Sites for Metastasis The most common site for metastasis of pancreatic cancer is the lungs. Other sites are the liver and lining of the abdominal cavity. Tumor Cell Markers Tumor cell markers are proteins that are produced by tumor cells. They can be detected in the blood, urine, or other body fluids. Tumor cell markers help diagnose pancreatic cancer, find out if cancer has spread, and check how well treatment works (Liu et al., 2022). Examples of these markers include Alpha-fetoprotein (AFP), C-reactive protein (CRP), Insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1), Glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1), and Pancreatic somatostatin (PSS). TNM Stage classification T4N1M1 – Stage IV The TNM stage classification system is used to stage cancer. The TNM system consists of three components: the tumor (T), the node (N), and the metastasis (M) (Lim et al., 2018). The tumor (T) refers to the size and location of the primary tumor. The node (N) refers to the spread of cancer to other body parts. The metastasis (M) refers to how far cancer has spread from its original site. Knowledge of the cancerous stage helps determine the right type of medication to minister to a patient. Hb 12.7 g/dl; - low, and Bil T 1.90 mg/dl - elevated Characteristics of Malignant Tumors Malignant tumors are typically classified according to their cells: epithelial, mesenchymal, or sarcoma (Maru et al., 2021). These types of tumors grow quickly and often spread to other body parts. They are also more likely to recur. Cancer cells typically have a characteristic appearance on medical imaging tests such as CAT scans and MRI scans. They are often round or oval, with a slightly raised center. Cancer cells that have spread to other body parts may be more irregular in shape and may contain more cytoplasm than cancer. Malignant cells are often cells that develop quickly and have inadequate boundaries between themselves. In addition, they can dislodge themselves from the malignancy and spread out (metastasize), either directly or using the circulatory and lymphatic systems. Tumor Metastasizes The uncontrolled growth of cancer cells characterizes the carcinogenesis phase. This phase is characterized by forming new blood vessels, supplying the cancer cells with the nutrients they need to grow and spread. The cancer cells may invade surrounding tissues and organs and metastasize to other body parts (Alshewered, 2021). Untreated, the cancer cells in the carcinogenesis phase may eventually grow large enough to cause serious health problems. An irreversible change in the genetic code causes the process of initiation. This change is usually the consequence of one or more elementary genetic alterations, transversions, crossovers, or minor chromosomal aberrations in the DNA. At a minimum, the process of carcinogenesis may be broken down into three stages: the initial stage, the promotion stage, and the advancement stage. Affected Tissue The affected tissue is the epithelial tissue. Essential molecular selecti.

1. Sites for Metastasis
The most common site for metastasis of pancreatic cancer is the
lungs. Other sites are the liver and lining of the abdominal
cavity.
Tumor Cell Markers
Tumor cell markers are proteins that are produced by tumor
cells. They can be detected in the blood, urine, or other body
fluids. Tumor cell markers help diagnose pancreatic cancer, find
out if cancer has spread, and check how well treatment works
(Liu et al., 2022). Examples of these markers include Alpha-
fetoprotein (AFP), C-reactive protein (CRP), Insulin-like
growth factor-1 (IGF-1), Glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1), and
Pancreatic somatostatin (PSS).
TNM Stage classification
T4N1M1 – Stage IV
The TNM stage classification system is used to stage cancer.
The TNM system consists of three components: the tumor (T),
the node (N), and the metastasis (M) (Lim et al., 2018). The
tumor (T) refers to the size and location of the primary tumor.
The node (N) refers to the spread of cancer to other body parts.
The metastasis (M) refers to how far cancer has spread from its
original site. Knowledge of the cancerous stage helps determine
the right type of medication to minister to a patient. Hb 12.7
g/dl; - low, and Bil T 1.90 mg/dl - elevated
Characteristics of Malignant Tumors
Malignant tumors are typically classified according to their
cells: epithelial, mesenchymal, or sarcoma (Maru et al., 2021).
These types of tumors grow quickly and often spread to other
body parts. They are also more likely to recur. Cancer cells
typically have a characteristic appearance on medical imaging
tests such as CAT scans and MRI scans. They are often round or
oval, with a slightly raised center. Cancer cells that have spread
to other body parts may be more irregular in shape and may
contain more cytoplasm than cancer.

2. Malignant cells are often cells that develop quickly and have
inadequate boundaries between themselves. In addition, they
can dislodge themselves from the malignancy and spread out
(metastasize), either directly or using the circulatory and
lymphatic systems.
Tumor Metastasizes
The uncontrolled growth of cancer cells characterizes the
carcinogenesis phase. This phase is characterized by forming
new blood vessels, supplying the cancer cells with the nutrients
they need to grow and spread. The cancer cells may invade
surrounding tissues and organs and metastasize to other body
parts (Alshewered, 2021). Untreated, the cancer cells in the
carcinogenesis phase may eventually grow large enough to
cause serious health problems.
An irreversible change in the genetic code causes the process of
initiation. This change is usually the consequence of one or
more elementary genetic alterations, transversions, crossovers,
or minor chromosomal aberrations in the DNA. At a minimum,
the process of carcinogenesis may be broken down into three
stages: the initial stage, the promotion stage, and the
advancement stage.
Affected Tissue
The affected tissue is the epithelial tissue.
Essential molecular selections throughout the carcinogenesis
phases include proto-oncogenes, cellular oncogenes, and tumor
suppressor genes. Changes in both alleles of the tumor
suppressor genes are only detected in the progression stage of
the disease. Islets of Langerhans make up the endocrine portion
of the pancreas; hence these cells are epithelial. The contents of
the acini are expelled via ducts that are coated with a cube-like
epithelium.
References
Alshewered, A. S. (2021). Are we Fight Cancer Cells or Human
Cells?
J Tum Res Reports,
pp. 6, 146.

3. Lim, W., Ridge, C. A., Nicholson, A. G., & Mirsadraee, S.
(2018). The eighth lung cancer TNM classification and clinical
staging system: a review of the changes and clinical
implications.
Quantitative Imaging in Medicine and Surgery,
8(7), 709–718.
https://doi.org/10.21037/qims.2018.08.02Links to an
external site.
Liu, X., Ren, Y., Wang, J., Yang, X., & Lu, L. (2022). The
Clinical Diagnostic Value of F-FDG PET/CT Combined with
MRI in Pancreatic Cancer.
Contrast Media & Molecular Imaging,
2022, e1479416.
https://doi.org/10.1155/2022/1479416Links to an
external site.
Maru, Y., Tanaka, N., Tatsumi, Y., Nakamura, Y., Itami, M., &
Hippo, Y. (2021). Kras activation in endometrial organoids
drives cellular transformation and epithelial-mesenchymal
transition.
Oncogenesis,
10(6), 1–12.
https://doi.org/10.1038/s41389-021-00337-8
Unit5 SWK5006 DUE 11.08.2022
Assign1
SCORING GUIDE:
Analyzing and Recommending Policy Changes
Assignment Overview

4. This assignment is meant to guide you through a process that
may prove useful to you in the future, as you continue in the
social work profession. This assignment also builds on what you
have done previously, providing you an opportunity to dive
deeper into the complexity of creating empowering and
inclusive programs and policies.
By successfully completing this assignment, you will
demonstrate your proficiency in the following competencies and
behaviors:
· Competency 3:
Advance Human Rights and Social, Economic, and
Environmental Justice.
· C3.GP.A:
Apply their understanding of social, economic, and
environmental justice to advocate for human rights at the
individual and system levels.
· Related Assignment Criteria:
·
Explain a program or policy that oppresses, alienates,
or discriminates.
·
Analyze a given policy or program for adequacy,
equity, and efficiency.
·
Explain strategies for addressing identified
discriminatory issues in a given policy or program.
· Competency 5: Engage in Policy Practice.
· C5.GP.A:
Identify social policy at the local, state, and federal
level that impacts well-being, service delivery, and access to
social services.
· Related Assignment Criteria:
·

5. Explain a program or policy that oppresses, alienates,
or discriminates.
·
Present in a persuasive manner targeting policymakers.
· C5.GP.B:
Assess how social welfare and economic policies
impact the delivery of and access to social services.
· Related Assignment Criteria:
·
Analyze a given policy or program for adequacy,
equity, and efficiency.
·
Explain strategies for addressing identified
discriminatory issues in a given policy or program.
· C5.GP.C:
Apply critical thinking to analyze, formulate, and
advocate for policies that advance human rights and social,
economic, and environmental justice.
· Related Assignment Criteria:
·
Explain a program or policy that oppresses, alienates,
or discriminates.
·
Analyze a given policy or program for adequacy,
equity, and efficiency.
·
Explain strategies for addressing identified
discriminatory issues in a given policy or program.
Assignment Description
For this assignment, you will select discriminatory issues within
a program or policy, analyze that program or policy, explain
strategies to address the issues, and recommend improvements.
Keeping in mind that policy change does not happen in a

6. vacuum, you will also format these recommendations as a
presentation for policymakers, clearly presenting the case for
your chosen improvements.
Assignment Instructions
For this assignment, complete the following:
· Select and explain a program or policy that you believe
oppresses, alienates, or discriminates and explain why you think
this is the case. Use your current knowledge and skills in
regards to program and policy evaluation as well the approach
to evaluation that Chambers and Bonk (2013) employ in your
text.
· Analyze the program or policy that you have selected by
applying the three evaluation criteria, adequacy, equity, and
efficiency, from Chambers and Bonk (2013).
· Recommend improvements or enhancements to the program or
policy, converting it to a policy or program meant to create
privilege and/or power.
Submission Requirements
The assignment you submit is expected to meet the following
requirements:
· Written communication: Written communication is free of
errors that detract from the overall message.
· APA formatting: Resources and citations are formatted
according to current APA style and formatting standards.
· Length of paper: 3 pages, substantial talking points.
Discussion(1 page)
Improving Program Services Without Increasing Costs
For this discussion, consider the following:

7. · A public program requires prior contributions to meet a
minimal threshold amount before it distributes benefits.
However, the contribution amount is excessively high for many
families, especially minorities in your community. Describe
how you could attempt to correct this issue without greatly
increasing costs.
· Use this unit's readings to inform your post and discussion.
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