’t end with applications, there is also an issue with hardware
devices. Third party smartwatches are just the beginning of devices that don’t work with Windows
Phone; among Pebble, MetaWatch, and Galaxy Gear – none work with Windows Phone. Sure, the
Microsoft Band is now available, but you are locked into Microsoft’s own choosing. This issue is in
part due to the fact that Windows Phone didn’t provided the needed developer APIs to efficiently
manage smart devices. Microsoft recently released an update for Windows Phone that now makes it
possible, but after reaching out to a few different smartwatch providers, we have found that very few
have any priority for Windows Phone.
Lack of Customizability
You can rearrange your Live Tiles, select your new favorite color, and maybe even add a
background – that is where customizing Windows Phone’s start screen and operating system stops.
If you don’t like an aspect of the phone, say the keyboard, there are no options to swap it out for
another. Microsoft has made sure that core

32
system components can’t be changed, and while this may not be an issue for some, many of us have
become accustomed to swapping in our favorite keyboard, dialer, or SMS app.
Even Apple has recently begun to embrace swap ability in iOS. Microsoft does manage to pull ahead
when it comes to customizing the unlock screen, but if you aren’t happy with your start screen
launch method or other various system components – too bad.
Limited Multitasking
Microsoft introduced multitasking with its Windows Phone 7 ‘Mango’ launch. If you are like me,
you have been happily using the feature and enjoying it, but if you look outside the Microsoft
ecosystem, you find other systems are doing the same job better.
To start, Windows Phone places a limit on the number of applications you can run in the
background. Other operating systems, such as Android and iOS, don’t have such a shallow limit.
You might find that while using Windows Phone, apps get pushed out of the background, which can
be an issue if it was something you sincerely needed.
Windows Multitasking isn’t bad, but it is behind the curve.
Slow Adoption Rate
Lastly, Windows Phone hasn’t exactly shot out of the gate. Recent market studies show that
Microsoft’s mobile operating system is gaining traction, but at tortoise speed. Slow adoption of an
operating system may not seem immediately important, but it does infect consumer experience.
Due to the fact that Windows Phone isn’t as popular as its competitors (and isn’t looking like it will
be) makes developers more cautious when developing applications or providing device support.
Development costs money and placing a team on an unpopular operating system just doesn’t make
much sense. We may love Windows Phone, but until the rest of the world starts showing some love,
companies aren’t going to be rushing their latest ideas to the platform.

33
Drawbacks of Android
While there are several Android phones loaded with gimmicky features, these smartphones still don't
make the necessary cut. Initially, the moderate price paid for the various features might seem like a
great bargain. But, with time and frequent usage, one will realize they never really ended up using
the phone to its complete potential. When it comes to a smartphone, the aspects that really matter
are: security, safety, speedy operations, powerful functionality, consistent experience, brisk
performance and user-friendliness. Unfortunately, Android phones, thanks to their chaotic OS and
messy app store infrastructure, are not up there yet when it comes to the bare essentials.
The following are some of the reasons why Android smartphones bite dust quite often.
Defects in Apps and Play Store
 Not all the apps available in the store are compatible with the different levels or ranges of
Android phones.
 While there are several free apps for download, these tend to be replete with marketing
material and advertisements, making the user experience jarring and intrusive.
 App-crashing or forced closure is a norm with Android devices and staunch Android phone
users have now gotten used to this flaw.
Device Defects
 Overheating is a common issue with Android phones, especially when playing games loaded
with heavy graphics or while indulging in hardcore productivity tasks. The overheating tends
to be more prevalent during summers than winters. The heating issue not just mars user
experience and handling, but it also hurts the phone's battery life.
 Android is a very heavy operating system and most apps tend to run in the background even
when closed by the user. This eats up battery power even more. As a result, the phone
invariably ends up failing the battery life estimates given by the manufacturers.
 Storage is also an issue, with most phones having minimal internal storage. Consequently,
storing large apps, videos and files becomes an issue.
 Adding a micro SD card can be a way out, but that move can hamper the phone's speed.
 Regardless of the high-end specifications and model, Android phones are prone to lag as the
ecosystem is not streamlined and integrated.
 Data safety is another problem and the fear of losing data forever always hovers over users.
While there are several apps that help backup data, none are tightly knit into the OS.
 Due to cache buildup , the phone's operational speed and experience can reduce and cause
severe lags.
 Some phones tend to drastically lose efficiency if dozens of apps are installed.
 The phone's efficiency is bound to take a hit as multiple programs run simultaneously in the
background at any given time.

34
System Defects
 Although seamless data connection is no longer a far cry on mobile phones, Android devices
need uninterrupted Internet supply for its efficient functioning. Google is behind Android and
the plethora of Google services on offer almost mandates seamless Internet connection.
 While the many Google apps and services are quite useful, they are also very susceptible to
hackers and their notorious plans. As a result, these applications get infected even before they
get publicly released. In other words, most of the apps on the Play Store are plagued with
malware.
 The Android app store is open to every publisher. It's easier to get apps published in the Play
Store as the space is not continuously monitored. Therefore, most Android apps are half-
baked and also not malware-proof. This nullifies any innovativeness the apps have to offer.
 Android's stability and reliability takes a hit due to the fact that there are several dozens of
Android phones with varying specifications and hardware components. As a result, there
arises the lack of compatibility between the OS and its hardware partners.
 While Android's open-source nature makes it easy to customize any Android device, the
same aspect also turns out to be a negative trait as hackers don't have to bang their heads for
hours together to get through the system and play spoilsport.
 Fragmentation - Google's Android mobile OS is fragmented, meaning not all Android phones
run the same version of the operating system. For instance, Gingerbread, or Android 2.3 took
nearly six months for it to be adopted by all Android devices. This was all courtesy Android's
fragmented character.
 Android OS is decentralized, or there's no apex governing body since the actual versions
running on third-party devices are customized. This results in lack of support or assistance
for users during glitches or grievances.
 Some updates relating to apps and the OS may happen by themselves, without seeking the
consent of the user. This can hog up unnecessary memory space.
Android phones don't give administrator rights to its users. In other words, the device user cannot
directly control what happens on the device, making one feel disconnected with the phone.
Drawbacks for User:
Little Memory for Storage
You do have a memory card in your phone, but the system storage is small and you have to be very careful
with your storage. Sometimes we need to download large Games, but due to the small size of the system
storage its very hard to Play the Game. Yes, You can move the app data in Memory Card but still there are
many android device which doesn’t allow you to store app data in memory card. You need to root your device
Force Close on Large App/Games
This is another drawbacks of android OS, When you run large apps/Games most of the time android shows
error force close which is definitely annoying. However this is not always the case with high end devices.

35
Data Connection
Android has large number of background process which runs in the background, which eats so much mobile
data. And thus cost lots of money if your are not into unlimited data plan.
Battery Problem
While android has many process running in the background this increase the usage of RAM and decreasing
Battery Performance. While many top notch device has good battery backup (Lithium Batteries) but still that
doesn’t mean it solved the problem.
Box of Malware Google play store
I agree that Google play has some nice applications sorry many nice applications but somehow spammers,
hackers are ahead of putting malware in Google play store. If you download 10 Applications a day, 6 will be
shit or malware, so be careful

36
Competitors Of Android:
Here are few well known names:
 IOS
 Symbian ( from Nokia)
 Android
 Windows
 BlackBerry
Figure 3.9

37
Android just hit a record 88% market share of all smart phone:
Android just
upped its own
stakes.
With over 328
million Android
devices shipped
worldwide, the
operating system
has long
dominated the
smartphone
industry. But in
the third quarter of
2016, Android
managed to
capture a record
88% of the global
market, according
to Strategy Analytics. Meanwhile, Apple’s
iOS share slipped to 12.1% in the same
period, from 13.6% the year prior.
Android’s success has a lot to do with the
advantages of its approach. Unlike iOs—
included only on Apple devices—Android has
hundreds of partners releasing new phones
every year. (The third quarter saw the release
of the iPhone 7, but also new phone models
from Oppo, Samsung, Huawei, and others.)
Likewise, there are multiple Android options
in mid-range or low-end price brackets. That
can be crucial in price-sensitive markets like
India, where 97% of smartphone users have
Android devices, and in countries across
Africa and the Middle East.
Android may be stealing some market share
from Apple—which, it’s worth noting, still
commands more than 60% of global
smartphone profits—but much of its growth
has come at the expense of newer market
entrants and more staid competitors.
Microsoft’s Windows phone sales declined by
46% in the first three months of 2016, and
Blackberry decided to halt production of its
devices after three straight years of losses.
Figure 3.10

38
Ubuntu Mobile:
Spanish manufacturer BQ featured a range of Ubuntu smartphones and tablets in its
product portfolio. These were supposed to promote the convergence of desktop and
mobile hardware with extensive synchronization features. However, this
convergence never materialized and Ubuntu Mobile was dropped.
Sony smartphones support Jolla's operating system
Jolla takes a different route to Google.The brand
Sailfish no longer appears and customers have the
option to replace or remove whole components of
the system structure. As a result, they have the same
flexibility as with a completely separate system..
Figure 3.11
Figure 3.12

39
Future Horizons
Of Android
Chapter Four

40
Future Horizons:
In the twenty-first century, the robot will take the place which slave labor occupied in
ancient civilization. – Nikola Tesla
Robotics:
Google appears to be building a robot army, and I’m not even kidding when I wrote that. Google
first dabbled in
robotics for their
driverless cars. But
later on, it acquired
at least 8 robotics
companies,
including Boston
Dynamics which is
known to build
Pentagon-funded
advanced robots.
Here’s a recently
released video
of Spot created by
Boston Dynamics.
As of this writing
Google has been
successfully awarded
the patent to “control
robot armies“. They
have also
patented building
robots with personalities. And they are doing a lot more behind the scenes. Should we be worried?
Well…
Google is actually pushing for flawless autonomous machines which could interact with each other,
download updates from their server, and many more things. Think of Google’s self-driving cars with
the ability to communicate with each other while on the road, predicting routes, avoiding collisions,
managing traffic on their own
And then there are these robots with personalities, which is a bit on the creepy side because it
could mimic the dead. Alright, to be fair, these robots will “carry” transferable personalities by
people who have passed on. Perhaps this can be helpful in easing the grief of people who have
suffered a sudden and heavy loss?
Figure 4.1

41
Self-Driving Cars:
The stir about electric and autonomous cars has been around for a couple of years now. Big names
like Volkswagen, Mercedes, Tesla, General Motors, and Google (of all companies) are pushing for
driverless cars.
The goal everyone is aiming for is to solve the long-standing issue of people on the road. Yes, we
are a danger to
ourselves. Google’s
self-driving cars
have been involved
in 11 minor
accidents in the last
6 years, and none of
them were
reportedly caused by
the car’s own fault.
By introducing
autonomous cars on
roads, cars which
can compute faster
than a hundred sober
minds combined,
road-related
accidents may see a
significant drop.
Driverless cars will
also significantly
help those who do
not have the capacity to drive, either because of health reasons, disabilities or old age.
Check out their YouTube channel and Google+ to follow their progress.
Space Exploration – Lunar XPRIZE
The buzz about going to space has
been in a hype, every since Richard
Branson of Virgin Airlines and
Elon Musk of Tesla and Space-X
joined the space race. Google too
has its eyes set on going back to
space. In fact, Google has leased a
NASA airfield for 60 years for a
cost of $1.16 billion , with a
promise to upgrade its facilities and
help educate people about the
importance of space exploration.
Figure 4.2
Figure 4.3

42
The plan was to go back to the moon, for good. And how are they going to do this? Via the Lunar
XPRIZE and with the help of privately funded organizations. Basically, Google is offering a cash
reward of $20 million to whoever accomplishes three things: land a robot on the surface of the
Moon, make it move at least 500 meters on, above, or below the surface of the Moon, and finally
send back HDTV streams to Earth for us to enjoy.
Project Ara – Modular Phones
Tired of replacing your phone every six months or two years because of wear and tear or outdated
technologies? That may be why you have been excited about Project Ara ever since it was
announced. The concept is simple: treat a phone like it is a lego toy. Assemble the phone according
to the parts you need enhanced.
For instance if you
are a photographer,
you could focus on
upgrading your
camera or lens, or if
you are a music lover,
you can aim for better
speakers and audio
quality or longer-
lasting batteries for
uninterrupted
listening time. Instead
of buying a phone
that may not have the
feature you are
interested in most,
have more control
with a Project Ara
phone.
a not only lets you
“upgrade” the
hardware you need
most, it also ensures
that you don’t have to change your whole smartphone just because one part is broken, which is
essentially what forces most of us to change our phones in the first place anyways.
Figure 4.4

43
Project Tango – 3D Mapping:
Project Tango aims to bring spatial awareness of the world around us to handheld devices. We can
navigate to any corner of the
world, and yet our devices
don’t know the difference
between up and down, left
and right, or what’s beyond
the horizon, since these
devices “see” the world in 2D.
With Project Tango, mapping
the world in real-time won’t
be a problem. Imagine
entering a building and as you
walk inside it, your
smartphone maps everything.
The ceiling, floor, walls, and
objects on your path.
To get an idea of what we can
use this technology for, we will let the magic of movie science show you. Here’s a clip from the
movie Prometheus where it shows exactly what Project Tango can be used for.
Health
“To keep the body in good health is a duty… otherwise we shall not be able to keep our mind strong
and clear.” – Buddha
Calico – Immortality
Calico is a research and development
company that was founded by Google Inc.
and Arthur D. Levinson. Its focus is on
aging and how to slow it, along with how to
counteract age-related diseases such as
cancer and neurodegeneration via new
therapies and treatments. Not everyone is as
supportive of what Calico is doing
however. In a reedit Ask Me Anything, Bill
Gates criticized the timing of Calico’s
objectives: to deal with it right now while
we are still trying to find ways to eradicate
malaria and tuberculosis “seems pretty
egocentric.“
Figure 4.5
Figure 4.6

44
Liftware – Spoon for People with Parkinson’s Disease:
Liftware is a self-stabilizing handle that can be used as a fork or a spoon, which is perfect for people
who suffer from muscle problems, for instance patients of Parkinson’s Disease. The problem that all
Parkinson’s Disease patients experience every day is their inability, or reduced capacity, to eat by
themselves (depending on the
severity of the disease).
Losing control of their motor
skills makes feeding themselves
that much harder than it is for
those who do not suffer from the
disease.
Not only does Liftware help
reduce the spoon’s shaking by
70%, it also boosts a patient’s
confidence, since they can
simply eat anytime they want
without anyone helping them.
The starter kit is priced at $295
with option for add-ons like fork
and soup spoon.
Google Contact Lens
The main purpose of Google’s smart contact lens is to help monitor sugar levels on diabetics. It may
seem like a small deal but if you suffer from diabetes, you will need to get give repeated blood
samples for analysis of your blood sugar levels. This means a lot of finger pricking to draw blood up
to the surface.
With the smart contact lens
blood glucose levels can be
measured through tears,
thereby allowing the blood-
letting method to be skipped
altogether.
The idea is to have glitter-thin
microchips and an antenna
smaller than the human hair
embedded in soft contact lens
material. With round-the-
clock monitoring, the smart
contact lens, in the future, can
also warn the wearer if
glucose levels are above or
below the normal range.
Figure 4.7
Figure 4.8

45
Makani – Google’s Airborne Wind Turbine
The Earth’s fossil fuel supply
is dwindling fast, and the race
is on to find alternative and
more sustainable sources of
energy. Google is facing this
problem headlong and has
turned its attention to the
energy that can be harvested
from wind.
But instead of windmills
planted on large stretches of
wind-filled lands, Google is
taking its energy harvester to
the air. Through their
project Makani, Google wants
to harness wind energy while
in the air, as in while flying,
using an airborne wind
turbine, which is flown in the
air like a kite.
The “energy kite” is tethered
to the ground, just like a
normal kite would be. As it
gains more altitude, and therefore faces more wind, the energy output also increases. This is possible
due to the recent advancements in the shrinking of computers (like Raspberry Pi). Cheaper and more
energy efficient (in the manufacturing sense), Makani “energy kites” can be used in any windy area
in the world.
Project Loon – Internet In A Balloon
The number of people who are connected to
the internet is growing by the minute. And
while more and more people are getting
connected every year, the hard-hitting truth is
that the majority of the world just isn’t part of
the Internet population. Why? Because setting
up the infrastructure is expensive, and many
places in the world simply could not afford
this luxury (which, is now deemed a human
right by the way).
Project Loon tries to solve this problem by
taking it to the stratosphere. By using
balloons, Google plans to provide Internet
connection to the whole world. It works by acting as a node between the base Internet Service
Provider and those who have a receiver in their homes. The balloons fly 20 kilometers (around 13
miles) above the ground. And Loons, powered by solar energy, can use the wind in the stratosphere
to “sail” across the land.
Figure 4.9
Figure 4.10

46
Conclusion:
We hope that the next versions of Android would overcome the actual limitations which include not
supporting Bluetooth stereo, Contacts exchange, Modem pairing and Wireless keyboards etc .It
needs some back end improvements as well. But on the other hand, it is surpassing the heights of
success regarding its magical inventions. So we hope that these future possibilities become a reality
and May this software is also developed to use in PC’s also.

47
Recommendations:
After completing our project we have come up with following recommendations for Android which
are following.
 Developers need to pay attention to the development of versions as well as the
current downloads made.
 Existing applications need to be updated to newer versions, as users
might not feel comfortable with older features on newer Android devices.
 As in other software environments, it is most likely that Android will also mature as a
programming language, making it more interesting for the corporate world and not just the
consumer market.
 A sales person might want to have an application connecting to the company’s Customer
Relationship Management system (CRM ) having access to all to marketing valuable data
within hands reach.
 A Supply Chain Manager might want to check a warehouse inventor level or the one time
delivery report.
 The use of common programming techniques, the use of java in combination with XML
makes the programming for Android fairly simple for the intermediate developer.
 Access to the Android software development kit (SDK) so that the number of applications
will continue to as well as professional developers provide new offerings.
 Android, by increasing the user base, might hasten the integration of mobile technology.
 Android may become the widely used operating system in world as it has found its
application in many appliances such as washing machine, microwave ovens, cameras, TVs
etc.
 Apps available in the store are compatible with the different levels or ranges of Android
phones.
 Improve the internal storage of phones for storing large apps, videos and files.

48
Glossary:
A
 Adequately Sufficient
 Acquired Captured
 Accomplishes Achieved
 Acquisition Accession,
 Altruistic Beneficent,
 Accessibility Convenience
 Aspects Angle
 Annoying Disturbing,
 Accustomed Habituated,
 Assistance Aid, Assist
 Ancient Antique
B
 Bugs Devotee
 Blog Record
C
 Component Element,
 Consortium Brotherhood, Chamber, Club
 Commercially Profitable
 Collaborated Cooperate, Concert
 Customized Custom, Custom-Made, Custom-Tailored
 Contributors Donor, Grantor
 Carrier Postman, Mail Carrier
 Connectivity Integration
 Curve. Angle, Arc, Arch,
 Courtesy Benevolence, Boon, Favor
 Converging Meeting
 Ceiling, Bound, Boundary
D
 Demonstrating Prove, Show, Substantiate
 Distribution Allotment, Apportionment, Disbursement,
 Drastically Quite

49
E
 Efforts Weat, Trouble, While
 Embedded Impact,
 Execute Fluttery, High-Strung, Hyper
 Efficiently Effective, Fruitful
 Essentials. All-Important, Critical, Imperative
F
 Functional Functioning, Going, Live, Living, On
 Fragmentation Crack
G
 Gadget Contraption, Contrivance, Gimmick
 Growing Raise, Rear, Tend
 Gimmicky Device, Dodge, Fetch
H
 Hackers Cracker, Cyberpunk
 Hamper Crate ,Carton
I
 Interface Compound, Pool
 Incentive Boost, Encouragement, Goad
 Integrated Incorporate, Embody
 Incredibly Achingly, Almighty, Archly, Awful, Awfully
 Invariably Consistently, Constantly, Continually
 Intrusive. Interfering, Intruding, Meddlesome, Meddling
 Indulging Gratify, Humor
J
 Jarring Astonishing, Astounding, Blindsiding, Dumbfounding
L
 Lack Absence, Dearth, Want
 Loathing Aversion, Distaste, Horror, Disgust, Nausea
M
 Manipulate Exploit, Play (Upon)
 Modifications Alteration, Difference, Change
 Monetary Fiscal, Financial
 Moderate Temperate
 Mandates Authorization, Delegation, Empowerment

50
N
 Notoriously Discreditable, Disgraceful, Dishonorable
 Navigate Operate
O
 Operating Alive, Functional, Functioning
 Opportunities Occasion, Opening, Room, Shot
P
 Preferences Pet, Favorite,
 Proprietary Holder, Owner, Possessor
 Picky Dainty, Delicate, Demanding,
 Plagued Pest, Pestilence
 Potential. Implicit, Possible
 Prevalent Going, Popular, Prevailing, Current
R
 Resemblance Correspondence, Parallel,
 Restrictions Fetter, Limitation, Restraint,
 Replete Chubby, Corpulent, Fleshy, Full, Gross,
 Redo Redecorate
S
 Subscriber To Accept, Care (For), Countenance, Favor
 Speculation Chance, Crapshoot, Enterprise
 Squabbles Cross Fire, Disagreement, Dispute,
 Substitute Bogus, Dummy, Ersatz, Factitious, Fake
 Stuck Jammed, Lodged, Set, Snug
 Synchronize Concur, Co-Occur, Coincide
 Stream Pour, Roll, Run, Flow
 Swapping Commutation, Dicker,
 Specifications Condition
 Streamlined Simplify
 Susceptible Endangered, Exposed, Open,
 Stealing Robbery, Theft, Thievery
 Sustainable Defensible, Justifiable, Maintainable
 Skipped Commander, Captain, Skipper
 Spatial Geographical
 Suffer Go Through
 Shrinking Retiring
 Sustainable Feasible
 Squabbles Opinion

51
T
 Technologies Automation
 Toy. Curio
 Tango Swing
U
 Upgrading Increase
W
 Windmills Blade
 Way Action, Move
Z
 Zoom Dive, Flash

52
Index:
Accessibility, 1 Gps Location,8
Adoption Rate, 1 Gnu General Public License, 16
Adaptive Icons, 12 Global Market, 37
Android, 1 Google Play Store, 13
Android Open Source Project, 1 Honeycomb,, 6
Android Beam , 9 Home Screen Customization, 9
Apple Pay, 30 Html 5, 19
App-Crashing, 33 InformationWeek, 4
Apache License., 16 Internet Calling, 9
Blackberry, 1 Interface, 2
Blackberry Phone, 4 Infrastructure,, 33
Battery Problem, 35 Iphone, 1
Calico’s Objectives, 43 Iphone 6s, 30
Cdma, 8 Kitkat, 10
Compatibility, 1 Lollipop, 10
Communications, 4 Micro Sd, 1
Chrome Cast, 10 Monopoly, 1
Customization, 27 Multitasking, 7
Customizing, 31 Multiple Keyboard Languages, 8
Data Connection, 35 Murshmallow, 10
Drawbacks For User, 34 Multi-Window, 1
Edit The Quick Settings Menu, 10 Multi-Window Xp,1
Flexible, 4 Multidimensional,35
Fragmented, 34 Multiple Frame,32
Multitasking, 23 Speculation,4
Metawatch,, 32 System Defects,34

53
Muakani, 45 Wi-Fi And Bluetooth, 7
Nexus 4, 6 Widgets on Android, 26
New Emoji, 12 Wireless Charging, 29
Near Field Communication (NFC), 9 Windows Phone, 32
Notification Panel, 10
Nougat, 11
Operating, 1
Operating System, 2
Open-Source Software, 16
Parkinson’s disease Patients, 44
Productivity Tasks, 33
Project Are Phone, 42
Project Tango Aims, 43
Resemblance, 4
Rich Miner, 5
Robotics, 39
Self-Driving Cars, 41
Simultaneously, 33
Smart Watches, 32
Smarter Mobile Devices, 4
Snap Chat, 31
Sound Cloud, 31
Space Exploration, 41

54
Appendix:
Appendix A: Internet of things (IOT)
Appendix B: Android open source project (AOSP)
Appendix C: Software Development kit (SDK)
Appendix D: NFC chips
Appendix E: Integrated development environment (IDE)
Appendix A:
Internet of things:
The Internet of Things (IOT) is the inter-networking of physical devices, vehicles (also referred to as
"connected devices" and "smart devices"), buildings, and other
items embedded with electronics, software, sensors, actuators, and network connectivity which
enable these objects to collect and exchange data. The IoT allows objects to be sensed or controlled
remotely across existing network infrastructure, creating opportunities for more direct integration of
the physical world into computer-based systems, and resulting in improved efficiency, accuracy and
economic benefit in addition to reduced human intervention.
Appendix B:
Android open source project:
Android is a free open-source operating system. The AOSP (Android Open Source Project) is free to
download, free to alter, free to build into a product that can power just about anything. But it's
probably not something you've ever used when you picked up a phone or other gizmo that runs
"Android".
Appendix C:
Software development kit:
A software development kit (SDK or devkit) is typically a set of software development tools that
allows the creation of applications for a certain software package, software framework, hardware
platform, computer system, video game console, operating system, or similar development platform.
There are also SDKs that are installed in apps to provide analytics and data about activity. Prominent
examples include Google, InMobi and Facebook.

55
Appendix D:
NFC chips:
A Near Field Communication chip is the integrated circuit within the NFC inlay that makes an NFC
tag performs NFC operations. There are several different NFC chip types available; each with its
own features, performance, cost and availability. NFC chips do not work by themselves; they must
be attached to an antenna to form an NFC inlay. The ultimate performance of an NFC chip is
determined by the NFC chip, the tuning of the antenna, the product the inlay is in and the device
interacting with the NFC tag.
Appendix E:
IDE:
An integrated development environment (IDE) is a software application that provides
comprehensive facilities to computer programmers for software development. An IDE normally
consists of a source code editor, build automation tools and a debugger. Most modern IDEs
have intelligent code completion. Some IDEs, such as Net Beans and Eclipse, contain
a compiler, interpreter, or both; others, such as Sharp Develop and Lazarus, do not. The boundary
between an integrated development environment and other parts of the broader software
development environment is not well-defined. Many modern IDEs also have a class browser,
an object browser, and a class hierarchy diagram, for use in object-oriented software development.

56
References:
Book: Learning Android Marko Gargenta
Book: Android ™Application Development, Lauren Darcey, Shane Conder
Second Edition
https://www.tutorialspoint.com/android/
https://www.android.com/
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Android_(operating_system)
https://www.androidcentral.com/what-open-source-android-z https://www.androidcentral.com/aosp
http://www.makeuseof.com/tag/android-really-open-source-matter/
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_features_in_Android http://lifehacker.com/5801862/top-10-
awesome-android-features-that-the-iphone-doesnt-have
http://socialcompare.com/en/comparison/android-versions-comparison
http://www.informit.com/articles/article.aspx?p=1388959&seqNum=3
http://www.technobezz.com
http://www.gottabemobile.com
http://www.onmsft.com
http://www.techworm.net
http://www.dzone.com
http://www.drawbackof.com
http://www.crazytachtechniques.com
http://www.cheatsheet.com
http://www.quora.com
http://www.androidpit.com
http://www.theaverage.com
http://www.qz.com

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