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Cataracts
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Pathophysiology
 Opacification of lens, usually due to age-related
pigment build-up.
 Leads to ↓transparency and ↓refractive index of lens,
and hence visual impairment.
Causes of premature cataracts
 Steroids, including topical therapy near eyes.
 Congenital: trisomy, myotonic dystrophy, infection
(rubella, HSV).
Causes of premature cataracts
 Ocular disease: glaucoma, severe myopia, retinal
detachment.
 Diabetes
 UV or infrared radiation.
Epidemiology
 Extremely common: 30% prevalence over age 65,
and 60% over 80.
Signs and symptoms
Symptoms:
 Blurred vision and gradual ↓acuity, with
difficulty reading, watching TV, and
recognising faces.
 Glare from bright lights.
 Monocular diplopia.
 Loss of stereopsis if unilateral.
Signs:
 Reduced red reflex.
 Clouded lens.
Investigations
Clinical diagnosis. Can be supported by slit
lamp with dilated pupil, but not obligatory.
Management
Non-surgical
 Conservative treatment is often appropriate initially,
as cataracts has a highly varied rate of progression,
with significant impairment often taking many years
to develop.
 Advise not to drive and to contact the DVLA if there
is difficulty reading a number plate from 20 metres.
Surgical
Indications:
 When symptoms restrict lifestyle including driving,
reading etc.
Procedure:
 Phacoemulsification: lens broken up with ultrasound
and aspirated from the eye. It is an extracapsular
extraction i.e. lens removed but lens capsule left in
place.
Procedure:
 Intraocular lens implant inserted into remaining
capsule.
 Done under local anaesthetic in around 20 minutes.
Complications:
 Perioperative: haemorrhage, local anaesthetic-
related, vitreous loss.
Complications:
 Early post-op: endophthalmitis, anisometria, eye or
eyelid bruising.
 Late post-op (months later): posterior capsular
opacification causing blurred vision (common), retinal
detachment.
Outcome:
 Improves visual acuity, though reading glasses
usually needed afterwards.
Thank you
Keep supporting Medicos PDF website. To get
slides, news and books download the website
form Google Play Store or Visit the website
https://bookapp.page.link/slideshare

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Cataracts

  • 1. Cataracts THIS SLIDE IS MADE THE HELP OF MEDICOS PDF APP .HTTPS://BOOKAPP .P AGE.LINK/SLIDESHARE
  • 2. Pathophysiology  Opacification of lens, usually due to age-related pigment build-up.  Leads to ↓transparency and ↓refractive index of lens, and hence visual impairment. Causes of premature cataracts  Steroids, including topical therapy near eyes.  Congenital: trisomy, myotonic dystrophy, infection (rubella, HSV).
  • 3. Causes of premature cataracts  Ocular disease: glaucoma, severe myopia, retinal detachment.  Diabetes  UV or infrared radiation. Epidemiology  Extremely common: 30% prevalence over age 65, and 60% over 80.
  • 5. Symptoms:  Blurred vision and gradual ↓acuity, with difficulty reading, watching TV, and recognising faces.  Glare from bright lights.  Monocular diplopia.  Loss of stereopsis if unilateral.
  • 6. Signs:  Reduced red reflex.  Clouded lens. Investigations Clinical diagnosis. Can be supported by slit lamp with dilated pupil, but not obligatory.
  • 8. Non-surgical  Conservative treatment is often appropriate initially, as cataracts has a highly varied rate of progression, with significant impairment often taking many years to develop.  Advise not to drive and to contact the DVLA if there is difficulty reading a number plate from 20 metres.
  • 9. Surgical Indications:  When symptoms restrict lifestyle including driving, reading etc. Procedure:  Phacoemulsification: lens broken up with ultrasound and aspirated from the eye. It is an extracapsular extraction i.e. lens removed but lens capsule left in place.
  • 10. Procedure:  Intraocular lens implant inserted into remaining capsule.  Done under local anaesthetic in around 20 minutes. Complications:  Perioperative: haemorrhage, local anaesthetic- related, vitreous loss.
  • 11. Complications:  Early post-op: endophthalmitis, anisometria, eye or eyelid bruising.  Late post-op (months later): posterior capsular opacification causing blurred vision (common), retinal detachment. Outcome:  Improves visual acuity, though reading glasses usually needed afterwards.
  • 12. Thank you Keep supporting Medicos PDF website. To get slides, news and books download the website form Google Play Store or Visit the website https://bookapp.page.link/slideshare