Cataracts
Pathophysiology
Opacification of lens, usually due to age-related pigment build-up.
Leads to ↓transparency and ↓refractive index of lens, and hence visual impairment.
Causes of premature cataracts
Steroids, including topical therapy near eyes.
Congenital: trisomy, myotonic dystrophy, infection (rubella, HSV).
Ocular disease: glaucoma, severe myopia, retinal detachment.
Diabetes
UV or infrared radiation.
Epidemiology
Extremely common: 30% prevalence over age 65, and 60% over 80.
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Cataracts
1. Cataracts
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2. Pathophysiology
Opacification of lens, usually due to age-related
pigment build-up.
Leads to ↓transparency and ↓refractive index of lens,
and hence visual impairment.
Causes of premature cataracts
Steroids, including topical therapy near eyes.
Congenital: trisomy, myotonic dystrophy, infection
(rubella, HSV).
3. Causes of premature cataracts
Ocular disease: glaucoma, severe myopia, retinal
detachment.
Diabetes
UV or infrared radiation.
Epidemiology
Extremely common: 30% prevalence over age 65,
and 60% over 80.
5. Symptoms:
Blurred vision and gradual ↓acuity, with
difficulty reading, watching TV, and
recognising faces.
Glare from bright lights.
Monocular diplopia.
Loss of stereopsis if unilateral.
6. Signs:
Reduced red reflex.
Clouded lens.
Investigations
Clinical diagnosis. Can be supported by slit
lamp with dilated pupil, but not obligatory.
8. Non-surgical
Conservative treatment is often appropriate initially,
as cataracts has a highly varied rate of progression,
with significant impairment often taking many years
to develop.
Advise not to drive and to contact the DVLA if there
is difficulty reading a number plate from 20 metres.
9. Surgical
Indications:
When symptoms restrict lifestyle including driving,
reading etc.
Procedure:
Phacoemulsification: lens broken up with ultrasound
and aspirated from the eye. It is an extracapsular
extraction i.e. lens removed but lens capsule left in
place.
10. Procedure:
Intraocular lens implant inserted into remaining
capsule.
Done under local anaesthetic in around 20 minutes.
Complications:
Perioperative: haemorrhage, local anaesthetic-
related, vitreous loss.
11. Complications:
Early post-op: endophthalmitis, anisometria, eye or
eyelid bruising.
Late post-op (months later): posterior capsular
opacification causing blurred vision (common), retinal
detachment.
Outcome:
Improves visual acuity, though reading glasses
usually needed afterwards.
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