Army Leaders Development Model

Army Leaders Development Model
Throughout history, leadership has always been one of the cornerstones contributing to the success
of the United States military. Whether in a Garrison or a combat environment, the applicability and
level of effectiveness of leadership can be rooted to the resources made available to leaders. To form
a clear comparison of garrison and combat leadership; mission and responsibilities must be taken in
consideration. A common leadership responsibility, in both garrison and combat environments, is
improving the efficiency and development of Soldiers. Utilizing the Army's Leaders Development
Model, the three domains of institutional, operational, and self–development can be used to gauge
the comparison.
The institutional domain is comprised of centers and schools that provide the initial and subsequent
functional training for Soldiers. These institutions develop Soldiers for progression into higher
levels of responsibility and ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The operational domains encompass the hands–on experiences, technical competencies, and lessons
learned. The domain has positive application for both the leader and Soldier development. Combat
contributes to the development of a leader's operational experience. Leaders develop coping systems
and familiarization for the high tempo of the environment. While in combat, leaders have to become
more resourceful and adaptable to the complexed nature and constant changes of their environment.
In contrast, garrison leaders utilize the operational domain to train and prepare their organization for
future missions. The training used simulates the stressful conditions presented in the combat
environment. Previous combat experiences are incorporated into the training to assist in
development. The comparison between the two can vary dependent on the of the effectiveness of the
training and the adaptability utilized during the
... Get more on HelpWriting.net ...

Comparing Erikson Stages And The Racial/Cultural Identity...
I will compare and contrast the Erikson stages and the racial/cultural identity development model.
Although the two are different they still intersect with each other. The two models have stages.
However, each stage is based on something different in both models. Each stage is followed by
another stage. In addition, each stage builds upon each other.
The Erikson stages mainly focuses on development. The stages on based on age groups in the
Erikson stages. The Erikson stage starts from birth to sixty–five years old. The first stage is Trust vs.
Mistrust and the last stage is Ego Integrity vs. Despair. In the Erikson stage, the goal is for an
individual to feel a sense of fulfillment in life. "If they feel that they haven't done much during their
life, it's likely that they will experience a sense of despair" (Erik Erikson's Theory). They want to
feel that their life was productive and that they accomplish many things in life. Being able to share
accomplishment with their grandchildren and great grandchild is valuable to them. ... Show more
content on Helpwriting.net ...
The stage is numbered from one to five. One being conformity five being integrative awareness. The
racial/cultural model starts with attitude towards self and ending with attitude toward dominant
group. Growing up identify who we are can be challenging. As discussed in class, some individual
accepts their cultural while others do not. Which could cause conflict between the family and the
individual. Identify with a different cultural, and not the majority cultural, can be intimidating to
some individual's. Meaning they can feel welcomed to the majority group because they identify as
one of them. However, that could change if the individual does not identify with the majority group.
Which may confuse the individual not knowing with what group to identify with. The goal in this
model is for the individual to be able to accept their

Software Development Lifecycle Models And The Waterfall Model
In a paper titled "Software Development Lifecycle Models", Nayan B. Ruparelia describes many of
the different options when developing software including the Waterfall model. The Waterfall model
was one of the first true models documented for software development and "has underpinned all
other models" (Ruparelia 2010) since inception. Originally developed by Herbert Benington in 1956
and later adjusted by Winston Royce in 1970 (Ruparelia 2010), the Waterfall method became an
important and widely used process to get software into the workplace. The model follows a pattern
of evaluation, requirements, analysis, design, development, validation, and deployment. Royce's
model also allowed for "iterative feedback" (Ruparelia 2010) that allowed a group to move to a
preceding step if feedback was needed. One of the key tenants of the Waterfall method is heavy
planning and documenting with a key goal of minimizing risk during coding. Also, collaboration is
low across phases as each group in a phase would play a different part in terms of requirements and
validation. Traditionally, the Waterfall model is used to develop large and complex software rollouts
that require different experience levels and backgrounds to accomplish the overarching goal. Once
the software is coded and deployed, the documentation allows for better understanding of what took
place if a process needed to be revisited. Other variations of the Waterfall model have been
documented but the original version is

Advantages And Disadvantages Of Software Development Models
There are various Software development models or methodologies. They are as follows:
There are various methods of developing software models which depends on the projects objective
and outcomes . There are multiple methodologies that are made in order to attain the goal. Software
development models defines the different steps of the model and the way they are executed.
It really plays an important role when testing is being done. It basically explains that which model or
what best technique to be used when.
Software development process involves :
Planning – it sees what are the demands in a task. Thus, its very important
Implementation –in implantation the developers code the program for a particular outcome
Software testing – this ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
2 types of evolutionary model are :
 Prototyping:
It is decided by end users. When a customer gives a positive feedback then it is finalized for the
final product
ADVANTAGES :
 Accurate
 Appreciate customer feedbacks
 Programmer learn from users
 Cheap
DISADVANTAGES :
 Wants feedback
 It gets complex because of its rapid, irrelative nature

SPIRAL
It involves four process planning, risk Analysis, engineering and evaluation. It is a mixture of both
designing and prototyping. it is a bit similar to waterfall model
ADVANTAGES:
 Strong documentation control
 Functionality can be added later
 Good for larger scale project
DISADVANTES
 Costly
 Requires skill workers
 Not applicable for small projects

 Difficult to convenience customers
Concurrent model
It is used for all types and is basically for client server application. It takes place simultaneously at
one time. The state only changes when an event is interrupted. It also changes with time
ADVANTAGES :
 Can be used for all types of software's
 Gives the exact picture
 User friendly

The Grid Model And Its Contribution To International...
Question 1
This case is review of the grid model and its contributions to international organizational
development. It talks about how Grid International design its learning process such that it combines
leadership styles with self–convincing learning methodology that creates motivation to change and
organizational development. The Grid has seven leadership styles that are based on varying concern
for people and results. The Grid approach to change takes a four–step organization development
process that builds a culture of mutual trust respect and candor through discussion of personal
values, norms and behaviors against soundest behaviors needed to accomplish standard of
excellence set by participants themselves. The process begins with individual development, then
move to intact team development, group to group development and organization strategic planning.
Grid international approach to organizational development is applied by many organizations around
the globe.
Question 2
Performance management performed by human resource leaders which aim at enhancing motivation
and production exhibits trait of the sound ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
In this phase, there is the development of group to group relationships. Team to team conflicts are
resolved and a cooperative relationship is build based on mutual trust and respect. Management and
unions shared understanding of cross–functional roles and develop standard of excellence for
working together. The standards of excellence for working together is the collective agreement
between management and unions.
The concept of strategic human resource planning is seen in the final stage of Grid approach to
organizational development. In this stage where companies take full advantage of people common
language, standards of excellence, and skills in place to undertake organizational wide strategic
planning, it shows strategic human resource planning.
Question

What Is Dewey And Vygotsky's Model Of Cognitive Development
Dewey (1959) sees experience and education as being dialectically connected. Hence, to Dewey, the
experiences that the teacher designs and creates in the classroom, e.g. tools, activities or the
environment, have an impact on students' learning. The experiences must be relevant, authentic and
meaningful to the students for effective learning to take place. Besides individuals' experiences,
Dewey gives space for social experiences as well. He believes that students' interactions with others
and the environment are crucial factors contributing to their learning. Dewey's belief is further
extended by Vygotsky's (1978) model of Zone of Proximal Development (ZPD). Vygotsky believed
that collaboration with others helps one to complete tasks that one could not have done without
assistance from and collaboration with others. The ZDP is the level at which learning takes place. It
comprises cognitive structures that are still in ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Social constructivists view the critical importance of interaction with people in cognitive
development. Cognitivists view learning as occurring in the internal structure, of mental processing
of information, independent of the environment.
Learning occurs when learners can socially build, share, co–construct and apply knowledge.
Learning occurs when information is transmitted through and processed in a student's mind
(information processor) to memory. Knowledge can be transmitted and students learn by passively
absorbing knowledge.
Expert knowledge is de–emphasized. Everyone is entitled to constructing knowledge according to
his/her own experience. The development of an expert requires one to employ optimal learning that
is appropriate for that domain. Experts have extensive knowledge which allows them to perceive
large meaningful patterns, see and represent a problem at a deeper

Four Stages Of Jean Piaget's Model Of Child Development
Swiss biologist and psychologist Jean Piaget 1896–1980 is renowned for constructing a highly
influential model of child development and learning (Professional Development through Distance
Education). Piaget's theory is based on the idea that the developing child builds cognitive structures–
in other words, mental "maps," schemes, or networked concepts for understanding and responding
to physical experiences within his or her environment. Piaget further attested that a child's cognitive
structure increases in sophistication with development, moving from a few innate reflexes such as
crying and sucking to highly complex mental activities. Piaget's theory identifies four
developmental stages and the processes by which children progress through them. Piaget proposed
four stages of cognitive development which reflect the increasing sophistication of children's
thought are Sensorimotor stage birth to age two, a Pre–operational stage from age two to age seven,
Concrete operational stage from age seven to age eleven, and Formal operational stage age eleven
and up or adolescence and adulthood.
Key Points
The four stages are sensorimotor stage birth two years old. The child, through physical interaction
with his or her environment, builds a set of concepts about reality and how it works. This is the
stage where a child does not know that physical objects remain in existence even when out of sight
object permanence. Preoperational stage ages are two to seven (Funderstanding Education

Advantages And Disadvantages Of The Waterfall Model As A...
Table of content
No. Title Page no.
1 Definition of the Waterfall Model 2
2 Development phase 2 – 4
3 Advantages and disadvantages 4 – 5
4 References 6
Describe the traditional Waterfall Model. Identify and explain each of development phases. State the
advantages and disadvantage of implementing this model. The Waterfall Model is a software
development model in which development is looks like a waterfall through several phases. It was
the first process model to be introduced and it also known as a linear–sequential life cycle model. It
is very easy to understand and use. Each phase in the waterfall model must be completed fully
before the next phase can begin. Below is the diagram of Waterfall Model: 1. Requirement ... Show
more content on Helpwriting.net ...
An independent quality assurance team defines "test cases" to evaluate whether the product fully or
partially satisfies the requirements outlined in the first step. Three types of testing typically take
place: unit testing of individual code modules; system testing of the integrated product; and
acceptance testing, formally conducted by or on behalf of the customer. Defects, if found, are logged
and feedback provided to the implementation team to enable correction. This is also the stage at
which product documentation, such as a user manual, is prepared, reviewed and published.
5. Maintenance
This step occurs after installation, and involves making modifications to the system or an individual
component to alter attributes or improve performance. These modifications arise either due to
change requests initiated by the customer, or defects uncovered during live use of the system.
Actually, every change made to the product during the maintenance cycle is recorded and a new
product release which is called a "maintenance release" and exhibiting an updated revision number
that is performed to enable the customer to gain the benefit of the

Development Models: The Stages Of Development Model
Development Models
Development Models are a structured way to bring about growth used by economists according to
their perceptions of the economic, social and political conditions of a country. A creation of the 20th
century, the rise in use of certain models over others is also proof the existing Western hegemony
present in the world today. Some of the prominent development models, in the field of development
economics over the last century are:
Linear Stages–of–Growth Model
One of the early theories of development economics, this model was formulated by W.W Rostow in
his ' The Stages of Growth: A Non Communist Model" released in 1960. A modification of Marx's
theories on stages of development, it focused on the accelerated accumulation of capital, as the
primary means of promoting economic growth and consequently development. The model
hypothesizes that there are five consecutive stages of development every country has to go through
on its toad to development:
Traditional society
Pre–conditions for take off
Take off
Drive to maturity
Age of high–mass consumption
Rostow's model hence argued that economic take off must be led by a few individual sectors. He
asserts that countries go through each of these stages fairly linearly, and set ... Show more content
on Helpwriting.net ...
It views developing countries as being economically and politically dependent on more powerful,
developed countries which have an interest in maintaining their dominant position. Dependency
theory is the notion that resources flow from a "periphery" of poor and underdeveloped states to a
"core" of wealthy states, enriching the latter at the expense of the former. It is a central contention of
dependency theory that poor states are impoverished and rich ones enriched by the way poor states
are integrated into the "world system". The basic premises of this theory

Advantages And Disadvantages Of The Genera Build Model And...
Can be a costly model to use.
Risk analysis requires highly specific expertise.
Project's success is highly dependent on the risk analysis phase.
Doesn't work well for smaller projects.
When to use
When costs and risk evaluation is important
For medium to high–risk projects
Long–term project commitment unwise because of potential changes to economic priorities
Users are unsure of their needs
Requirements are complex
New product line
Incrimental model
The incremental build model is a method of software development where the model is designed,
implemented and tested incrementally (a little more is added each time) until the product is finished.
It involves both development and maintenance. The product is defined as finished when it satisfies
all of its requirements. This model combines the elements of the waterfall model with the iterative
philosophy of prototyping. Advantages
... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
It is a framework which embodies much of the current knowledge about project management.
DSDM is rooted in the software development community, but the convergence of software
development, process engineering and hence business development projects has changed the DSDM
framework to become a general framework for complex problem solving tasks. Advantages
Active user participation throughout the life of the project and iterative nature of development
improves quality of the product.
DSDM ensures rapid deliveries.
Both of the above factors result in reduced project costs
Disadvantages
The first thing is DSDM is costly to implement, as it requires users and developers both to be
trained to employ it effectively. It may not be suitable for small organizations or one time projects.
It is a relatively new model therefore It is not very common and easy to understand.
Part B1.2
Preliminary

Analysis: Advantages and Disadvantages of the Development...
The advantages and disadvantages of the developmental state model for achieving development
goals
Introduction
The term developmental state has been widely utilised to describe any state experiencing a period of
economic development and improvement in living standards (Pham, 2012). One of the most
significant arguments in this scope is the performance of developmental state model. A number of
scholars have attempted to investigate this issue and arguments can be divided into three categories.
Proponents of state intervention indicate that the state plays an indispensable role in directing
economic development and utilising the resources of the country to achieve development goals. On
the contrary, those who oppose state–led model argue ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Characteristics of a developmental state
In order to understand the term 'developmental state', it is necessary to focus on a number of
characteristics of a developmental state. Summaries can be referred to the main empirical findings
of previous literatures such as Öniş (1991), Wade (1992), Polidano (2001), Huff et al. (2001), Kenny
and Williams (2001), and Beeson (2014). Generally, its main factors could be summarised in the
following ways:
The developmental state gives priority to economic growth rather than political reform. It is of
strong ambition to develop economy;
Private enterprise and business are under the state's guidance. It does not mean that state replaces
private ownerships directly, however, it seeks to intervene and guide private sectors according to
national strategies;
The developmental state has a strong and active central government. Policy instruments are
formulated by a small group of qualified elites in economic policy bureaucracy;
The economic policy bureaucracy consists of a political network which offers sufficient space in
initiative–taking and effective operation;
Economic nationalism is one of the characteristics, which has been observed in successful
developmental states.
The developmental state generally places strong emphasis on technical education and the

Abstract Capabilities Maturity Model And Development Of...
Abstract–Capability Maturity Model(CMM) is an important model for software industry to evaluate
the capability maturity of a software organization. It means through the CMM model, ability or
productivity of software organization is measurable and we can choose better software development
organization for our software projects How does this model be built, and how could we use this
model to evaluate a software organization? In this research paper, I will present the history of
Capability Maturity Model first and then present my initial findings about CMM. And this paper
will also give details of my research approach for CMM, research hypothesis, and research
conclusion. By compare and contrast with the CMM model and development of modern software
industry, finally I will try to give my modern approach for evaluating capability of software
organization. keywords–Capability Evaluation; CMM；Capability Maturity Model; software
development organization; software process improvement; maturity level; software capability
evaluation.
I. Introduction
In recently years, With the developments of software industry and rapidly increased requirements
for software developments, hundreds and thousands of software development organizations and
companies set up nowadays. Some of software companies have a long and famous history, such as
IBM, they always give satisfied software products for users. While some software companies are set
up recently are not equipped with good ability and

Process Of Software Development : The Waterfall Model
In this semester, we covered three SDLC's waterfall, incremental, and integration. The waterfall
model divided the process of software development into different steps and the next step could not
be initialized until the current step was completed. Incremental development was more of an agile
development, since the processes could interleave. Integration development relies heavily on
reusable code, which focused into integrating the components into the system. GCC and CLANG
strive to give users the latest and most recent updates of their compilers. Therefore, with both being
updated so frequently, the waterfall model is not the best SDLC for either of these systems.
However, GCC or CLANG could be either incremental or integration. Both ... Show more content
CLANG allows the public to submit changes that could become requirements, but they need to be
validated by the CFE or DEV team depending on what kind of changes need to be made. They also
have standards that need to be followed in contemplation of changes becoming requirements.
Software documentation is a key part of the system in order to give guidance of how the architecture
of the software project is made. CLANG uses doxygen to generate its documentation, since the
system is constantly changing. GCC uses their own online documentation to provide manuals and
latest releases. Both GCC and CLANG have incredibly detailed and easy to follow documentation,
which gives the user the essential information to perform any task on the compilers.
As described above in brief detail both GCC and CLANG allow the public to submit changes and
both have standards that need to be followed in order to get the changes looked at. GCC will only
commit changes if is considered a major change. They have a description on what a major change is
as well as what the process is to make a major change. CLANG provides a more thorough
explanation on what is done to validate a patch and release it to the public, which makes it better in
a way. CLANG describes the seven steps that merits a proposed extension, as well as the coding
standard that needs to be followed. Both systems have a complex way of validating changes, since
they need to guarantee that the change is not only valid but also doesn't

Development Of The Recovery Model
Introduction
The recovery model is very import to the field of marriage and family therapy in many different
ways. Recovery allows for the client to change, and see unlimited possibility. This model is seen
through the lens of values, seeking to help the client to live a rich and meaningful life. Recovery is
strength based, and allows for the client to build from their personal skills set, and doesn't blame a
single person for the distress of the family. This allows for the client to gain a sense of self and self–
worth, see their own values, and be able to create support within the family as well as their
community.
My definition of the recovery model The recovery model is a tool that is used to help a client live
their lives through the best of their abilities. By working with a therapist using the recovery model,
goals are made by both the client and the therapist based upon what the client would like to achieve.
This allows for clients to take control of their own lives and allows for the client to know that they
have different options that they can choose. Clients are better able to come up with goals and the
outcome that they desire to see in their everyday life by giving the client a sense of hope, support,
and purpose.
A brief description of the development of the recovery model The recovery model comes from the
medical model, and has been improved upon and redefined for many years. One of the many
definitions that had been agreed upon state that "people can be

Models Of Development Effort Estimation
Models of Development Effort Estimation
Introduction
Development effort estimation is often among the first steps when considering a software
engineering project. Estimation is crucial for determining the value of a project: whether it will be a
project that is able to be completed, a project that is worth pursuing, and a project that is
economically justified. A reasonable and informed cost estimate can only be reported to a customer
after effort estimation analysis has been performed.
Formal models, created to improve the accuracy of effort estimation, date back as early as the 1960s
when computer software was still in its youth. In recent decades, more flexible alternatives to the
hard–and–fast formal models have been offered. The ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
New techniques simply haven't improved the results much. Jorgensen says that comparisons
between estimation accuracy between now and the 1980s show about the same figures.3
There are two main categories of software development effort estimation: model–based estimation
and expert judgment, with model–based estimation often broken up into subcategories. The first part
of this paper will discuss the most traditional techniques for model–based estimation using statistical
regression analysis. Then, the value of expert analysis will be discussed. Next, newer methods of
modeling and estimating development effort will be examined, followed by a look at effort
estimation in the agile field.
Early Models: Regression and Function Point Analysis
Model–based effort estimation for software development began with research conducted in the mid–
sixties identifying characteristics of software projects. At first, partial models based on the
researched attributes were used. Software development was still young and the push for efficiency in
software creation had not caught up to the focus on hardware. As software complexity continued to
rise in the seventies, more advanced and complicated models were produced.4
Parametric regression models are among the earliest types of models used for software effort
estimation.5 They have also been one of the most studied

Tuckmans Team Development Model
TUCKMANS TEAM DEVELOPMENT MODEL The four stages of team forming is an evergreen
model used by countless facilitators who conduct teambuilding or leadership related workshops.
Frequently, though – it is just touched upon in a very superficial way. The model though holds great
substance and relevance while conducting experiential team building activities. Lets take a dive into
the model: Overview In 1938, Dr. Bruce Tuckman, a renowned psychologist introduced the 4–stage
team developmental model that is now known very well. Less common to most, Dr. Tuckman has
added a fifth stage to the model in 1965 which is the "adjourning" stage. Let's walk through the 5
stages. Performance Time Forming Infant Storming Puberty Norming Adolescence At ... Show more
Usually, the required tasks have been completed and the purpose has been achieved. Members can
now move on to new tasks or another team. It is common to hand over the incomplete tasks to
another team. However, the members will retain the memories of their successful journey.
Adjourning also means changing and inadvertently, this would induce uncertainly and anxiety to
some members. The exiting leader should exercise resolution and firmness when communicating the
impending changes. Application of the Tuckman model: Sometimes, the simplicity of a certain
model becomes its bane – and so it is for the Tuckman model. Anyone seeing the model intuitively
understands it – having been a part of many teams. The question for all of us as team leaders though
is – how do we consciously apply this to our teams? Give a thought to it today. In what stage of the
Tuckmans model do you think your team is in? Incase you are looking for some simple diagnostic
tool to do a dip stick, there is an excellent free test at Don Clark's Big Dog site, to indicate whether
your team is forming, storming, norming or performing. Try this today – diagnose your team – and
then help it to move along and get better ! Reference:

Different Types Of Software Development Models
I selected this topic because it is vital to anyone who wants to develop software to understand the
various types of software development models. Software development models guide developers
from start to finish for any given project. They encompass areas of development such as research,
planning, design, coding, testing, setup, and maintenance (Liviu, 2014, pg.39–40). Various software
models exist so it is also important for developers to know how to select the proper one that will be
the most effective for their particular project. Although many models exist, for this review I will
focus on two of the most commonly used software development models, which are the waterfall
model, and the incremental model. HOW EACH MODEL WORKS. In this ... Show more content
The incremental model is also much more accepting of changing requirements compared to the
waterfall model (1,17).
Analyze Weaknesses For the waterfall model, the rigorous planning prior to the project being started
leads to a rigid design for the software (Ali, 2017, pg.16). The rigid design makes it difficult to
accommodate for any changes that may need to be made along the way (Krishna, Sreekanth, 2016,
pg.162). Ultimately, this could make the waterfall model risky as it has less flexibility (Dawson,
2014, pg.44). The waterfall model is not very suitable for projects where some requirements may be
unknown (2,162). Unknown requirements may call for a change in another part of the project, which
the waterfall model cannot tolerate (1,16). For the incremental model, one of the biggest challenges
of using it stems from not having all of the requirements defined before starting the project (1, 17).
It requires more management to compensate for unknowns, as well as being used for larger projects
(2, 163). Since each cycle adds onto the previous one, design errors can become part of the system
and can be difficult to remove (2, 163). Staring a project with unknown requirements raises the risk
of the project being completed correctly (1,17).
Understand Best Case Scenarios for Each Model The waterfall model excels in situations where
requirements are clear and fully defined, as it is unable to

Application Of A Software Development Model
Introducing RSDM into an organization 1.0 Introduction The value of software in meeting the
expected objectives depends on how it is designed. A good software design in an enterprise should
be based on quality. Designing and implementing the software system with the potential customers
in mind is one way of ensuring quality in this case. The Robust software Development Model
(RSDM) can be used for the purpose of defining trustworthy software as repetitive stages in the
development process. The Robust development Model works by recognizing the infrastructure, the
financial position, the customer needs as well as the leadership system of support of an enterprise
that are deemed fruitful for the implementation of Design for Trustworthy ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
This top management team together with the CEO has the responsibility of examining the state of
their preparedness in an attempt to start on such an initiative. The entire exercise offers a chance to
consider the major challenges of an enterprise before staring the implementation process of DFTS
(Schwalbe 2013) The management team must thus be committed in the whole implementation
process given that it can be extremely challenging if the relevant competency together with the
enterprise leadership is not incorporated. The challenge comes in since the tools, approaches and the
principles of design for trust software are comparatively simple but at the same time are not simple
to implement. It is the desirable traits of leadership that can help in getting the best from the
individuals and groups that take part in the development and implementation of robust software. The
enterprise leadership or management team is also very significant in inspiring on personal level
especially in small enterprises and small teams for software development (Garton and Erika 2012).
2.1 Introduction of the enterprise extensive learning The first step of activity in letting an enterprise
to use Robust Software Development Model is the introduction of the enterprise extensive learning.
The enterprise extensive learning is significant in the building of foundations for constant learning
and enhancement.

Piaget's Stage Model For Cognitive Development
Brief Summary of Article:
Brainerd (1996) provides a brief biography of Jean Piaget. This includes insight into Piaget's
childhood, education, research interests, and theory development. According to Brainerd (1996),
Piaget had a difficult childhood given that his mother had some type of mental health problem and
as well as religious fixation. Piaget's father was a medieval–literature scholar who Piaget admired
(Brainerd, 1996). These difficulties as well as the influence of his father led Piaget to delve into
academia. At the age of 10, Piaget had published an article on Mollusks. Piaget completed various
levels of education earlier than his peers, which included him earning a bachelor's degree by age 18
and a PhD three years later (Brainerd, 1996). Brainerd ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
I think that by understanding his childhood and academic background, I have more insight into how
and why Piaget focused on the areas of psychology that he did. Piaget's parents significantly
influenced the path that Piaget took in his life. On another level, I found it to be interesting that
Piaget developed his stage model for cognitive development given how atypical his development
was. I reflected on what it may have been like for Piaget to interact with average children when he
was an above–average child. I also thought it was interesting how Piaget decided to have children
manipulate concrete objects instead of the typical question–and–answer procedure. After reading
through the article and also taking into account Piaget's stage development theory, I think that I will
adjust my methods of working with children. Though previously aware of developmental
differences in children, I did not know that these differences manifested when working with physical
objects. I will also take into consideration the idea that knowledge is created by infants and children
from with both their experience and biological

Agile Software Development Model Development
Agile Software Development The way that software is developed has been rapidly evolving over
time, going through many iterations, one genre of which is Agile software development. The Agile
Manifesto1 was published in 2001, however the ideas behind it have existed and used since the early
1970's when E. A. Edmonds published a paper that introduced the idea of an adaptive software
development process2. Then in the 1990's there was a rapid evolution of software development
processes. This lead to the creation of scrum in 1995, extreme programming in 1996 and feature–
driven development in 1997. Though they were devised before the Agile Manifesto was created,
they now all fall under Agile software development. Agile software development methods are
generally considered much better than previous methods, such as the Waterfall method, though it is
still considered to be in its early stages with many issues3. Testing not done properly
Testing not being done properly is one of the stigma's critics have with Agile software development.
This means that either they did not do enough testing, or their testing methodology was not properly
defined, which led to inefficient testing. If done properly however, testing can not only lead to a
better end, but it can also decrease the time that it can take for the final product to be released. In
projects that were run before the advent of Agile methodologies, "everyone [was] responsible for
quality"4. This meant that they had to make

Tuckman 's Stages Of Group Development Model
A Study on Tuckman's Stages of Group Development Model
1. Introduction
Over the past two decades, it seems that teamwork has become increasingly important and more
companies have formed different teams and groups for various purposes (Samson & Daft, 2012). It
is proved that good teams can be highly productive, however, not every team is successful (Samson
& Daft, 2012). Forming a team can be time consuming and there are many problems related to
teamwork, for example, social loafing might reduce the effectiveness of a team. Therefore, it is
crucial to know how to develop a good team with less time and less effort. Bruce Tuckman in 1965
developed the popular model for effective team building. This model identifies four stages of team
building which are forming, storming, norming and performing (Tuckman, 1965). Later on,
Tuckman added a fifth stage: adjourning to the model (Samson & Daft, 2012). The five–stage team
development model provides a guideline on how team works by using simple and easily
understandable words. However, there are some limitations of this theory as well. This paper in the
following will discuss both the utility and the limitations of Tuckman's team development stage
model. Then it will provide some suggestions based on the limitations of the model.
2. Overview of Tuckman's group development model
2.1 importance of teamwork
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2.2 Tuckman's group development model
Tuckman (1965) separated 50 articles dealing with stages of group development into

Criticism on Moral Development Theories of Piaget,...
Criticism on moral development theories of Piaget, Kohlberg, and Bandura and providing a new
model for research in Iranian students' moral development
Hossein Lotfabadi, Ph. D.1
Abstract
It's been years in the psychology and assessment of moral development that theories of genetic
epistemology and social behaviorism (which are based on Piaget, Kohlberg, and Bandura's
approaches) have been in the center of attention for the psychologists and education experts and
have been used by the educational counseling centers and other psychology centers in Iran.
Therefore, there have not been a suitable theory and proper native assessing tools made in our
country in the field of moral development. The main issue is that the theoretical foundations ...
Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The mentioned attitude pays no attention to the eternal moral foundations, to the moral motives and
emotion, to faith and cultural morality, to the moral behavior and objective reactions, and the mental
structure of the people in the rest of the world. Investigating the moral development theories among
Western psychologists brings us to the conclusion that we can divide them into three groups. A
group of the Western psychologists (such as Lorenz, 1983; Goodall, 1990; da Waal, 1991 & 1996;
Raine, 1997; Hoffman 2000; Haidt, 2001) believe the roots of moralities and social behavior to be in
the human biological evolution history. Another group (including the psycho–analysts such as
Freud, 1925/1961, and social–learning theory–makers such as Bandura, 1977) believe moralities to
be compatibility with social norms. The third group, is the one whose viewpoints have been
considered more than any of the other two groups, who state that morality is fundamentally the
amount of cognitive development. Jean Piaget and (1932/1965) and Lawrence Kohlberg (1976),
more than any other psychologist, represent this group. The though foundations of some other
psychologists (such as Gilligan, 1982; & Rest, 1986) who have conducted more recent studies about
moral development as well can be considered in this

Knapp's Relational Development Model
What forms of communication was Knapp's ideal of Relational Development model were identified.
Explain each stage and apply relevant examples.
According to Knapp's model of Relational Development, he described the stages in which a
relationship goes within the make up and break up steps of coming together and coming apart. This
blog will discuss each stage with examples.
When there is a bond between two individuals, the first overall part is the coming together stage. It
is when both parties interact with one another in the process of forming a relationship, this is called
Initiating. For example, the likeness of one another, their personality and what makes you like the
person, it is the combination of you and the other person. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net
...
Although the bonding stage is most likely where people intend to keep their relationship going
forever, sometimes it does not happen. Until now, the rank of divorce couples is higher than the rate
of committed couples.
Therefore, just like the coming together stages of a relationship there are five stages to coming apart.
The first sign of a relationship coming to an end is Differentiating, meaning the couple's
commonalities and differences are affecting them. In the course of this stage, the impetus of
"working together" stance instantly move from "couple" to "individualistic". Temporary
estrangement become a solution. For that reason, the relationship shifts rapidly from differences to
setting boundaries on the couple's interaction. This is called the Circumscribing stage, which means
to know everything you need to know about your partner but you avoid it by going around the
problem. It is like saying your partner isn't sincere so you avoid the problem and not sort it out
which includes less communication.
The fourth stage is Stagnating, simply means that once you find out your partner is unfaithful you
remain to do nothing about it. For instance, you know your partner is playing around so you let it
carry on until action is taken. Which eventually comes down to the final stage which is Terminating.
This is where relationship ends completely. Though it is hard to avoid relationships from getting to
this stage of

The Tuckman's Model : Five Stages Of Team Development
– Introduction:
The Tuckman Model (1965) is a five–stage model which identifies five stages of team development;
forming, storming, norming, performing and adjourning. In order to obtain the team's optimal
productivity and outcomes, it is suggested that the team goes through the stages of development
which the facilitator must oversee. The stages help the facilitator to develop the groups and to better
manage the participants should any conflict arise. The following report describes a small group of
carers who are caring for someone who has post–traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and how the
stages of development were used within the group work. Forming is the first stage where group
members begin to become oriented with each other and the facilitator (George Mason University,
2017). The storming stage follows where conflicts and competition arise between group members as
they have often not become comfortable or familiar with each other (George Mason University,
2017). Norming is the third stage of Tuckman's Model which involves group member's feeling
which enable them to contribute to the group's development resulting in group cohesion (Wilson,
2010). Performing is the fourth stage of group development where group members can work
interdependently, within subgroups or as a whole and are the most productive in developing as a
group and as an individual (George Mason University, 2017). Adjourning is the last stage of
Tuckman's model which involves dissolving the group and

Software Development Life Cycle Model
SDLC Models The quality of a software highly depend on the process that is followed in the
organization for the projects. There are a large number of projects failed in the software nowadays
due to lack of a SDLC (Software Development Life Cycle) model or selecting a poor SDLC model
for their projects. "By selecting right software process model a better and high quality product can
be found within budget and time" (Neha & Satinder Pal, 2011). "SDLC models are tools that allow
the development team to correctly follow the SDLC Steps to create software that meets a business
need" (Purcell, n.d). According to Hoffer, Ramesh and Topi: The SDLC is a complete set of steps
that a team of information systems professionals, including database designers and programmers,
follow in an organization to specify, develop, maintain, and replace information systems. Textbooks
and organizations use many variations on the life cycle and may identify anywhere from 3 to 20
different phases. (P.65) There are different models defined for the systems development in today's
world. Some of them have seven steps involved in it and others have 4. The traditional SDLC
models have 4 phases involved. However, later few of the phases have been further split and made 7
phase models. 7 Step SDLC model The 7 step SDLC model is a popular model and most widely
used in the projects. The 7 steps in this model are Planning, System Analysis, System Design,
Development, Integration and Testing, Implementation and

System Development Life Cycle Models
System Development Life Cycle Models The concept of making employees to form a work group is
very simple. But to make it fit the system is challenging. System Development Life Cycle uses
certain principles to assure that systems meet their requirements (DOJ, 2000). These principles
impose various degrees of discipline to the process to make it efficient and even predictable. The
entire model goes through certain phases of investigation to System Operation. It is matter of
personnel choice entirely to develop any model. Each model will suit only particular conditions. The
main challenge is to select the correct model for the system to make more efficient. THE SEVEN
STEP TRADITIONAL SLDC MODEL: 1) Requirement: This phase ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
There can be lot of changes occurred during development which may occurred due to a) Change in
requests b) Modifications is requirement 5) Testing(Isaias, P & Issa, T.): There are different phases
in testing. a) Unit testing: Each and every part of developed code is tested is here b) Integration
testing: Two or more modules are combined and tested for its performance. 6) Deployment: It
basically deals with delivering the product to the customer. The primary goal is to provide bug and
error free interface to the customer. Its must be user–friendly too. 7) Maintenance(Isaias, P & Issa,
T.): In case we get a negative feedback with costumers we have to fix it. This phase will be
monitoring the complete process after the interface is in customer's hands. It also helps in the future
developments. It acts stepping–stones for new developments or change in developments. THE
TWELVE STEP TRADITIONAL SLDC MODEL: These are the basic steps followed that are know:
1) Project Header: Each projects needs a collections of information's from the company to determine
that the project has enough funding and resources. It should specify the following basic needs a)
Developer b) Customer c) Mandate d) Operation & Maintenance. e) Expected Cost. 2)
Requirements: There are number of tasks to be considered prior to developing such as interviews,
identification, operating concepts. The main target of this phase is to summarize the complete
requirement and what is the proposed system

2 Positive And 2 Negative Aspects Of Sequential...
1. Describe what is meant by the terms "Sequential" and "Iterative" development models. The
sequential model uses the traditional approach wherein the entire process takes place in an orderly
fashion following a step by step approach. In this model each phase must be completed before the
next phase begins. Starting with the requirement phase next comes the design phase then
implementation, verification and finally maintenance phase. So, all these phases have to be dealt
with only once in the entire cycle. We cannot go back to the previous phases. While adopting this
model one must be cautious that if any mistake takes place then it's impossible to go back and deal
with it. In iterative model the entire cycle takes place in multiple iterations. In the initial iteration the
basic requirements are taken and the entire process takes place. So eventually in subsequent
iterations the development takes place. This method is basically used to develop a system or a
project using repeated cycles. Any improvement or changes to be done takes place in successive
iterations. This model is highly recommended if working on a bigger project. 2. Identify 2 positive
and 2 negative aspects of Sequential development models. Explain your answers. Two positive
aspects of Sequential Model are: Well defined stages: The entire process or stages are properly
defined. Starting with requirement phase, thorough analysis of requirement takes place. Once done
with it then switches to next stage.

Urie Brofenbrenner's Ecological Model Theory Of Human...
Urie Brofenbrenner Urie Brofenbrenner, a developmental psychologist, established an ecological
model theory of human development in the 1970's as a response to other developmental psychology
theories at that time. Brofenbrenner (1977, p. 513) believed that the current research in
developmental psychology at this time was, "the science of the strange behavior of children in
strange situations with strange adults for the briefest possible periods of time." Brofenbrenner
wanted to create a model of development that looked at all encompassing areas of life and growth.
Brofenbrenner wanted to design a developmental model that would investigate areas of human
development and the relationship it has with societal influences in their natural ... Show more
home, shelter, orphanage) and whom that person lives with. Mesosystem This subsystem of the
hypothetical nesting doll is the more difficult to comprehend as it is investigating not a single
subject or setting, but the interrelationships among the individual's various settings in which the
individual is engrossed (Crandell et al., 2012). An individual may have their home and school within
their microsystem but the varying relationships between those two settings are included within the
mesosystem. What an individual is exposed to within one's home is a very different experience than
what one is exposed to in a school or work setting hence, different developmental affects.
Exosystem Any setting or environment that is external to the developing individual but still affects
the individual directly or indirectly exists within the exosystem. Brofenbrenner (1979) explains that
at this level of development, environments in which they aren't even physically apart of can
profoundly affect individuals. This subsystem consists of various social networks, mass media,
government agencies, and parental/guardian work climates. A classic example of this subsystem is a
parent experiencing workplace stress and that stress transfers over to the home life and affects
interactions with the developing child. Macrosystem The outer and final layer of the nesting doll is
the macrosystem. This subsystem includes the, "overarching cultural patterns of a society that are
expressed in

Agile Development Methods And Cmmi ( Capability Maturity...
Abstract Agile development methods and CMMI (Capability Maturity Model Integration) best
practices are often perceived to be at odds with each other. This paper provides arguments to point
out that CMMI and Agile can work toward deriving benefit from using both and exploit similarities
that have the potential to improve business performance. 1. Reasons for Discord There are two
primary reasons for the discord between the two process a) Early adopters of both these methods
have used them for purposes which are extremely different. Early CMMI adopters were developing
large scale , less risky, critical systems , often with high level of management , Where as early
adopters of AGILE methods generally focused on smaller , single team lead ... Show more content
Such transparent behavior is within all the projects and leads to clear expectations A plausible
explanation for many of the challenges faced by organizations using CMMI is likely the fact that
most processes implemented using CMMI fail to distinguish that CMMI is fundamentally a model.
Instead of viewing CMMI as a model they look at it as a standard. A standard is an auditable,
testable, compliable work with a limited amount of set demonstrable outcomes with little variation
between iterations. This misuse of CMMI as a standard is a complete misuse of the model as CMMI
does not contain any set processes or procedures . They are not activities that necessarily need to
occur within a specific process. They are process–oriented activities that when used collectively can
reach the process area and business goals to improve the real–life activities of an System CMMI's
ultimate goal (i.e., continuous process improvement) is to cause an organization to become less
wasteful, leaner, and more in touch with actual development progress. Ultimately, both Agile and
CMMI, especially in high–trust environments, expect organizations to see gains in productivity by
eliminating unnecessary effort. 3. Understanding AGILE In general, attributes of successful Agile
implementations include the following aspects small teams ,customer feedback, continuous planning
,co–located and cross–functional teams Agile is not successful when the

Tuckman's Team Development Model
In this case, group development theory specifically Tuckman's Team Development Model is chosen
to explain the occurrence of this incident. Tuckman's (1965) studies indicate that there are two
dimensions affecting group development specifically interpersonal and task. Nonetheless,
interpersonal behaviour of the group is essential to ensure team member's action is related to one
another. For instant, after doing research and collecting relevant information about stereotype in the
workplace, I started to compile most useful point into Power point slides. As a result, the task
activity is distributed accordingly to the content of interaction as related to individual task at hand.
Correspondingly, Tuckman's (1965) four stages team development model is idealized in our group
and help exploring team dynamics. Initially in the forming phase, group members tend to identify
task in terms of its ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
For instant, our team leader constantly intervene on the female member's task and direct a specific
area for her to follow strictly that ends up frustrated her and suggested him to work alone on the part
as well. Fortunately, development of group cohesion is form on the next few meetings. The norm of
team quickly directed under the team leadership as well as emotional intelligence of our team efforts
towards performing tasks. In the last two meetings, alternative interpretations of the information can
be openly discussed within all members. Lastly, throughout task completion step by step, team
termination is reached. In order to come to an effective performance, our teams have pass through
several development stages together addressed with intra–personal and interpersonal needs before
any behavior norms established (Rickards & Moger, 2000). Again, in the future, Tuckman's model
of group development can used to avoid similar

Software Development Model Under The Refactoring Method...
Abstract–The quality of software is an important topic in the development of successful software
application. Many software development methods have been applied to enhance the software
quality. The improvement of software quality can be achieved through using refactoring which
improves the internal structure of a software without changing its external behavior. However,
refactoring effects the quality attributes of software such as reusability, complexity, maintainability,
flexibility, modularity, modifiability, and understandability. Thus there is a need to proof the imprint
of refactoring on the software quality. This paper will propose a software development model under
the refactoring method concept. In addition, an evaluation will be conducted to check the
effectiveness of the reusability and modifiability quality attributes on a software development
process with and without applying the refactoring method. As a result, this study can be used by
developers to aid them in determining whether or not to apply refactoring to improve quality
attributes.
Index Terms–Refactoring, Metrics, Software Development, Software Process, eXtreme
Programming, Quality Attributes, Reusability, Modifiability.
I. INTRODUCTION Refactoring is the process of changing a software without altering its external
behavior but improves its internal structure [1]. It can be classiﬁed into internal quality attributes
such as Depth of Inheritance Tree and Coupling between Objects and into external

Project Planning For A Suitable Development Model Essay
2.1.1 PROJECT PLANNING: Project planning consists of the following important activities: 
Effort, cost, resource and project duration estimation.  Risk identification and analysis. An
important task performed during the project planning stage is the selection of a suitable development
model. We are developing E – परीक्षा web–site which is based on Spiral Model, because it offers a
means of making the development process more visible. Because of the cascade from one phase to
another, this model is known as Spiral Model. It is also known as System Life Cycle. 2.1.1.1 The
Spiral Model: Spiral model is a combination of iterative development process model and sequential
linear development model i.e. waterfall model with very high emphasis on risk analysis. It allows
for incremental releases of the product, or incremental refinement through each iteration around the
spiral. The spiral model has four phases. A software project repeatedly passes through these phases
in iterations called "Spirals". 1) IDENTIFICATION 2) DESIGN 3) CONSTRUCTOR BUILD 4)
EVALUATION AND RISK ANALYSIS 1) IDENTIFICATION : This phase starts with gathering
the business requirements in the baseline spiral. In the subsequent spirals as the product matures,
identification of system requirements, subsystem requirements and unit requirements are all done in
this phase. This also includes understanding the system requirements by continuous communication
between the customer and the system

A Compare and Contrast of the New Product Development Model
Introduction
New product developments are one of the main sources of competitive advantage for companies
today. Companies need new product to keep up with its' competitors. New product development can
be considered as activities that aim to bring new products to market.
The objective of NPD is to minimize the risk of failure. As NPD absorbs both financial and human
resources from a company, it is therefore necessary to develop and implement a methodology for
assisting in the introduction of new products.
NPD models can help to identify problems at an early stage and assist in directing the NPD effort in
the right direction. It can be used as a roadmap and provides an indication of magnitude of the
project required in order to develop ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Stages are cross functional and each activity is undertaken in parallel to enhance speed to market. To
manage risk, the parallel activities in a certain stage must be designed to gather vital information –
technical, market, financial, operations – in order to drive down the technical and business risk.
Each successive stage is also more costly than previous stage. The idea is to allow an increase in
spending on the development of projects as the uncertainty goes down. Preceding each stage is a
decision point or gate which serves as a go/kill and prioritization decision point.
The advantages of the stage–gate are following:
– Well organized innovation can be a source of competitive advantage.
– Accelerated product development. Necessary because of shortening product life cycles.
– Increased success chance of new products. Prevents poor projects early and helps to redirect them
– Integrated market orientation.
Multiple convergent model
The multiple convergent model (Baker and Hart, 1994) follows parallel processing – like the stage–
gate model – which allows iterations among participants within stages. However, there are two
problems with parallel processing. First, it ignores the important inputs to NPD that are provided by
customers and suppliers. Second, if functions are to work in parallel then when do the processes take
decisions and move on to the next stage?
The multiple convergent model overcomes the issue by

Overview Of Erikson's Psychosocial Model Of Development
Since the development of Erik Erikson's psychosocial model of development in the 1960s, it has
become one of the most widely used measurements for studying emotional and personality
development across the human lifespan (Dunkel & Harbke, 2017). Erikson's model contains eight
developmental stages, beginning in infancy and progressing until old age, and as a person ages they
begin to pass through the stages, with a new psychological crisis arising at each stage (Svetina,
2014). Whitbourne, Sneed and Sayer (2009) describe how the outcome of each crisis is met with
identity attainment and new personal adaptations (positive outcome), or with an incoherent identity
(negative outcome). Additionally, each new stage allows for the reassessment of previous
achievements, and in some cases, failures (Dunkel & Harbke, 2017). Erikson's model is commonly
recognised as a developmental ladder – each previous stage lays a foundation before an individual
can progress toward the next stage (Malone, Liu, Valliant, Rentz & Waldinger, 2016). It is important
to note that whilst they are referred to as "stages", they should be viewed as being on a continuum
rather than fixed categories (Dunkel & Harbke, 2017). The current paper will focus on three key
stages of Erikson's model – industry vs. inferiority, intimacy vs. isolation, and generativity vs.
stagnation. Applying each to selected characters from the 2003 romantic–comedy Christmas film,
Love Actually. This film follows the lives of eight unique couples, each dealing with both their love
lives and personal development. Interestingly, each of the eight stories are loosely interrelated. The
film picks up five weeks before Christmas, playing out a weekly countdown to the annual holiday,
concluding with an epilogue that takes place a month after Christmas. Whilst the film follows eight
couples, the current paper will only focus on three individuals – Sam, Sarah, and Billy Mack. Each
of whom are in different stages of Erikson's model. Erikson's theory of psychosocial development is
suited to analyse this particular film as each character, including ones beyond this analysis, are all in
different stages and outcomes of the model. It is this that allows for direct examples of how

The Model Driven Development Paradigm
3. Model Driven Development Paradigm
In the last few years, the software development evolves in an important manner MDD is a group of
approaches, theories and methodological frameworks for industrialized software development.
The basic idea of this model is to transfer the development efforts from programming to the higher
level of abstraction,through use models such as primary artifacts and by transforming models into
source code or other artifacts .
Abstract
This paper explains the meaning of analysis and design phases also analysis, designpatterns, as well
as the points of differences and similarities between them, also describe what is development
methods,and how to use these patterns in modern development methods, and the ... Show more
Then, a general definition of patterns according to (RIEHLE and ZÜLLIGHOVEN 1996) 'A pattern
is the abstraction from a concrete form which keeps recurring in specific non–arbitrary contexts.'
also there is another definition "Patterns are regularities in data from a specified source" according
to....
Analysis and Design Phases Description
Software Engineering is the whole process of developing a software product from beginning to end
using an accepted methodology. One of the common and oldest methods is the Waterfall model
which sets a linear sequence of progression from Requirements gathering and analysis, design,
implementation, testing to maintenance (Philip L, Matthew, &Nick, 2002).
Fig (1) the waterfall model of software development
The five common stages include
1. Analysis
At this stage the system requirements are collected and defined. Every existing systems can also be
evaluated and each inadequacy can be highlighted.
2. Design
A design specification is taken from requirements analysis, which plans are prepared related to
physical construction, hardware, operating systems, programming, communications and safety
issues.
3. Build
Using the design specification, the system is developed and elements built. Additionally, the system
will also be tested and user training will happen.
4. Implement

The system is installed and implemented. That is, through any a gradual phased process or through a
more cost

Development Of Collaborative Learning Model
Development of Collaborative Learning Model
Via Cloud Technology Enhancing ICT Competency
Chanin Thitipetchakul
University of Northern Colorado
Introduction
In the past decade, the Information and Communications Technology (ICT) has been imported to
raising the value of the national economic, societal, and educational development. Instructional has
changed with the progress of technology, online learning has been boosted as more efficacious,
more convenient and providing increased opportunities for the lifelong learning (Olson and Wisher,
2002; Richardson and Swan, 2003). In Thailand, the government started educational reform the 2nd
in 2002, National Education Act. The purpose of this reform was focused on improving the
efficiency and effectiveness of learning. Students were encouraged to emphasizing on the skills of
the 21st century, creative thinking, problem–solving, critical thinking and collaborative learning
with information technologies, and improve learning and the ability of each person based on the
student–centered learning approach.
Currently, the government announced the ICT Policy Framework 2020 of Thailand recognizes the
integration of technology in education to enhance the education system of the country. Online
education as a one strategy in development by improving and empowering ICT as an educational
instrument for supporting the general class–based instruction. This policy produces a variety of
instructional models including

Compare And Contrast Erikson's Stages Of Development Vs...
Erikson's Stages of Development VS. The Cross Model Erikson's Theory of Development, is
composed of psychosocial stages that identify what a healthy developing individual should pass
through to be successful. The Cross Model, a racial identity theory, adopted the idea of Nigrescence,
the process of becoming black. The model looks at the progression of identification of individuals as
they move towards a healthy black identity. In both theories, all of the stages move thru an
individual's entire life span until they have reached their basic virtues, or commitment. Infancy/
Early Childhood In the two theories, the first stages start with infancy. Erikson explains that during
this stage of Trust vs. Mistrust, the major emphasis is on the mother and father's nurturing ability
and care for a child. If properly cared and handled, the child will develop optimism, trust,
confidence, and security. With proper development comes the basic virtue of hope. In the Cross
Model, parents, guardians and those who are present in a child's life have routines and norms that
emulate the black culture and an individual is consistently being socialized into the Black culture. In
both stages parents play an important role in the process of healthy development, and the process of
healthy racial identity. Preadolescence The fourth stage in ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net
...
Some can look back with a feeling of integrity, which is contentment and fulfillment having led a
meaningful life and contributed to society. Others may feel despair during this stage when they
reflect despair, failures and experiences. A successful development results in the virtue of wisdom.
Sector six, characterizes Nigrescence Recycling. This is when an individual encounters an event that
questions their black identity. Much like despair in Erikson's model. Those who have reached a
healthy self–concept will reach wisdom, a firm understanding of black identity from all facets of

Project Development Models: The Waterfall Method
Introduction 1. Project development models are control systems which help establish the framework
for conducting a project. There are many different models that can be used, however, correct
selection of a methodology is paramount to its success. If applied correctly it will aid Project
Managers in controlling a project throughout its lifespan and enable them to react to the
unpredictable. With many different project development models available selecting the correct one
could in itself become a mini project. This assignment will look to research and report on three
different project development models (Waterfall, RAD and Scrum) examining their advantages and
disadvantages to aid in model selection. The Waterfall Method 2. The Waterfall method was
originally developed in 1970 by Dr. W Royce to assist with the development of software. It has
survived to this day through adaption and revisions enabling it to be one of the most widely used
models (Charvat 2003). Its namesake originates from the analogy of a waterfall flowing downwards
with the model following suit, cascading towards completion (Balaji and Murugaiyan 2012) this is
known as a serial lifecycle. Each phase (starting in the top left corner) within the serial lifecycle is
completed before moving on to the next phase until the end goal is reached (see Figure 1). This kind
of method suits projects that have clearly defined stage goals, outcomes or solutions that are
highlighted in the initial strategy of

Developmental Psychology : Major Models Of Psychosocial...
Developmental psychology recognizes three main models of psychosocial and cognitive
development. The first theory, presented by developmental psychologist and philosopher Jean
Piaget, addresses cognitive development. The second theory, presented by psychologist Lawrence
Kohlberg, focuses on the development of morality. The third theory, proposed by developmental
psychologist and psychoanalyst Erik Erikson, outlines psychosocial development. All three theories
are applicable from birth to death.
Piaget believe that children are active thinkers. He recognized that the mind develops through a
series of irreversible stages. He also acknowledged that a child's maturing brain builds schemas that
are constantly assimilating and accommodating to the world around them. Piaget's theory of
cognitive development is split into four stages: sensorimotor, preoperational, concrete operational,
and formal operational. The sensorimotor stage occurs from birth to nearly two years of age. At this
stage, infants learn about the world around them by sensing it and interacting within it. It is also in
this stage that the idea of object permanence develops, that is, the awareness that things continue to
exist even when they are not being observed. In my personal life, I am certain that in this stage of
development I would have enjoyed peek–a–boo, because if I didn't see it, to my developing mind, it
wasn't there at all. The second stage, preoperational, lasts from two years of age to seven years of

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