How The Catholic Church Held Up During The Middle Ages Essay

How the Catholic Church Held Up During the Middle Ages Essay
The Middle Ages was a long period of time. It started in about the 500 A.D. and ended in about
1500 A.D. Not many things can last for this long period of time, but at least one thing did, and that
was the Catholic Church. The Catholic Church consists of Popes, Bishops, Clergy, and Monks, and
Nuns were also part of the Church. Also during the Middle Ages, it also produced many great
philosophers (Funk & Wagnall's, 275). From the Middle Ages to the 13th century, the church played
important role as authority, influence. The Catholic Church held up due to the power of the Pope,
Pope Gregory's policies, and the Church was a part of the citizen's daily lives.
In the Middle Ages houses of the poor and wealthy were often alike, ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
The Churches held town meetings, guild meetings, and town council sessions (Gies, 291). It also
became the main provider for civic administration, education, and law. "Tithes, were a form of
taxation, but it was used to pay for church management, public services, hospitals, and schooling"
(Cavendish, 649). Every person would pay taxes and abide by the church's laws (mnsu.edu). The
church added new religious and ethical concept and gave people new moral responsibilities (Funk &
Wagnall's).
The church had an organized, elaborate hierarchy with the pope as head. The head of the hierarchy
in the church was the pope. The pope was the supreme power of the church and his followers. The
pope was a representative of God. "The pope also had the power to influence the king and its
advisors," (mnsu.edu). Each church had its own hierarchy within. Next in line of power is the
Bishop, he is the leader of the church. Bishops were usually very wealthy and dressed very nice. The
bishop had its own duties to fulfill, for example he had the power to adjust the taxes, and also had
the power to annul marriages. Next in line of power is the Parish Priest. The Parish Priest was the
Priest of the church; he would say Mass, which was done in front of the church. He also had the
duty of collecting taxes for the church. Also the Priests were usually the only ones who could read
and write in the village (thinkquest). "Many
... Get more on HelpWriting.net ...

More Than Mere Trifles
During the Middle Ages, the English church's suggestions were spoken by God's own voice. The
Church encouraged pilgrimages to various holy places, or shrines, to search for spiritual
enlightenment and penitence from sin. This ideology says that if one were to pray at a shrine, one
could be forgiven of one's sins, thus increasing the chance of going to Heaven after an earthly death.
Those suffering from a plethora of aliments and other illnesses might also make a pilgrimage in the
hope of being healed of it. For whatever their reason, pilgrims made their way to the various shrines;
they were influenced, in part, by furthering their faith through religious relics. Pilgrims sought out
relics and saw these pieces of material as much more than ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net
...
"His wallet lay before him on his lap, / Brimful of pardons come from Rome, all hot," says Chaucer
in The Canterbury Tales. "The Pardoner's Tale" goes on to say that he even demonstrates the
audacity to sell mock relics to "poor up–country parsons," who happen to be clergymen. The
Pardoner prays on people's need for a belief in God, a heaven, atonement, forgiveness––a belief in
something, anything. The Pardoner feeds off others' insecurities and grows stronger in his businesses
practice through the mockery of religious pilgrimages. Because of the popularity of pilgrimages,
King Henry VIII made an inquiry about the nature of pilgrimages in 1535. Once Henry read the
dispositions made by his research team, the king made the decision to close over 300 monasteries
across the land. Among the results of this decision was the selling of the land formerly held by the
monasteries to smaller farmers. This effect of King Henry VIII's choice made the decision a popular
one among his constituency. Shortly after Henry's curiosity about the pilgrimages began, he focused
particularly on religious shrines throughout England. Until that point, many flocked to religious
shrines for the reason of religious fulfillment. Pilgrims who were financially well off more often
than not gave expensive jewels and ornaments as recompense to the

How Did The Western Schism Affect The Catholic Church
The Western Schism:
And Its Impact on the Catholic Church
Jacob Stickney
Western Civilization II
Professor Jennifer Fast
November 14, 2016
The Catholic Church's response to the Western Schism was vastly important to its respectability and
authority in regards to the faithful of that time. "The Western Schism was only a temporary
misunderstanding, even though it compelled the Church for forty years to seek its true head; it was
fed by politics and passions, and was terminated by the assembling of the councils of Pisa and
Constance."1 After the Avignon Papacy, the Catholic Church had three men claiming to be pope.
One man elected in Rome, one in Avignon, France, and one elected by the Council of Pisa. This was
very detrimental to the Catholic theology which states that it can trace every pope back to St. Peter,
the first pope. The Catholic faithful were not sure which of the three men was the true pope and
which, if any of them, they should listen to. It was a very confusing time for all the faithful living in
this time, and a very annoying situation for the true pope who was now seen by many to be as
questionable as the other two in regards to not being the true pope. The three men knew what a mess
this situation was and two of them wanted to deal with the situation, so as to reduce confusion
among the faithful. The anti–pope John XXIII called the Council of Constance to deal with this
situation. He offered to resign from the papacy, that he was never in possession of, if the other two
men would as well. The council met to depose of the two anti–popes, to deal with heretical
teachings, and to protect the succession of the papacy. This council is one of the most important
ecumenical councils, as it helped to affirm the succession of the pope and to help to resolve the
confusion caused by these anti–popes. The Council of Constance was called in 1414 by the Anti–
Pope John XXIII. It was called to resolve the conflict regarding the papacy and to identify the true
successor of St. Peter. Between November 1414 and June 1415, the council had a total of 13
sessions, dealing with the papacy and how the pope was chosen. The council, "enacted Haec Sancta
(fifth session, 15 April 1415),

What Is Kyrie Eeison's Chant?
Kyrie Eleison is a Gregorian chant used and developed as early as the sixth century. This popular
chant was used in both eastern and western churches, with some "minor differences" according to
Pope Gregory the Great. These minor differences mainly refer to how the chant is sung, like how
eastern churches singing it at the same time and western churches starting with clergy followed by
the congregation. At some point in time, the chant along with its Roman mass, was translated into
Latin. Details regarding how this came to be are very few, however the piece is primarily sung in
Latin or English even into modern day. The full mass in order is Kyrie, Gloria, Credo, Sanctus,
Agnus dei, Ite missa est. (In Western Christianity, Wikipedia) In addition

History Essay
History
Manorialism was an economic system that existed in Western Europe from about 1050 to 1300 CE.
Serfs who worked for a lord farmed large fields. The lord owned the fields and lived in a large
manor house. He owned between a third and a half of all the crops. The serfs also had a part of the
fields for themselves. Serfs couldn't leave the manor and they had to give the lord a certain amount
of their crops, but they could keep the surplus. The serfs lived together communally and worked the
fields together using the three crop rotation. There was also a church and a parson who had his own
house and part of the crops. Lords who were warriors that defended the manor and attacked
neighboring manors created manors. The serfs had ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
A free man was also entitled to judgment before his equals and in accordance with the law before
the state could enforce punishment. One short–term effect of the Magna Carta was that King John
was denied the ability to finance a war with France. One long–term effect of the Magna Carta was
that it limited government and bound the King to the law.(437)
Canon Law The Western Church developed Canon Law during the 12th century. The ideas that
drove the creation of the Canon Laws were conceived during the papacy of Pope Gregory VII. He
saw the Church as an active organization that had to create "right order in the world". Gregory VII
thought that the papacy was superior to Kings and Emperors and he was very confrontational with
them. His ideas drove the papacy to strive toward a "papal monarchy". The Canon Laws were
created as a basis for the Church to preside over matters pertaining to clergy as well as many civil
areas such as marriage, adoption, and inheritance. The pope and bishops had the final say on all
Court appeals in Canon Law courts. This gave the Church both power and prestige. One short–term
effect of Canon Law was that Pope Innocent III had control of Kings and some of the rule over
Western Europe's governments. He brought Fredrick II to power in Germany and gained financial
control over England as a fief. He was also able to call the Crusades and raise money through
income tax. One long–term effect of Canon Law was that it changed the Church.

Comparison Of Pessimism In 'Know The Ways Of The Lord'?
Medieval religious literature served to teach and instruct followers of the ways of religion,
specifically Christianity, through vivid imagery. Three texts that support this idea are Hildegard of
Bingen's "Know the Ways of the Lord", Pope Innocent III's "On the Misery of the Human
Condition," and "Everyman." Although these texts represent the same idea, there are two surprising
differences between them. The first being between "Know the Ways of the Lord" and "Everyman",
which shows the different interventions of God. The second surprising difference is the optimism of
"Know the Ways of the Lord" and the contrasting pessimism of "On the Misery of the Human
Condition." "Know the Ways of the Lord" and "Everyman" are two texts which both ... Show more
content on Helpwriting.net ...
A surprising difference between these two texts is the tone and message. These two passages have
differing messages regarding life and death. During this time, texts usually instill the idea of fearing
God, which is contrary to the passage written by Hildegard of Bingen. "Know the Ways of the Lord"
gives an optimistic tone, unlike "On the Misery of the Human Condition" which displays more
pessimism. The optimism of Bingen's writing is displayed through the quote, "It happened in the
year 1141 of the Incarnation of the Son of God, Jesus Christ, when I was forty–two years and seven
months old, that a fiery light of the greatest radiance coming from the open heavens flooded through
my brain. It kindled my whole breast like a flame that does not scorch but warms in the same way
the sun warms anything on which it sheds its rays" (Know the Ways of the Lord lines 21–26). The
use of phrases such as "a flame that does not scorch but warms" show the use of a less god–fearing
tone and a greater closeness with God. On the other hand, Pope Innocent III writes, "In life, he
produced lice and tapeworms; in death, he will produce worms and flies. In life he produced dung
and vomit; in death, he produces rottenness and stench" (Innocent lines 28–30). Pope Innocent III
demonstrates the negative connotation of the death and decay of humans. Both texts convey similar
messages while using different descriptors, one which instills optimism from the

Giovanni Di Bicci De Medici Essay
I chose to do my paper on Giovanni di Bicci de 'Medici due to the fact that I am an Accounting
major and am very interested in finances and the banking system. Giovanni de Bicci de 'Medici was
an Italian banker and founder of the Medici bank. Giovanni was born in 1360 and unlike his
descendants, Giovanni was not born into wealth. Giovanni was one of five in his family and after his
father, Averardo de' Medici, died not much money was left to the family. Giovanni was also the
great–grandson to another Averardo, who had served as Gonfaloniere in the 14th century.
The beginning of the Medici bank came underway through one of Giovanni's relatives, Vieri di
Cambio de' Medici who was much richer than Giovanni's family. He was an Italian banker who ...
Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
This huge account that the Medici bank was able to obtain was due to Giovanni's friendship with
Baldassare Cossa. Cardinal Cossa deserted his allegiance to Pope Gregory XII during the Western
Schism and convened the Council of Pisa. His main objective was to end the schism. They tried
deposing of Pope Gregory XII and Antipope Benedict XIII by electing another Pope, Pope
Alexander V in 1409. Gregory and Benedict ignored this decision, so now there were three popes.
Pope Alexander V died soon after which made way for Baldassare himself. Baldassare Cossa was
consecrated as Pope John XXIII in 1410. As friend and supporter of Baldassare Cossa, Giovanni had
previously loaned his money after Baldassare was imprisoned for accusations ranging from murder
to heresy to seducing women. Giovanni used this loan in his own advantageous way because his
reward for his help and loan was Pope John XXIII making the Medici Bank the main bank for the
papal accounts and business. The Rome branch now had control over the curial affairs, all due to
Giovanni backing his friend Baldassare Cossa or Pope John. The Roman branch of the Medici Bank
always returned higher profits than any of its other operations, at least 50% of their revenues being
the chief Papal

Lofty Diction In The Life Of St Gregory
Opening his narrative of St. Macrina, St. Gregory begins with the justification of why her story is
being told. St. Gregory, St. Macrina's brother, sets out to create an account that is both "artless and
simple," but rather, produces a rich, detailed expression of admiration and praise (77). According to
St. Gregory, Macrina was the spiritual leader in their family, using her knowledge of Scripture and
philosophy to motivate her family and others to cast off the illusion of a material life. With a wealth
of knowledge and the ability to persuade others, Macrina rose to the position of Superior. Saint
Gregory, in his work The Life of St. Macrina utilizes lofty diction, tone, and a clear characterization
of Macrina, which enables us to see how through Christianity, women of the 3rd century had the
freedom to establish an identity outside of the secular, patriarchal world, and the respect that identity
yielded. St. Gregory's use of lofty diction is apparent when he describes their mother's character. By
using lofty diction such as "extremely virtuous," "exceptionally pure," and "spotless," it is obvious
St. Gregory holds his mother in high esteem, even though she was not a handmaid for the church
like Macrina (77). Moreover, if these are the words he chooses when describing his mother, we can
see why his word choice is also lofty for Macrina, who held the respected position of Superior later
in her life. Nonetheless, due to Macrina's mother being a model of Christianity,

Niccolo Machiavelli Humanism
The man chosen for this paper will be no one than Niccolo Machiavelli. Machiavelli was a many
things during this life such as a politician, humanist, a writer, but most important he was the founder
of modern ideas on who we look at politics and day to day situations. Machiavelli was born May 3
1469 in Italy. He was born during a important era in Europe called the Renaissance era were art, and
humanism began to flourish. Machiavelli had other idea as giving in depth look how rulers and
states must take control of their people in order to maintain power. He would go on to write one of
the most important book still use today by many business, law schools, universities, politicians ,
rebels, and even criminals known as The Prince. Machiavellianism was a term to describe to be
immoral behavior and can be seen as a negative in cases. He laid out the blue print in The Prince for
future rulers and governments how he thought once have to act in other to be set part from being a
ruler to being a great ruler.
The book The Prince brought a different outlook on political stands but one of the most important
one is one about how it is better to be feared. In The Prince Machiavelli would go on to write," It is
better to be feared than loved, if you cannot be both". This quote can be looked at different ways but
he point comes off as be a strong ruler and show no compassion. Machiavelli would go on and even
give an example of Cesare Borgia. Borgia was the man who restores Romagna by being

Pope Gregory Research Paper
Pope Gregory Born circa 1020 in Sovana, Tuscany, Pope Gregory VII is one of the great reforming
popes, and is best known for his part in the Investiture Controversy, which was his dispute with with
Henry IV that reinforced the primacy of papal authority. He excommunicated Henry three times
because Henry was getting out of hand and the political struggles between the Catholic Church and
his empire. Although, Gregory was also despised during his reign by some for his expansive use of
papal powers, this caused his memory to be remembered on numerous occasions in later
generations, both good and bad, which was often reflected in writings of the Catholic Church.
Gregory was accused of necromancy, torture, attempted assassinations, unjust excommunication, ...
However, soon enough Gregory became involved in leading the Church, serving as chaplain to Pope
Gregory VI. Gregory VI was removed from power with charges of simony, and was sent to
Germany. Hildebrand followed and crossed the alps. His stay in Germany was of amazing educative
value, and helped his ruling as pope in the future. In Cologne he pursued his studies and became
aware of the circles of Lorraine where interest of the church and its life was at the top. Soon he
returned to Rome and served as advisor to Pope Leo IX. With the death of Alexander II, Hildebrand
became pope and took the name Gregory VII. His election was bitterly berated by his enemies.
From the beginning Gregory tried to assert his authority over political leaders, and thus issued an
order against lay investiture. This brought the controversy of the struggle between church authority
and secular authority. It was questioned whether the king had final authority. A common belief was
that was that kings were choosing bishops and abbots to benefit themselves and not the
churches.This might not be entirely true; kings have been the origin of funds for churches. It only
seems correct they should appoint who runs them. Kings wanted to show how if they didn`t provide
the funds of the churches they wouldn't exist. So kings electing who is runs the

Pope Gregory Vii and Pope Innocent Iii: a Comparative Study
Throughout the central Middle Ages, Europe was characterized by the power struggle between the
secular and the ecclesiastic. The question of rule by God or by man was one which arose with
unwavering frequency among scholars, clergy, and nobility alike. The line which separated church
and state was blurry at best, leading to the development of the Investiture Conflict in the eleventh
and twelfth centuries, and the attempts to undermine the heir to the throne in the twelfth and
thirteenth centuries. Four men stand out among dozens in this effort to define the powers of the lay
versus that of the spiritual: Emperor/kings Henry IV and John of England, and the popes who
aggressively challenged their exertions of authority, Pope Gregory VII ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
In January of 1198, after holding office during the relatively short reigns of four popes and
achieving the position of Cardinal Deacon, he succeeded Pope Celestine III. Innocent III was thirty–
seven years of age. The reigns of Gregory VII and Innocent III were remarkably similar in their
attempts to exert ecclesiastic power over secular rulers. Gregory's outlook was characterized by his
reformist behavior, supporting the notion of challenging the sacred character of kings. "Implicit in
the concept of ‘lay investiture' was the idea that kings were layman. Yet kings were anointed, and
in the eleventh century most people, including ecclesiastics, viewed royal consecration as akin to
priestly ordination." Gregory intelligently avoided being named a radical, whereby he took a more
complicated position: he did not comment directly on the status of kings, but he believed them
semi–laymen, placing their rank below that of the minor clerical order and therefore not in a
position to elect or invest bishops or other ecclesiastic officials. He articulated his beliefs through a
decree, the Dictatus Papae, which succinctly and articulately stated his demands

Saint Anthony : The Life Of St. Anthony
St. Anthony was born in Lisbon in 1195 and was baptized "Ferdinand." His parents were of nobility.
Some writers of the fifteenth century posited that his father was Martin Bouillon, a descendant of
the famous Godfrey de Bouillon, commander of the First Crusade; and his mother, Theresa Tavejra,
was a descendant of Froila I, fourth king of Asturia. However, this genealogy is unproven.
Nevertheless, his parents were faithful and sought to hand their faith onto their son. He also was
privileged to receive his early education at the cathedral school of Lisbon. At the age of 15,
Ferdinand joined the Canons Regular of St. Augustine in Lisbon. Two years later, he transferred to
the monastery in Coimbra to avoid the distractions from frequent visits of relatives and friends.
During this time, he studied diligently and, being gifted with an excellent memory, he attained an
excellent knowledge of theology, sacred Scripture and the Church fathers. In 1220, the five bodies
of the first Franciscan Martyrs, who were martyred in Morocco at the hands of the Moslems, were
returned to Portugal. They were brought to the Church of Santa Croce in Coimbra for burial where
Ferdinand was stationed. Moved by their witness of faith in suffering martyrdom, Ferdinand also
desired to preach the gospel to the Moslems and even give his own life for our Lord. To pursue this
desire, he left the Augustinians and joined the Order of Friars Minor, the Franciscans, and took the
name "Anthony." St. Anthony

Francis And Al-Kamil
Francis and al–Kamil shared stories of faith with one another. They met regularly and discussed
matters of faith. Although the two did not share the exact same beliefs, they grew a profound respect
for one another. When Francis left to return home, al–Kamil presented him with a trumpet made of
ivory.
By 1220, the order numbered five thousand friars and needed to be governed more cogently. Francis
could no longer handle the duties of overseeing so many people, so Pope Honorius III required him
to bring more organization to the order. At this time, Francis appointed Peter of Catanii as minister
general to oversee the order. Within a year, Francis wrote a more formal letter to govern the order.
Over the next few years, he would debate and revise the rule. In 1223, Pope Honorius III approved
the Third Order.
The Beginning of the End
Over the next few years, his health would continue to deteriorate. He contracted a form of leprosy
and was mostly blind. He returned to San Domiano and was placed under the care of Clare and the
sisters. He asked to be taken back to Portiuncula. It is there that he dies and is buried in 1226.
A year after his death, Francis' friend, Cardinal Ugolino, became the pope. "In enrolling ... Show
more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Francis usually winced at the lepers, but a recent moment of interaction with God allowed him to
view them in a new light. He dismounted himself from the horse, gave the leprous man a coin, and
kissed him on the hand. The leprous man accepted his kiss of peace. Francis remounted and
continued along the way. After a few days, he moved to a hospice of lepers. He brought with him a
large sum of money. One day, he called all of the lepers together, kissed the hand of each, and gave
them offerings. Francis' ministry to the lepers still instructs us on how to treat people with dignity
and look past social norms to truly see people for who they are,

The Rise Of The Papacy
The Rise of the Papacy
Introduction
The birth or the beginnings of the Papacy is a rather difficult task to really nail down to a specific
time, place or person and also the growth of the Papacy was a rather slow and gradual process. In
this modern age Rome has been associated with the birth place of the Papacy but history shows that
Constantine moved the capital of the Roman Empire to Constantinople in the 4th century. In
Constantinople the father of the church was referred to as the Pope. The word Pope simply means
"father," and in early times was used to refer to any important and respected bishop. In Rome the
father of the church was referred to as the Bishop of Rome. It is the purpose of this paper to present
evidence of the individuals that gave rise to the Papacy in the centuries between the 6th and 9th.
How and Why the Papacy in Rome became the Center of Power There are several contributing
factors that prompted the rise of the Papacy during the time name mentioned above, but the one
event that prompted this rise was the fall of the Roman Empire. When Rome was attacked by the
Lombards, the Goths and the Huns it left a trail of destruction and uncertainty. Also during this time
Christian heresies were running rampant throughout the state. The effort of Constantine and Roman
Church leaders is when the Papacy really started to gain ground and the rise to power. As historical
evidence has shown, Constantine relocated the capital of the Roman Empire to Constantinople

Pros And Cons Of A Living Constitution
In the United States, there has often been debate over whether the U.S. Constitution is a "living
constitution." A "living constitution" is the idea that the interpretation of constitutional phrases
should take into account the contemporaneous society. In other words, practices and traditions of the
government have the ability to change and transform over time in accordance with the changes in
society. Similarly, there has often been debate in the religious community as to whether the practices
and traditions of the church have the ability to change and transform in order to better suit the needs
of its constituents. Two Popes in the Roman Catholic church, Pope Francis and Pope Pius IX, have
published documents with opposing viewpoints about the church's ability to change and transform
over time. The aforementioned documents also highlight other issues commonly debated within the
church. Ultimately, Pope Francis favors a more progressive church, that is opento change, while
Pope Pius IX favors a church with more rigid guidelines that follow traditional practices. Pope
Francis' "Apostolic Exhortation Evangelii Gaudium," was published in November 2013. The
document discusses several current debates occurring in the Catholic Church. First, Francis
discusses the dangers of a consumeristic society and warns that the current economy is ... Show
Some of the heresies rejected include the belief that the church isn't perfect, the idea that the church
can change over time, the concept of separation of church and state and the theory of pluralism.
Ultimately, Pius asserts that the Catholic Church is a true and perfect society, claiming precedence
over the rules of civil society and law. More so than that, the traditional practices of the church shall
be maintained and should be included in all aspects of life, including civil practice, philosophy and
the education

The Importance And Influence Of The Romanesque Era
Taking a journey through the historical time line of the past, it is clear to see that change occurs.
Some periods illustrate more change than others, some of them are of greater influence than the
period before it, and then there are those that are not only influential from an art perspective, but
also from the perspective of the styles ability to spread across a whole region. A period that
specifically displayed this capability was the Romanesque era. The Romanesque era was a period in
time which was actually not based on the premise of geographical location or political stance, but
more on the premise of the artistry and architectural design during that time (Kleiner, 2014). It is
suggested that the influence of the Romanesque artistic styles was largely due to the volume of
pilgrimages that were taking place in search of sacred cover and the outcome of the crusades during
this time (Petzold, 2017). This era did not only provide one influential style across the region, but
many such as, church architecture, architectural structures, sculptures, paintings, and decorations; all
of which can be considered Romanesque art (Kleiner, 2014). Of the Romanesque era, each piece of
art even from different countries of origin were affected by the economy, politics, and religious
influence or concern, yet regardless each had a unique presence that represented the Romanesque
period. One of the potential biggest influences over the Romanesque period and its style was largely
due to the

Pope Gregory VII and King Henry IV
The investiture controversy was conflict between church and state. Those days, Henry was most
powerful king in Europe, but Gregory willing to give him problems and wanted to dominate the
state. Gregory was threatened the king, but the problem was that he was without any military power
and this made him vulnerable. At that time bishops were important political figure and the main
issue of conflict was bishop's appointment because the Pope and the king both wanted to make
bishops in their favor. Moreover, Pope decided to put an end to civil authority over the church. He
declared only the church had the right to appoint, transfer, or remove bishops, but King began to
appoint his own bishops.
When the Saxon war was going defectively, the king made an advisory committee to advise him to
talk Gregory .Pope assumed this favorable sign that the king would come and talk to him before the
coronation. Henry won a military victory in 1075 in Saxon war and he had begun to restore royal
authority on winning places. He had not gone to talk with Pope Gregory but appointed imperial
candidate's arch bishop. He had not taken any advice from the pope and previous bishops who were
appointed by the pope. This made the pope furious so, he wrote admonish to King Henry.
According to the pope's letter, pope was founded by God and he had the authority to restore all
bishops and king. He wrote in his letter king must be obedient to the church. Gregory wanted to be
more powerful, so he wrote a

Gregory And Aquinas Humility
During the middle ages, early A.D. 590 Rome, undergone a substantial amount of struggle.
According to Shelley (2008) as a result of many wars, floods, and the spread of the plague leading to
large quantity of death, Rome became a wasteland; those who were left alive were distraught and
confused (163). It was the Christian faith that restored hope and brought about "new order called
Europe," and "The church took the lead in rule by law, the pursuit of knowledge, and the
expressions of culture" (p.162). It became known as the era of Christendom, as the church united its
forces with the empire and popes ruled. As time passed, however, people began to see popes as
corrupted by their authority over everything and everyone leading to revolts and ... Show more
content on Helpwriting.net ...
167). Gregory was a true believer of humility as discussed in the Bible and through the teachings of
Jesus Christ. In his book, the Book of Pastoral Rule, Gregory discusses the importance of humility,
and states the following, "No one presumes to teach an art till he has first, with intent meditation,
learn it" (Gregory the Great, n.d. p. 573). Therefore, exclaiming that the nature of humility is an
essence of pastoral care, "highest post of humility," therefore, no one should take on such role
without proper preparation and attainment of such quality (p. 587). It is evident in the following
statement, "For one can by no means learn humility in a high place who has not ceased to be proud
while occupying a low one: one knows not how to fly from praise when it abounds, who has learnt
to pant for it when it was wanting: one can by no means overcome avarice, when advanced to the
sustentation of many, who his own means could not suffice for himself alone" (p.

St. Francis Of Assisi
St. Francis of Assisi
St. Francis of Assisi abandoned a life of luxury for a life devoted to Christianity after reportedly
hearing the voice of God, who commanded him to rebuild the Christian church and live in poverty.
He is the patron saint for ecologists. St. Francis was also the first person to receive the stigmata of
Christ, the marks resembling the wounds of Jesus Christ suffered when he was crucified. After
living a life devoted to God, Francis was canonized as a Saint just two years after his death on July
16, 1228, by his former protector, Pope Gregory IX.
St. Francis ' father was Pietro Bernardone, a wealthy Assisian cloth merchant. His mother, Pica, little
is known, but she is said to have belonged to a noble family of Provence. Francis was born in Assisi,
a town in Italy in 1181 or 1182 – the exact year is uncertain. Giovanni was the name given to
Francis on his baptism but was later altered to Francesco, through fondness it would seem for
France. In any case, since the child was renamed in infancy, the change can hardly have had
anything to do with his aptitude for learning French, as some have thought.
St. Francis of Assisi was renowned for drinking and partying in his youth. He began his life as a
confirmed sinner. He was spoiled, indulging himself with fine food, wine, and wild celebrations.
Francis had left school at the age of 14 and became a rebellious teenager who was frequently drank,
partied and broke the city curfew. He was also known for his charm

Music: A Middle Ages
There were several genres of the A Middle Ages as well as the Renaissance. During the Renaissance
period, the vast majority of the musical moved from the church to the courts. Composers were more
open to experimentation, and had more imaginative opportunity and basically were no longer afraid
of the churches response. In this time frame the church had less control over musical movement and
this allowed the composers to go in their own direction with minimum consequences. In this time
frame the Kings, Princes and other prominent members of the courts had a greater amount of an
impact over the music, yet the church still attempted to keep the music pure and basically the same.
Thus more composers utilized musical instruments in their compositions. ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
Renaissance is otherwise called rebirth this time changed the tone of music "it is the name given to a
complex current of thought that worked deep changes on Europe from the fourteenth to the sixteenth
century." (Kerman, 60) There was a shift towards a more secular society during the European
Renaissance and this is where you can see the dramatic changes to the musical style. The
Renaissance marks the door opening for the European society to change form the predominantly
religious mood to a more secular or common society and with this shift the church was pretty much
on hush hush the composers of this time had taken over. This awakening was called humanism.
Humanism was more of the use of reason or and observation. The humanists emphasized the
importance of human qualities rather than religious convictions therefore music played a vital role in
this change as well and it evolved right along with the times. In the Renaissance, one of the most
popular sacred genres that were written in Latin text was the Motet. One of the composers of the
Motet was Guillaume de Machaut, His motets stand out for their changing rhythms, longer lengths
and integration of sacred and secular texts. Another composer was Thomas Weelkes one example of
his music was Madrigal, "As Vesta Was from Latinos Hill Descending." When it came to the Motet,
the Motet had to a greater extent an assortment of words which permitted the composer to have
more of a religious message in the music, and as you read alongside the music you can see that a
portion of the words are right out of the book of Bible its self. Motets touched on certain issues such
as politics, love and the loss of love, valor chivalry, desire and fellowship all at the same time. "The
Mass took a more relaxed attitude toward medieval authority." (Kerman, 63) and is also a form of
scared music. One example of a Mass is "Ave Maris Stella" by Guillaume Duffy this more of

Comparing Medieval Chants and 20th Century Rap Essay
Comparing Medieval Chants and 20th Century Rap
Medieval chants and Twentieth Century rap are both musical forms that have many similarities and
differences. There are many aspects to these two musical forms.
These aspects include creation, development and history. In both their purpose and audience, chants
and rap can be both similar, but at the same time, completely different.
The way that they are performed and set up, or structured, is where the most evident differences
occur. The Medieval chant, also known as the Gregorian chant, has been credited to
Pope Gregory I. Medieval chants originated around the year 600 A.D. The purpose behind the
creation of chant was to fight the political, and somewhat social, stress ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
One was to forget or drop everything and step outside of the real world and enter a perfect world full
of serious praise and worship. Where as rap was used primarily for entertainment and set the perfect
scene for a teen party or dance competition. But as quickly as it evolved the first time around, it
would soon evolve again. Now, suddenly rap became a sure way for blacks, especially young teens,
to express their frustrations, rage and sometimes, even social concerns. No matter who is performing
the chant, it is like most others, unchanging. All the while, rap was becoming harder and harder to
pin–point to any certain subject. The subjects became a reflection of the rapper and their
surroundings to the point where even Christians would soon become followers. In the
Medieval Period, there was hardly any division between sacred and secular music. Even though the
chants were known by all the people, there were still not considered the music of the people because
of the lack of division put forth. In this same way, rap and chants are very similar. Both, rap and
chant, were wrote for the common man and always sent a strong message. Chants were mostly about
giving your all to God and worshipping him.
Rap, however, had a huge variety of messages. Some very strong and powerful, while others were
more relaxed and just for fun. There were many rules to chant that had to be followed. Rap,

Who Was Gregory The Great?
Derrick M. Williams
Fall 2016 (DL 1st Session) 2016–2017
GS135
Church History I
CONTENTS
INTRODUCTION 1
PART 1: Who was Gregory the Great? The purpose for choosing him? PART 2: What were his
accomplishments? Works Produced Contribution Significance Why or Why not? PART 3: Lessons
Learned
CONCLUSION
BIBLIOGRAPHY
INTRODUCTION Throughout the history of the Christian Church we often times hear of many
indivdiuals who made several if not many significant contributions to the church. Names such as
Dominic, Catherine of Siena, John Wycliffe, Martin Luther, and John Calvin are to name only a few.
I want to tell you a story about an individual who made many contributions the Christian Church,
and to this day his contributions and legacy yet remain. His name is Pope Gregory I, also known as
St. Gregory or Gregory the Great.
Chapter 1
[Who was Gregory the Great?]
Born in c. 540 AD in Rome Italy, majority of the Western Roman Empire had already collapsed due
poverty and sicknesses plaguing the western region. Being that Gregory was born into a wealthy
family, he was fortunante unlike others to have Men in his family who were well renowned and
respected throughout the entire area. Gregory's great great grandfather was Pope Felix III and his
father was named Gordianus was a senator of Rome. Gregory's father also held a position in the
Church as a

Galileo Galilei Essay
Galileo Galilei
Galileo was born in Pisa along the Via del Cuore in 1564 to Vincenzo Galileo, a man known for his
study of music, and Giuli Ammananti. When Galileo was ten he moved to Florance.1 At eleven
young Galileo was sent to Vallombrosa for school. At fifteen Galileo decided to be a monk, but
because of his father gave up his ambition. In the late summer of 1581 Galileo entered the
University of Pisa and embarked on a course of study in medicine. Studying the Aristotelian system,
which states larger heavier objects from high places, Galileo became increasingly skeptical.
Evidence of Galileo's brilliance was assured when in 1583, he was attending service in the cathedral
and he saw that the flames of the candles osculated back ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net
...
In February 1609 Galileo returned to his problem for the military about the trajectory of an artillery
shell. Fortune was yet to smile on Galileo that is until 1609. Hearing of a spyglass, invented in
Holland, that magnified objects from afar. Galileo sought to make profits from this devise before the
Holland inventor was able to come and sell his spyglass throughout Venice. Using the properties of
light refraction, Galileo was given a substantial raise. With his life apparently out of ruin Galileo set
out to investigate the moon. Galileo's noticed that the moon was not a perfect sphere as had been
throughout Galileo's moon observations left much to be acquired in the universe, so he stated
remodeling his telescope to even grater. Proportions in attempt to observe the constellations. Upon
these observations Galileo wrote "Siderus Nuncius", which took Europe by storm with the
discoveries made.
The world was definitely looking better for Galileo at this time. On July 10, 1610 Galileo was
appointed Chief mathematician and philosopher of the Grand Duke of Tuscany. Reassuring to the
doubt of Galileo's finding's as being anti–religious, Pope Paul V promised support. However, this
did little to prevent the onslaught of attacks starting in 1614 by Friar Coccini. In December of 1615
Galileo set out to Rome to put a stop to the accusations of him being anti–religious. By 1616 Galileo
spoke out wrote

Queen Matilda Of England And The Marriage Table A Dowry Of...
Queen Matilda of England brought to the marriage table a dowry of estates. While, she did not grant
William great wealth, she did possess great wealth of her own. Roughly one fourth of the wealth of
Matilda and William belonged to Matilda. She presented her husband with the ship the Mora as a
symbol of her approval of his conquest of England. Matilda, being well educated and capable,
served as regent of Normandy while her husband was away in England. Matilda made the journey to
England in 1068 where she was crowned Queen of England. Matilda, like many queens of her time,
actively participated in government. Roughly one hundred charters bear Matilda's name, suggesting
that she occasionally maintained full responsibility of Normandy in her husband's absence. Matilda
became a wealthy landowner in England, where she held lands in the counties of Surrey, Hampshire,
Wiltshire, Dorset, Devon, Cornwall, Buckinghamshire, and Gloucestershire. She maintained contact
with her family in Flanders and even provided William with Flemish men for his army. She was also
a key player in King William's rule of England, hearing land pleas and negotiating with nobles.
Matilda played a lesser role in foreign politics than her husband. She did, however, maintain
contacts with the Church. She sent gifts to French abbots and German hermits along with open
contact with Pope Gregory VII. Pope Gregory VII encouraged Matilda to bring her husband closer
to the church where the Pope's could keep a

Malebolge : 10 Pouches Of Evil In Dante And Dante
In Canto 18, Dante and Virgil enter into the eighth circle of the fraudulent. This is the place in hell
known as Malebolge which contains 10 "pouches of evil (line 2)." The sinners at the bottom of the
first ditch are all nude, running in different directions. At each end, " horned devils" whip the sinners
backs. Amongst the crowd Dante recognizes Venedico Caccianemico and wonders how he ended up
in here. Venedico admits that he forced his sister Ghisolabella to " the bed of the Marchese (line
56)." A demon whips Venedico and Dante returns to Virgils side. Virgil points out a sinner named
Jason who was punished for fooling Hypsipyle and Medea. They cross the bridge to the second
trench. The bottom of the trench is so hallow that they "had no vantage point to see a soul." Dante
stares at Alessio Interminli from Lucca who has been punished because he was a flatterer. Before
they exit, they come upon Thais who " claws herself with shit beneath her nails (line 131)," she
compares her sexual encounters as miraculous. Dante and Virgil enter the third ditch of Malebolge
where those who have profited from religious icons or institutions, known as simonists. They are
punishment is having their feet and legs stuck in holes. Instead of pitying them, Dante seems
satisfied with their punishment. Dante sets his eyes on a sinner who seems to have been burned
more than the rest. The sinner is Pope Nicholas III and Dante feels like "a friar who hears the sins of
a faithless assassin (line

Cathar Heresy
The ideological impetus behind this mechanism, specifically the push to centralize and regiment the
prosecutorial process, derived from the reformist popes fighting to establish papal supremacy. To be
clear, the papal reform movement did not start the process of persecuting heresy; some of
Christianity's first leaders, such as the second–century bishop Irenaeus of Lyons, wrote about heresy
and how to combat it. Furthermore, prosecutorial episodes occurred before the election of the first
reformist pope, Leo IX, in 1049. One of the most famous examples occurred in the French city of
Orléans in 1022 when a number of high–ranking members of the clergy and nobility were accused
of harboring dualist beliefs and venerating the Devil. In turn, the ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
At the Third Lateran Council in 1179, Alexander III condemned the growing heretical movements of
the era, and, in the twenty–seventh canon, explicitly threatened the Cathars with force. Following
Alexander III, Pope Lucius III began to officially coordinate prosecutorial procedures by outlining
the responsibilities of bishops and secular authorities in his papal pull, Ad abolendam. Pope
Innocent III continued to search for ways to suppress Catharism after his election in 1198. He
redoubled conversion efforts by commissioning a Cistercian mission to the region. Additionally, he
further developed the legal mechanisms to prosecute heresy after issuing the Vergentis in senium in
1199. The papal decree listed out the consequences of following heretical beliefs: confiscation of
property and revocation of titles, to name a few. Nevertheless, like his predecessors, Innocent III
failed to dismantle the Cathar Church through nonviolent means. In 1207, channeling the rhetorical
powers first used by Urban II, Innocent III announced the Albigensian Crusade by promising "an
indulgence of the remission of sins" to those who went on crusade against the

The Saint Of Saint Philomena As A Patron Saint
I have chosen St. Philomena to be my patron saint. Saint Philomena was born in Corfu Island,
Greece. Saint Philomena was born a Greek princess and lived for 13 years. She was believed to be a
Virgin Martyr. In 1802, the bones of a female between 13 and 15 were discovered in the catacomb
of St.Priscilla. They were believed to be her remains.They were discovered in May. St. Philomena
was found with three titles that said Lumena/ Paxte/ Cumfi.
When Philomena was 13 years old she took a vow of consecrated virginity. Philomena's father took
his family to the rump to make peace but emperor Diocletian fell in love with Philomena. When she
refused to marry him she was subjected to torture. St. Philomena was scrounged drowned with an
anchor attached to her and shot with arrows.The emperor attempted to kill St.Philomena 3 times but
she survived. Each time she was attacked angels took her side and healed her through a prayer.
Many saw how St.Philomena was treated and that she was still alive and they became Christians.
The emperor was determined to put an end to his shame and stop all the talking and had her
decapitated. All because she refused to lose her virginity to the Roman ruler, Diocletian. According
to my resources, Philomena died at 3:00 in the afternoon just like Jesus.
Immediately following, she appealed to Pope Gregory XVI to begin an examination for the patron
of Filmena which means daughter of light. On January 13, 1837, Pope Gregory XVI named

Analysis of Gregory the Great’s Letters
The Pope is the head of the Church: he represents the ultimate religious authority. However, as a
Bishop of Rome, the Pope is also in command of certain secular affairs, including some military
aspects. Certainly, the Pope is a link between the earthly and the divine realms. Problems arise when
the imperfect world the Pope physically lives in interferes with his heavenly objectives. Taking Pope
Gregory I as an example, I am going to look at his letters to analyze how he reconciled his political
and spiritual goals, whether he valued one category over the other, and how he justified it.
The first letter we will consider is dated 27 September 591, one year after Gregory assumed his post
as the Pope. Gregory is writing to Velox, a junior military commander of the Roman army united
against the Duke of Spoleto, Ariulf. The conflict Gregory is involved in is the struggle between the
Eastern Roman Empire and the Lombard Kingdom, a Germanic race originated from Sweden that
controlled much of present day Italy, for a strip of land called Via Flaminia that separated Ravenna
from Rome. The purpose of the first half of the letter is for Gregory to explain that he has not yet
sent any promised troops for help because Velox's last letter indicated that they might be needed
"here also", which supposedly means in Gregory's own lands. In the second half of the letter
Gregory promises to send some troops and encourages Velox to instruct them to fight well. He then
gives some strategic

What Is Berthold's Evidence Of Absolutism
Since Berthold beyond a doubt wrote this right after it occurred he would not have been aware of the
papal election decree of 1059, therefore he would have considered Honorius II the real pope as
elected by Henry IV. Therefore, when Berthold records the event he doesn't regard Bishop Anselm
as the real pope, accusing him of illegally taking control of the papacy. This account of the papal
schism would therefore lean towards the favor of Henry IV. In Berthold's second version of the
account he changes his opinion, "Bishop Cadalus of Parma was elected pope by an act of simony,
since many bribes were given to certain persons". Berthold directly links the appointment of
Cadalus by Henry IV to the act of simony. Simony was something not even mentioned ... Show
The synod of Rome in 1075 saw different bishop be warned and some even deposed for their
actions. The accounts written about this synod reveal how the authors, Berthold and Bernold of St.
Blasien, saw bishops and clergymen who went against the papal reforms. Pope Gregory used the
weapon of deposing and excommunicating clergymen to enforce his papal reforms. These weapons
meant that the person deposed or excommunicated must not receive of any sacraments and no one
must willing follow this person and their rule. Gregory wanted to encourage that if a member of the
church committed a crime of simony then they aren't an actual bishop or clergymen who could carry
out the sacraments. Berthold and Bernold both adopted his viewpoint and opinions in regards to
clergymen who act against the papal reform. Berthold would become his biggest supporter,
believing Gregory had God–like powers in regards to cleaning the Catholic Church and that he had
every right to do it. Berthold explains, "Strove to clear the field of the lord properly with the
authentic axes of catholic and apostolic discipline". The language Berthold uses implies that
Gregory is within his right and power to clean the "field of the lord" with the "authentic axe".
Berthold's description shows that he supported Gregory in his mission to cleanse the church of
corrupt

The Pope 's Official Register
Dictatus Papae, inserted in the pope's official Register in 1075, can be considered the most
important document involved in the lay investiture controversy. The document outlines 27
statements of power under the Catholic Church, and it is the first time that a document grants the
pope power to depose an Emperor. The document most likely written, or influenced, by Pope
Gregory VII came in wake of the lay investiture controversy between the Holy Roman Emperor
Henry IV and Pope Gregory VII. Lay investiture is when lay, or worldly, kings and emperors invests
in bishops, appointing them to bishops of the area in which they rule. It was extremely common for
the bishops that were chosen to also be the Emperor's vassal as well. In return the bishop would
encourage and help the Emperor's rule over their territory. There had hardly been any push back
from the papacy in regards to this practice (Jordan p. 85–87). The bishops would take the sides of
the emperors because most owe them for giving them their position. The height of the controversy
started when a monk named Hildebrand, who believed strongly in reforming the papacy and the
church, was swept into office. Hildebrand would take on the name Gregory becoming Pope Gregory
VII. Gregory would first forbid married priests to perform sacraments in December 1074, then two
months later, he prohibited lay investiture (Jordan p. 91). Henry IV and most of the German bishops
would denounce these papal decrees declaring that since the

Lofty Diction In The Life Of St Degory
Saint Gregory of Nyssa opens his narrative The Life of St. Macrina, with a justification as to why he
is documenting accounts of St. Macrina's life. St. Gregory, St. Macrina's brother, sets out to create a
narrative that is both "artless and simple", but rather, we receive a rich, detailed expression of
admiration and praise (77). According to St. Gregory, Macrina was the spiritual leader in their
family, using her knowledge of Scripture and philosophy to motivate her family and others to cast
off the illusion of a material life. With a wealth of knowledge and the ability to persuade others,
Macrina rose to the position of Superior. Saint Gregory, in his work The Life of St. Macrina, utilizes
lofty diction, tone, and a clear characterization of Macrina, which enables us to see how through
Christianity, women of the 3rd century had the freedom to establish an identity outside of the
secular, patriarchal world, and what levels of respect that identity yielded. St. Gregory's use of lofty
diction is apparent when he describes their mother's character. By using lofty diction such as
"extremely virtuous," "exceptionally pure," and "spotless," it is obvious St. Gregory holds his
mother in high esteem, even though she was not a handmaid for the church like Macrina (77).
Moreover, if these are the words he chooses when describing his mother, we can see why his word
choice is lofty for Macrina, who held the respected position of Superior later in her life.
Nonetheless, due to

The Modern World
Europe has federal, multi–regional and multinational identities. The transmission of the religious
ideologies of Europe has been essential to the development of the continent as both a practical and
an imagined idea. The formation of these characterizations is complex, but music is a practical way
to better understand the traditional, functional and socio–historical underpinnings that have formed
the tapestry of European identity. Gregorian chant is musically and culturally significant to the
evolution of historical Europe. It was widely considered to be a central component in worship
services and spiritual conversion, also employing the official language of the Holy Roman Empire,
Latin. Ubiquitous usage paved the way for standardized ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Since sacred music was the dominant musical genre of the era, Gregorian chants enjoyed massive
public appeal. Its popularity also allowed it to be used successfully by the church as a religious
conversion tool; furthermore, Gregorian chant was of particular importance in the transmission of
Christian doctrine, and the formation and eventual expansion of the Holy Roman Empire throughout
historical Europe.
The plainchants of the Middle Ages, the Gregorian chants, in particular, are the historical
progenitors of our westernized musical traditions: common language, form/notation, and cultural
transmission. Pepin the Short, and his son Charlemagne, understood that the proliferation of this
new musical cannon would be bolstered through the application of universal components such as
language. Originally, liturgies were spoken in regional dialects and languages, but in the late eighth
century, the first Carolingian monarch, Pepin the Short, had been credited by his son Charlemagne
for initiating the streamline of music's ecclesiastical language. According to music scholar, Kenneth
Levy, "the purpose was to have a single, nominally Roman, repertory sung throughout Europe"
("Carolingians" 7). The church soon appreciated the

The Reign Of The Holy Roman Empire
On Christmas day of 800 A.D., Pope Leo III crowned Charlemagne the Holy Roman Emperor. This
pivotal, but not necessarily wanted, moment in the history of the Catholic Church set up a precedent
for very strong relations between the Holy Roman Emperor and the papacy. During the eleventh
century, with the Holy Roman Emperor ruled by Henry IV, relations with the papacy came to a front
over several disagreement between Henry IV and Pope Gregory VII. Their arguments mainly
focused on the power that each institution should hold. Gregory felt that the papacy should play a
larger political role in the western church and that lay investiture was against the will of God. Henry
was conservative and did not want Rome intruding any more on his rule of the Holy Roman
Emperor and accused Gregory of being a usurper and a fraud. In the midst of this argument, Gregory
released various decrees, known as the Dictatus Papae, which greatly increased the power of the
Papacy while reducing that of the Holy Roman Empire. The mere fact that Gregory felt the need to
issue these decrees, in combination with the harsh reaction of Henry IV and the Bishops of
Germany, prove that the papacy did not have "effective authority" over the Western church and
institution.
The imposition of the Gregorian reforms alone and the Pope's defense of them show how the papacy
was not an institution of great authority in the Western church and lacked command among its
constituents. The Gregorian reforms were not, as the

St. Francis Of Assisi Essay
St. Francis of Assisi was born in Umbria in the year 1182. He was a child every father hoped for, he
was filled with life, a determined and courageous individual. He was gifted with rather good looks,
qualities that attracted friends and a gift of leadership. His father was an extremely wealthy
merchant in Assisi. But this son, his favourite, was the one who broke Peter Bernardone's heart. The
boy turned on his father, and in a vicious event that eventually resulted into a public scene. St.
Francis of Assisi stepped away from his father, his business and left his father in a state of immense
emotional suffering.
Francis joined the military at the age of 20. Prior to this date (1202), the favoured son showed his
parents that he would ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Now came the question that changed the course of Francis' life, and in many ways, the course of
human history. &quot;Why then are you seeking the servant instead of the master, the vassal
instead of the prince?&quot; the voice spoke again. Francis recognizing the voice as that of
Christ, suddenly grew weary of retreat. &quot;Lord, what will You have me do?&quot;
asked Francis. &quot;Return home, Your vision will have its spiritual fulfillment through
Me.&quot; replied the voice. Francis then returned to Assisi. Although the residents of Assisi
rejoiced at his return, Francis was known as their leader during the time, they soon sensed that
Francis had changed. Something was troubling him. The townspeople concluded that Francis had
fallen in love. Francis' companions would ask him who it was. Francis had to answer, but he couldn't
tell them that it was someone who he hardly knew or someone that he was slightly afraid. So he said
to his friends, &quot;I do dram of taking a wife, and she whom I shall marry is noble, so rich,
so fair and so wise, that not one of your has seen her like&quot;.
Francis tended to leave his house and journey to the many caves located in Assisi. A friend who saw
that Francis was involved in something even more deep than arrangements

St. Boniface and Catholicism in Germany
Prior to the work of St. Boniface in central Germany from 716 to 754 A.D., the local Hessian and
Thuringian people worshiped pagan gods and honored living things essential to daily life, such as
the oak trees of the surrounding forests, which provided everything from building materials to nuts
for food. Though Christianity had been introduced to this area, the current practice was actually
heresy because people practiced a blend of Christian and pagan beliefs and rituals. St. Boniface not
only returned Catholicism to Germany, but kept heresy, the Church's main challenge during this time
period, out of central Germany. St. Boniface's goal was to expand the Catholic Church in Germany,
making certain that that the political authorities were firmly committed to Christianity. He went
further, and was not only Pope Gregory's missionary to Germany, but also purified the faith of the
people, removing the culturally ingrained practices of paganism. During this time period, some
Germans didn't fully understand Christianity, and although many in Upper Hesse converted, they
still practiced their old pagan rituals. St. Boniface built schools and seminaries in Upper Hesse. The
area fully converted to Catholicism thanks to the teachings of faithful priests and teachers who were
brought in by Boniface to teach the full truth of the Catholic Church without aspects of the old
pagan beliefs or rituals included. The eighth–century Germans used gods to explain the different
things in

Separation Of Church And State In The Middle Ages
Throughout time the relationship between church and state has been changing. Church and state
should have absolute separation. In the middle ages, the pope was essentially the king, and that
ended in drama between popes and actual kings, as well as the line between politics and religion
being blurred. Church should not be involved in state because the church leader is then at significant
risk of devaluing one or the other, and state should not be involved in church as it was during
Charlemagne's time.
In the middle ages the church and the state were very much related. The church was less related to
religion than it was to government. Religion in the middle ages was related to politics, so rather than
the leader of a faith, the pope was more like a king; he supposedly possessed the power to send
people to hell by excommunicating them if they displeased him. The pope was the leader of the
church, and also the leader of essentially everything else; he had the final say in all matters. There
was a conflict ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Mixing the two never works because they are meant to stay separate. John 18:36 says, "My kingdom
is not of this world: if my kingdom were of this world, then would my servants fight, that I should
not be delivered to the Jews: but now is my kingdom not from hence." The pope, or any other
church leader is an official appointed by God through his children to lead his kingdom on earth.
God's Holy Bible clearly states that earth is not God's kingdom; earth is fallen and wicked; the world
is the devil's kingdom. Therefore God's appointed officials should not try to rule Satan's kingdom.
This does not mean, however, that it is sinful to get involved in politics, instead that Ministers and
Holy men should not attempt to occupy both positions for risk of losing track of the line that
separates religion and politics and slip back into a papic dictatorship as in the middle

An Analysis Of Pope Innocent IV
This source is an excerpt from a letter from Pope Innocent IV to King henry III of England on the
23rd January 1245, shortly after the sacking of Jerusalem by Khwarezmian forces in the same year.
When a Pope traditionally launches a crusade it is accompanied with excitatoria, formal letters
appealing to nobility and kings for contribution to the forthcoming campaign. Although this letter
was intended for the English king, Peter Jackson implies that the missing letter to King Louis IX
would have almost have been identical concerning its content, language and the overarching appeal
for the crusade to respond to the sacking of Jerusalem at the hands of the Khwarezmians. Discussion
on finances and indulgences for the crusade is mentioned in the ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
He immediately found himself in a difficult position as pope, with numerous issues arising, such as
the hostility escalating between the Holy Roman Emperor and the papacy, the increase of Islamic
incursions into the Holy Land and of course the Mongol invasion of Europe. There was indeed prior
warning of the defensive vulnerability of the Kingdom of Jerusalem, as Pope Innocent IV received a
letter complaining that there were only one hundred pilgrim knights defending the city, and more
reinforcements from Western Europe was needed for protection. Although this may have been note
by the newly appointed Pope, the struggle with the Holy Roman Emperor through the continuation
of Pope Gregory IX's policy against Frederick II may have overshadowed this plea from the Holy
Land. In fact, Pope Innocent IV's position was so untenable in Rome due to the Emperor's actions to
increase dissent, that he fled to Lyon and immediately set about organising the Council of Lyon for
1245. His letter to Henry III was part of an effort from his base in Lyon to call for a crusade in
reaction to the sacking of Jerusalem by the Khwarezmians, but he struggled to garner much support
for the crusade due to the internal struggles within Europe, with only King Louis IX fully committed
to the campaign. The relationship between Pope Innocent IV and King Henry III is one of note, as
since the ties between Rome and the English King were established early through the papal support
given to Henry at the end of the Baron's war. The papacy desperately needed political allies due to
the increasing threat posed by the military might of the Holy Roman Emperor and Henry II could be
said to be one of them. Although the papacy could find respite through their relationship between
the King of France and King of England respectively, the relationship between the two kingdoms
was strenuous. A crusade

Compare And Contrast William The Conqueror And Charlemagne
Throughout the course of different eras in our history many great, powerful, and memorable
conquerors have left their heritage. The years that spanned from 500–1500 known as the Middle
Ages, or the medieval period, were the Age of Discovery. Were it took a shift from old–fashioned to
modern. In the course of such years, forces such as the Church and state rose and fell. Societies
slowly emerged, having strong rulers as allies. It is true, though, that all of these "rulers" were
peculiarly different. Still, the reign of William the Conqueror and Charlemagne left a memory of
fierce, strong, and victorious monarchs. The ruling of both of these leaders were very different in the
role of faith and development in learning and knowledge. Yet their success can also be seen in their
leading abilities and great military accomplishments when trying to protect their territories, expand
their land and establish ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Charlemagne, was a man influenced in learning and education, in fact William the Conqueror made
alterations to the English language dictionary. He incorporated various words from other languages
such as French. Yet, stronger in education, Charlemagne was surrounded by scholars from different
areas and he opened a palace school where he recruited the best teachers. Adding to this, both
conquerors, incorporated religion in their skills of conquering. This means, faith was an important
element on how they ruled and their actions. However, Charlemagne and William indeed were very
different. In fact, Charlemagne's rule was maintained by the strength of his personality, meaning a
unified royal authority came first. While William the Conqueror was desperate on winning more
lands and was brutal on battles, Charlemagne focused his reign on education and

Biography: Saint Philomena
St. Philomena was born on January 10th, 291 in Greece. St. Philomena's name in latin is
Filialuminis which means daughter of light. St. Philomena's parents were both royal from a small
state in Greece. St. Philomena did not have any siblings. When she was thirteen years old,
Philomena was forced in marriage with Emperor Diocletian. "My virginity, which I have vowed to
God, comes before everything, before you, before my country. My kingdom is Heaven." St.
Philomena rejected the emperor because she made a promise to herself that her virginity belonged to
God. Because St. Philomena would not accept his hand in marriage, he forced guards to unclothe
her and whip her. Thinking her wounds were irreparable, the guards chained her up in a dungeon, ...
Clare. She was canonized by Pope Gregory XVI in 1837. Pope Gregory XVI named her Patroness
of the Living Rosary and Patroness of the Child of Mary. St. Philomena is also known as The
Anchor of Hope and remembered as a very holy person. Her tomb was discovered in the catacombs
of St. Priscilla in Rome on May 25, 1802. Beside her tomb were three tiles written with the words
LUMENA PAXTE CUMFI which means "Peace be with you Philomena" and drawings of two
anchors, three arrows, a palm, and a lily representing her martyrdom and virginity. Next to her tomb
was a vial containing her blood. Today, St. Philomena's sacred body is located in Mugnano del
Cardinale Avellino, Italy.
St. Philomena follows the commandments of our Lord Jesus. She loved God with all her heart
because she devoted her life and virginity to God. She loved Him so much that she was willing to
sacrifice herself for Him. St. Philomena put God above everyone, including her father and mother.
Although she did not listen to her parents by refusing to marry the emperor, she still loved them and
cared for them. She not only treated her parents with respect, but she still treated and loved her
neighbors as herself. In spite the fact that she was tortured, she did not fight back, harm, or express
any negativity towards anyone, especially the emperor.
"Pray to Saint Philomena. Whatever you ask from her, She will obtain for you." – Pope Gregory
XVI. St. Philomena is known as "The Wonder Worker"

How The Catholic Church Held Up During The Middle Ages Essay

Recommended

Recommended

More Related Content

More from Megan Jones

More from Megan Jones (20)

Recently uploaded

Recently uploaded (20)

How The Catholic Church Held Up During The Middle Ages Essay