Computer Game Students Name: Course Name and Number: Instructor Name: Institution Name: Date Submitted: Introduction With the increased forms of PC games such as Pong, league of legends and online games, computer games have turned to be the most influential and profitable kind of business and entertainment today. However, following a recent finding, computer games have turned out to be one of the most addictive games for both youths and parents as many are played Universities and homes hence the disadvantages outweigh the advantages. According to Nieborg and de Kloet (2016) claim that the computer games market has developed and kept on growing at a phenomenal speed in the Scandinavian regions, not forgetting Sweden at large as it is so admired leisure activity among children, adolescents, and some parents. Aim This research aims to find out the disadvantages of computer gaming among children and adolescents. Furthermore, it tries to explain why children and adolescents turned out to be addicted while examining the social norms as well as the day-to-day habits of the addicts. The research Questions a) How did children and adolescents turn out to be addicted to computer games? b) What are the disadvantages of computer games? Preliminary Findings/ideas and approaches Through the employment of qualitative research, which is a kind of social science research that gathers and performs well with non-numerical data as well as helps to interpret significance from these data that assist us to comprehend social life conduct through the research of targeted populations or areas. We, therefore, assess ethical concerns, trustworthiness and the legitimacy of the research The findings showed that children and adolescents play computer games compulsively, isolating themselves from social contact and focusing almost entirely on in-game achievements instead of out-game life events like playing soccer, athletics, as well as socializing with relatives and friends. Also, the computer game addicts tend to value so much the indoor computer game compared to out-door field and track events. According to Grüsser and colleagues (2006) pinpoint that individuals having computer gaming addiction may be suffering from a real mental health disorder that may be problematic due to compulsive utilize of the computer. Additionally, the finding showed that other admired computer games encourage violence and crime thus children and adolescents who mature playing these kinds of games can get involved in anti-social conducts and although they do not exactly turn out to be criminals, they can still demonstrate disrespect for moral values in the future. The issue is worth Investigating Finally, the issue is worth researching because after analyzing the benefits and shortcomings of playing computer games, it is clear to see that the shortcomings outweigh the benefits. In my view, guardians should limit the period their children, as well as adolescents, spend on playing comput ...

1. Computer Game
Students Name:
Course Name and Number:
Instructor Name:
Institution Name:
Date Submitted:
Introduction
With the increased forms of PC games such as Pong, league of
legends and online games, computer games have turned to be
the most influential and profitable kind of business and
entertainment today. However, following a recent finding,
computer games have turned out to be one of the most addictive
games for both youths and parents as many are played
Universities and homes hence the disadvantages outweigh the
advantages. According to Nieborg and de Kloet (2016) claim
that the computer games market has developed and kept on
growing at a phenomenal speed in the Scandinavian regions, not
forgetting Sweden at large as it is so admired leisure activity
among children, adolescents, and some parents.
Aim
This research aims to find out the disadvantages of computer
gaming among children and adolescents. Furthermore, it tries to
explain why children and adolescents turned out to be addicted
while examining the social norms as well as the day-to-day
habits of the addicts.
The research Questions
a) How did children and adolescents turn out to be addicted to
computer games?
b) What are the disadvantages of computer games?
Preliminary Findings/ideas and approaches
Through the employment of qualitative research, which is a kind
of social science research that gathers and performs well with
non-numerical data as well as helps to interpret significance
from these data that assist us to comprehend social life conduct

2. through the research of targeted populations or areas. We,
therefore, assess ethical concerns, trustworthiness and the
legitimacy of the research
The findings showed that children and adolescents play
computer games compulsively, isolating themselves from social
contact and focusing almost entirely on in-game achievements
instead of out-game life events like playing soccer, athletics, as
well as socializing with relatives and friends. Also, the
computer game addicts tend to value so much the indoor
computer game compared to out-door field and track events.
According to Grüsser and colleagues (2006) pinpoint that
individuals having computer gaming addiction may be suffering
from a real mental health disorder that may be problematic due
to compulsive utilize of the computer.
Additionally, the finding showed that other admired computer
games encourage violence and crime thus children and
adolescents who mature playing these kinds of games can get
involved in anti-social conducts and although they do not
exactly turn out to be criminals, they can still demonstrate
disrespect for moral values in the future.
The issue is worth Investigating
Finally, the issue is worth researching because after analyzing
the benefits and shortcomings of playing computer games, it is
clear to see that the shortcomings outweigh the benefits. In my
view, guardians should limit the period their children, as well as
adolescents, spend on playing computer games. That said, I find
it not bad playing a game, however, addiction is absolutely a
problem.
References
Grüsser, S. M., Thalemann, R., & Griffiths, M. D. (2006).
Excessive computer game playing: evidence for addiction and
aggression?. Cyberpsychology & behavior, 10(2), 290-292.
Nieborg, D. B., & de Kloet, J. (2016). A Patchwork of
Potential: A Survey of the European Game Industry. In Global
Game Industries and Cultural Policy (pp. 201-226). Palgrave

3. Macmillan, Cham.
Am writing a research about the Library of Bublic authority of
applied education and training – Kuwait
I did questionnaire and get the result about 4 main points. I
want to write one paragraph about each point
Paragraph – 1
· Introduction
· The Question (why am doing this research)
Paragraph – 2
· Data Analysis (I used Google Drive Questionnaire tool)
· Then mention the result of the questionnaire and how many
days it took from me to get it done (5 days)
· The result of the questionnaire should be presented in
schedule or chart
· Finally, the comment in the questionnaire schedule or chart.
Paragraph – 3
· Literature review
Paragraph – 4
· Results of the questionnaire – For example
(from analyzing the data……….)
Paragraph – 5
· Conclusion
Paragraph – 6
· References should be from google scholar & should be new
2018 – 2019

4. Running head: RESEARCH PROPOSAL
1
[Type text] [Type text] [Type text]
3
RESEARCH PROPOSAL
Research Proposal
Submitted To:
Submitted By:
Date:

5. Research Proposal
Introduction:
The research paper basically talks about the psychological
effects of Internet, gaming and computer usage on the minds of
teenagers and how it affects their behavior and their life style in
a negative way. The research will delve deeper and discuss and
evaluate the reasons as to why and how the internet and gaming
is harming the normal mind set of youngsters and the youth.
Evaluating the changing moods, the behavior with friends and
families and the negative effect on the importance of studies
and a better future, all these things represent the exact dynamics
of the situation as to how computers and all the latest features
be it gaming, Internet and other features that are popular
amongst the youth. Hence, finding what the problem is, what
effect it is having on the target audience and what solutions can
be proposed, all these pointers will be a part of this research.
Outline
Topic Sentence 1:
Obsession with gaming also called, as the gaming disorder is a
major concern in today’s time and age. Gentile’s research on
this topic is extremely extensive as it helps one understand the
basic crux of the entire problem. The cause and effect
relationship is precisely discussed in the research. The research
evaluates the trends of behavior change according to the
advancement in the Internet technology. (Gentile, 2017)
Topic Sentence 2:
The behavior trends are always running behind a pattern,
whenever there is a new invention the behaviors change towards
to new invention and a negative behavior is associated with the
older invention. This is what Paulus’s research tells one about
with immense examples and real life situations. Paulus has

6. conducted the research over a large amount of population over a
large passage of time, from 1996 till 2016, and this makes 20
years, hence this research gives an edge to the study to delve
and compare the trends over a long span of time, this makes his
work very reliable. The research also proposed and explains the
relationship between internal and external factors and how these
factors hamper the behavioral trends. (Paulus, 2018)
Topic Sentence 3:
Violence in the behavior of teenagers is a big reason for all the
vices in the society, and Ferguson research on this is immense
and extensive. His work talks about the children that are aged
from 12 to 18 years and how do they get introduced to violence,
what fascinates them and eventually how does violence becomes
a part of their lives. This research conducted compared the
results of the people, one group that played violent games and
the other didn’t. Hence results were deduced through these
findings. (Ferguson, 2015)
Topic Sentence 4:
How do online video games have a severe negative impact on
the teenagers? This is one problem that has talked the specific
age group by storm. The work by Stockdale talks about what
effects does video games have on the teenagers. The previous
researches talked about the causes, however this one talks about
the effects. That will help this research to be more cohesive.
(Stockdale, 2018)

7. References:
Gentile, D. A., Bailey, K., Bavelier, D., Brockmyer, J. F., Cash,
H., Coyne, S. M., ... & Markle, T. (2017). Internet gaming
disorder in children and
adolescents. Pediatrics, 140(Supplement 2), S81-S85.
Paulus, F. W., Ohmann, S., Von Gontard, A., & Popow, C.
(2018). Internet gaming disorder in children and adolescents: a
systematic review. Developmental Medicine & Child
Neurology, 60(7), 645-659.
Ferguson, C. J., Barr, H., Figueroa, G., Foley, K., Gallimore,
A., LaQuea, R., ... & Stevens, J. (2015). Digital poison? Three
studies examining the influence of violent video games on
youth. Computers in Human Behavior, 50, 399-410.
Running head: ANNOTATIONS 1
ANNOTATIONS 5
Annotations: Computer games
Name of students

8. Name of Institution
Gentile, D. A., Bailey, K., Bavelier, D., Brockmyer, J. F., Cash,
H., Coyne, S. M., ... & Markle, T. (2017). Internet gaming
disorder in children and
adolescents. Pediatrics, 140(Supplement 2), S81-S85.
In this article, the writer has discussed increasing internet
gaming disorder (IGD) as a major risk factor in the emotional
and physical health of children and adolescents. This research
writer has used a review of the IGD working group from the
national academy of science. It defines that the rate of IGD can
vary between 1% to 9% based on a game of online video game
users. Impulsive amounts with video gaming can affect the
mental health and behavior of players and bring many other
negative effects. In this article, the writer has used secondary
research (review of literature) but could not found a specific
relation between the risk factor and trend of online video
games.
I have selected this article because the writer has researched
internet gaming disorder that will help me to understand the
addictive behavior of people towards online video games. This
article gives a review of the study by using data since 2015 and
it will help e to analyze trends or changes in the behavior of
people towards online video games. It will help me to address
the targeted research question.
Paulus, F. W., Ohmann, S., Von Gontard, A., & Popow, C.
(2018). Internet gaming disorder in children and adolescents: a
systematic review. Developmental Medicine & Child

9. Neurology, 60(7), 645-659.
In this article, the writer has used secondary research
methodology and collected data from different
platforms/databases including PsycINFO, ERIC, PubMed and
PsyARTICELS. The researcher has conducted a vast amount of
data from 1991-2016. On the basis f this data, the writer
claimed that the increasing rate of Internet Gaming Disorder
(IGD) is increasing behavioral issues among people for example
inability of decision making, mood changes, self deficient and
deficiency of social skills. Research shows that excessive use of
online video games can reduce the interplay between internal
and external factors that can decrease individual abilities and
confidence of an individual. The main objective of this paper is
to study increasing pertinent social and personal issues among
children and adolescents due to the increasing culture of video
gaming. This research claims that IGD is the major pathway of
increasing social and personal issues and behavioral disorders
among children.
I have selected this article because it has credible and relevant
et of data about the negative effects of internet gaming disorder.
It will help me to understand the trend of people using online
video games since 1996. I can use this information in my
research to find a relationship between online video games and
negative emotions or behavioral issues.
Ferguson, C. J., Barr, H., Figueroa, G., Foley, K., Gallimore,
A., LaQuea, R., ... & Stevens, J. (2015). Digital poison? Three
studies examining the influence of violent video games on
youth. Computers in Human Behavior, 50, 399-410.
In this article, the writer described the relationship between
increasing violent behavior among college students and the
usage of violent video games. The writer has used primary
research methodology and collected data from three different
studies including youth aged 12-18. Students involved in the
research were asked to play violent and non-violent behavior
and their actions have been studied under different activities.
Research shows that participants using more violent games

10. show more aggressive behavior in different activities in
comparison with students who were using non-violent content.
However, it shows that young people with prior mental
symptoms show no more influence due to violent games. This
study also reflects that involvement of family or peer as
instructions on gaming do not bring positive outcome on
children's behavior.
I have selected this article because it is specifically targeting
the behavior of young students (aged 12-18) and evaluating
their behavior through primary research. The results of this
study will help me to find a relationship between aggressive
behavior among young people and exposure to more violent
content through online video gaming.
Gentile, D. A., Bender, P. K., & Anderson, C. A. (2017).
Violent video game effects on salivary cortisol, arousal, and
aggressive thoughts in children. Computers in Human
Behavior, 70, 39-43.
The article focuses on the factors which are contributing to the
negatively effecting of adulthood in the modern era, the
responsibility of such acts has been contributed by the online
video games. The video games in the current social scenario
have taken the shape of the addiction. Mostly, youth has felt
into prey to this activity. the addiction to the games has made
the mental health of the youngsters poorer. Anxiety and social
isolation are found to be the consequences of online video
gaming which has been found in the research. In this article,
writer has used clear evidence and fact based evidences to show
direct relation between aggressive behvavior and playing
violent online games.
As my thesis is about the identification of the negative effects
of video gaming on youngsters, for such reason, this article
provides updated knowledge of the mental, social, physical
effects of the youth. This article also provides with the
knowledge that the males and females both are the extensive
users of video gaming and they are equally getting the negative
effects of it

11. Stockdale, L., & Coyne, S. M. (2018). Video game addiction in
emerging adulthood: Cross-sectional evidence of pathology in
video game addicts as compared to matched healthy
controls. Journal of affective disorders, 225, 265-272.
The empirical research was conducted by the researchers to
identify the hazards of gaming on the children. In the article, it
is stated that the children are getting more inclined towards
online video gaming, which is not just affecting them sexually,
emotionally and mentally. These games are providing the
ground for the children to exercise their extreme desires. The
reason behind this reaction of the children is due to the
invention of the violent games, in which the aggressiveness
arouses of the children. In this article, writer have portrayed
direct relation between negative health effects and increasing
culture of video gaming. It shows that increasing usage of
online games can badly effect health of children and young
people.
As the thesis focuses on the negative impacts of the video
games on the youngsters, this research helps in the manner by
providing the major hazards that are happening in the children,
such as cardiovascular, and cortisol. These effects of the games
are causing deaths, which requires deep research in the same
regard. This article will also be helpful in the identification of
the effects of the aggressiveness which is promoted by the
games.
Citing Electronic Sources
Sample citations for the Texas Legislature Online (TLO) site
are listed below. How you cite your source(s), will depend on
what you are citing. For information about how to cite your
electronic sources, follow this link to the Purdue OWL MLA.
On the page referenced above, look for “Basic Style for
Citations of Electronic Sources” and “A Page on a Web
Site”.Works Cited

12. “Texas Legislature Online - 86(R) Bill Stages for HB 3.” Texas
Legislature Online. Texas Government,
www.capitol.texas.gov/BillLookup/BillStages.aspx?LegSess=
86R&Bill=HB3. Accessed 18 April 2019.
Huberty, et al. “Bill Analysis-HB3.” Texas Legislature Online.
Texas Government, 2019,
www.capitol.texas.gov/tlodocs/86R/analysis/pdf/HB00003H.pdf
#navpanes=0. Accessed 17 April 2019.
Research Tips
When you evaluate a website for research information, you
should consider:
Authority
Purpose
Currency (Age) -
The best strategy when you find too much information is to
narrow your question.
Writing Tips
The Thesis
Your paper should have one main topic (the "thesis") that is
clearly evident in the introduction and conclusion.
In a short essay, the main point should usually conclude the

13. introductory paragraph.
The reader should never be in any doubt about what your thesis
is.
Introductory Paragraph
When in doubt, use the recipe:
introduce
expand/justify
conclude
Introduce
Write one or two sentences about:
The legislative process
OR
Your bill topic
Expand/ Justify
Write one or two sentences that puts your broad concept into a
transition to your thesis statement.
This provides the groundwork or background for your thesis
statement.
Conclude
Write a direct thesis statement.
Remember, you are taking a position on your bill assignment.

14. Style Notes
Avoid using first-person expressions in analytical and
persuasive writing. Readers will know that they are reading
your thoughts, beliefs, or opinions, so you do not need to write
in the first person. If you omit these expressions, you will be
left with stronger sentences.
Style Notes -2
Avoid cliché phrases such as “throughout history” or “to this
very day”. Your writing will be stronger without them.
Do not use contractions. They are usually not acceptable in
formal writing.
Style Notes - 3
Stay on topic
Write concisely and avoid redundancy
Use complete sentences. Sentences should include a subject and
a verb.
Avoid ambiguous references – “it”, “this”, “these” etc.
MLA 8th Edition Formatting and Style Guide
Purdue OWL Staff
Brought to you in cooperation with the Purdue Online Writing
Lab
Welcome to “MLA Formatting and Style Guide“. This Power
Point Presentation is designed to introduce your students to the
basics of MLA Formatting and Style. You might want to

15. supplement the presentation with more detailed information
available on the OWL’s “MLA Formatting and Style Guide“ at
http://owl.english.purdue.edu/owl/resource/747/01/
Designer: Ethan Sproat
Based on slide designs from the OWL “APA Formatting and
Style Guide “powerpoint by Jennifer Liethen Kunka and Elena
Lawrick.
Contributors: Tony Russell, Alllen Brizee, Jennifer Liethen
Kunka, Joe Barbato, Dave Neyhart, Erin E. Karper, Karl
Stolley, Kristen Seas, Tony Russell, and Elizabeth Angeli.
Revising Author: Arielle McKee, 2014
13
MLA (Modern Language Association) Style formatting is often
used in various humanities disciplines.
In addition to the handbook, MLA also offers The MLA Style
Center, a website that provides additional instruction and
resources for writing and formatting academic papers.
https://style.mla.org/
What is MLA?
The MLA Handbook for Writers of Research Papers, 8th ed.
supersedes both the 7th edition handbook and the MLA Style
Manual and Guide to Scholarly Publishing, 3rd ed. The style of
documentation outlined in the 8th edition serves the needs of
students who are writing research papers, as well as scholars
who publish professionally. This presentation will mostly focus
on MLA formatting and style concerns that affect writing
research papers.

16. MLA style is often used in the following disciplines:
humanities, languages, literature, linguistics, philosophy,
communication, religion, and others.
MLA format provides writers with a uniform format for
document layout and documenting sources. Proper MLA style
shows that writers are conscientious of the standards of writing
in their respective disciplines. Properly documenting sources
also ensures that an author is not plagiarizing.
14
MLA regulates:
document format
in-text citations
works-cited list
What does MLA regulate?
This slide presents three basic areas regulated by MLA students
need to be aware of—document format, in-text citations, and
works cited. The following slides provide detailed explanations
regarding each area.
15
An MLA Style paper should:
Be typed on white 8.5“ x 11“ paper
Double-space everything
Use 12 pt. Times New Roman (or similar) font

17. Leave only one space after punctuation
Set all margins to 1 inch on all sides
Indent the first line of paragraphs one half-inch
Not have extra space between paragraphs (Double-space
everything)
Format: General Guidelines
The entire document should be double-spaced, including the
heading, block quotations, footnotes/endnotes, and list of works
cited. There should be no extra space between paragraphs.
Leave only one space after periods or other punctuation marks
(unless otherwise instructed by your instructor).
Set the margins of your document to 1 inch on all sides
Indent the first line of paragraphs one half-inch from the left
margin. MLA recommends that you use the Tab key as opposed
to pushing the Space Bar five times.
16
The first page of an MLA Style paper will:
Have no title page
Double space everything
List your name, your instructor's name, the course, and date in
the upper left-hand corner
Center the paper title (use standard caps but no underlining,
italics, quote marks, or bold typeface)
Create a header in the upper right corner at half inch from the
top and one inch from the right of the page (list your last name
and page number here)
Formatting the 1st Page

18. ･ Do not make a title page for your paper unless specifically
requested
･ In the upper left-hand corner of the first page, list your name,
your instructor's name, the course, and the date. Again, be sure
to use double-spaced text.
･ Double space again and center the title.
Do not underline, italicize, or place your title in quotation
marks; write the title in Title Case (standard capitalization), not
in all capital letters.
･ Use quotation marks and/or italics when referring to other
works in your title, just as you would in your text: Fear and
Loathing in Las Vegas as Morality Play; Human Weariness in
“After Apple Picking“
･ Double space between the title and the first line of the text.
･ Create a header in the upper right-hand corner that includes
your last name, followed by a space with a page number;
number all pages consecutively with Arabic numerals (1, 2, 3,
4, etc.), one-half inch from the top and flush with the right
margin. (Note: Your instructor or other readers may ask that
you omit last name/page number header on your first page.
Always follow instructor guidelines.)
17
Sample 1st Page
･ Do not make a title page for your paper unless specifically
requested
･ In the upper left-hand corner of the first page, list your name,
your instructor's name, the course, and the date. Again, be sure

19. to use double-spaced text.
･ Double space again and center the title.
Do not underline, italicize, or place your title in quotation
marks; write the title in Title Case (standard capitalization), not
in all capital letters.
･ Use quotation marks and/or italics when referring to other
works in your title, just as you would in your text: Fear and
Loathing in Las Vegas as Morality Play; Human Weariness in
“After Apple Picking“
･ Double space between the title and the first line of the text.
･ Create a header in the upper right-hand corner that includes
your last name, followed by a space with a page number;
number all pages consecutively with Arabic numerals (1, 2, 3,
4, etc.), one-half inch from the top and flush with the right
margin. (Note: Your instructor or other readers may ask that
you omit last name/page number header on your first page.
Always follow instructor guidelines.)
18
An in-text citation is a brief reference in your text that indicates
the source you consulted.
It should direct readers to the entry in your works-cited list for
that source.
It should be unobtrusive: provide the citation information
without interrupting your own text.
In general, the in-text citation will be the author’s last name (or
abbreviated title) with a page number, enclosed in parentheses.
In-Text Citations: the Basics
Basic In-Text Citation Rules
The source information in a parenthetical citation should direct

20. readers to the source’s entry in the works-cited list.
The in-text citation should be placed, if possible, where there is
a natural pause in your text. If the citation refers to a direct
quotation, it should be placed directly following the closing
quotation mark.
Any source information that you provide in-text must
correspond to the source information on the works-cited page.
More specifically, whatever signal word or phrase you provide
to your readers in the text, must be the first thing that appears
on the left-hand margin of the corresponding entry in the works-
cited list (so the author’s last name or the title, usually, with no
punctuation in between)
19
What are the differences between quoting, paraphrasing, and
summarizing?
Quotations must be identical to the original, using a narrow
segment of the source. They must match the source document
word for word and must be attributed to the original author.
What are the differences between quoting, paraphrasing, and
summarizing?
Paraphrasing involves putting a passage from source material
into your own words. A paraphrase must also be attributed to
the original source. Paraphrased material is usually shorter than
the original passage, taking a somewhat broader segment of the
source and condensing it slightly.
Differences between quoting, paraphrasing, and summarizing?

21. Summarizing involves putting the main idea(s) into your own
words, including only the main point(s). Once again, it is
necessary to attribute summarized ideas to the original source.
Summaries are significantly shorter than the original and take a
broad overview of the source material.
In-text Example:
Corresponding Works Cited Entry:
Author-Page Style
Wordsworth, William. Lyrical Ballads. Oxford UP, 1967.
Wordsworth stated that Romantic poetry was marked by a
“spontaneous overflow of powerful feelings” (263). Romantic
poetry is characterized by the “spontaneous overflow of
powerful feelings” (Wordsworth 263). Wordsworth extensively
explored the role of emotion in the creative process (263).
In-Text Citations: Author-Page Style
MLA format follows the author-page method of in-text citation.
This means that the author's last name and the page number(s)
from which the quotation or paraphrase is taken must appear in
the text, and a complete reference should appear in your works-
cited page. The author's name may appear either in the sentence
itself or in parentheses following the quotation or paraphrase,

22. but the page number(s) should always appear in the parentheses,
not in the text of your sentence.
The both citations in the in-text examples on this slide, (263)
and (Wordsworth 263), tell readers that the information in the
sentence can be located on page 263 of a work by the author,
William Wordsworth. If readers want more information about
this source, they can turn to the works-cited list, where, under
Wordsworth, they would find the information in the
corresponding entry also shown on this slide.
23
How to cite a work with no known author:
We see so many global warming hotspots in North America
likely because this region has “more readily accessible climatic
data and more comprehensive programs to monitor and study
environmental change…” (“Impact of Global Warming” 6).
With Unknown Author
In-text Citations for Print Sources with No Known Author
When a source has no known author, use a shortened title of the
work instead of an author name. Place the title in quotation
marks if it's a short work (e.g. articles) or italicize it if it's a
longer work (e.g. plays, books, television shows, entire
websites) and provide a page number.
In this example, since the reader does not know the author of
the article, an abbreviated title of the article appears in the
parenthetical citation which corresponds to the full name of the
article which appears first at the left-hand margin of its
respective entry in the works-cited list. Thus, the writer

23. includes the title in quotation marks as the signal phrase in the
parenthetical citation in order to lead the reader directly to the
source on the works-cited page. See comments from previous
slide.
24
Corresponding Entry in the List of Works Cited:
“The Impact of Global Warming in North America.” Global
Warming: Early Signs. 1999. www.url-of-the-source.
Accessed 23 Mar. 2009.
With Unknown Author
25
Adding/Omitting Words
Adding or Omitting Words In Quotations
If you add a word or words in a quotation, you should put
brackets around the words to indicate that they are not part of
the original text. This is illustrated in the first example on this
slide.
If you omit a word or words from a quotation, you should
indicate the deleted word or words by using ellipsis marks,
which are three periods ( . . . ) preceded and followed by a
space. Please note that brackets are not needed around ellipses

24. unless adding brackets would clarify your use of ellipses. This
is illustrated in the second example on this slide.
26
The End
MLA 8th Edition Formatting Style Guide
Brought to you in cooperation with the Purdue Online Writing
Lab
Last Name 1
Student Name
Professor Martha Giglio
Government 2306
Date
Bill Tracking Exercise Information Paper
The issue of Global Warming has slowly gained awareness
worldwide, and people have
started calling for stronger regulations on certain industries,
trying to target the main sources of
this problem. Among these industries is the automotive

25. business, specifically cars. With the
introduction of Senate Bill 26 (SB26), Texas was aiming to
better the environment and address
this prevailing problem (Estes). I support this Senate Bill in
trying to improve the environment
for the betterment of not only Texans but the world at large. I
believe that this bill should pass
under the state’s jurisdiction and I support the way in which the
legislature is proposing to act.
In order to discuss this bill properly, the origins and
development of global warming must
be addressed. As described by National Geographic, global
warming causes a multitude of
issues. Some of them include: glaciers melting, sea leveling
rising, cloud forests dying, and
wildlife scrambling. This is caused by one important concept,
the “greenhouse effect”. Under the
greenhouse effect, certain gases are trapped within the
atmosphere, causing the Earth to slowly
heat up like a convection oven (Richards). These gases or
emissions will continually bounce
around within our world until they dissipate. To add onto the
effects already mentioned by
National Geographic, the Natural Resources Defense Council

26. states that the overall warming of
the Earth would cause an increase in extreme weather events
such as storms, massive heat
waves, floods, and droughts. Further, they state that “as
temperatures spike, so does the
incidence of illness, emergency room visits, and death,”
(Denchak). This supports the idea that
Last Name 2
global warming is the greatest threat to human health in the
current era. Essentially, the Earth is
slowly dying and if global warming were to continue,
catastrophic consequences would follow
for our species as well as other organisms on this planet. That
means everyone should be giving a
hand in solving the issue we caused; there will be consequences
for all of us. With this in mind,
we have to act before it is too late. One way of acting is to
enact new plans and laws at the state
and federal level to address the issue.
Along the lines of enacting plans on the state level, according to
the Texas Legislature

27. Online website, SB26, which was proposed in the Senate
Committee of Natural Resources &
Economic Development during the regular session in 2017, is a
bill that was aimed at state
agencies that had cars running on gasoline as the main mode of
transportation (Estes). The main
goal of this bill is to establish a plan for decreasing the amount
of emissions coming from Texas
that would in turn help improve the environment and further
enhance the federal Clean Air Act.
With the tightening of standards concerning ozone levels by the
Environmental Protection
Agency (EPA), a federal government department, Texas has to
find a way to comply with the
demands of the federal government. This plan would be
officially called the Texas Emissions
Reduction Plan (TERP). It would start within an area the State
of Texas can control - the state
agencies. Under this plan, the state would implement 14
different programs that would
incentivize all state agencies to start replacing their gas-
powered automobiles with those that
used alternative fuel sources. The proposed sources include, but
are not limited to, natural gas,

28. petroleum gas, electric, and hydrogen cells. With the creation of
a specific program called
Governmental Alternative Fuel Fleet Grant Program, “[only]
state agencies other than first
responders with more than 15 vehicles purchase alternative fuel
vehicles” are allowed to
Last Name 3
participate (Estes). In this sense, the bigger state agencies are
able to receive a bit more help and
therefore would be more likely to change.
Changing the transportation choices of state agencies is not the
only thing that the
proposed plan will do; the plan would also help fund projects
that are aimed at reducing oilfield
emissions through the New Technology Implementation Grant
Program. Also, any funds from
Texas Commission on Environmental Quality (TCEQ) that are
leftover or are deemed not
necessary for allocation in other programs can be put into
different programs that will yield
greater results. Finally, school districts can participate in this
reduction plan by eliminating their

29. old retrofitted buses and buying new ones instead. In essence,
this bill is attempting to reduce
emissions when it comes to state-controlled agencies and
matters (Estes). This is further evident
with the TCEQ’s ability to reallocate resources from less
successful programs to other emissions
reduction programs. This way, the commission could have
control in utilizing resources in the
best manner to eliminate needless emissions. With this plan,
Texas is able to effectively and
efficiently answer the problem. This plan may be the first of
many plans that will help maintain
the health of the planet for the entire country and world.
Although the problem of global warming is dangerous for the
human race, and this plan
seems to be an effective step in addressing a contributing cause
of this predicament, there are
opponents to this bill. According to the Texas Legislature
Online website witness list, there are
only two opponents among the 41 proponents of the bill. Some
of the proponents of the bill are
even gasoline-based car manufacturers and oil companies such
as Toyota, Nissan North

30. America, and BP America. The major opponent of this bill is
Koch Companies. Koch
Companies is known for being a major part of the oil industry in
the South. According to
Nasdaq, although Koch Industries is privately held, some of the
main subsidiaries are involved in
Last Name 4
producing fuel, running pipelines, and other energy businesses
(Nasdaq). Energy has a seemingly
small percentage stake within the overall group of companies
controlled by Koch Industries, but
energy can account for a lot of capital. Therefore, Koch is an
opponent against this bill.
When comparing the 41 proponents to the 2 opponents of the
bill, it seems like the bill
may be able to easily get enacted. However, it may not be the
case as Koch Industries has a PAC
called Koch Industries PAC which had donated $75,000 to
Governor Greg Abbot during his
campaign in 2017 (Murphy, Ryan). That means that even if the
bill were to have passed through
both houses, which it did not have the time to, the likelihood of

31. Abbott signing the bill is lower
due to pressure from his PAC to not do so. They are a big
lobbying group that could pressure
Abbott, forcing him to comply. However, that is but a
hypothetical. In essence, due to the bill
having so much support, it was likely to pass, allowing Texas to
start taking the much-needed
steps to address global warming by reducing emissions.
Supporters of the bill might say the bill
must pass in order to help the state continue in a cleaner and
more environmentally-friendly way.
It seems that even an oil company such as BP America agrees
on pushing forward.
This bill passed the Senate Natural Resources and Economic
Development Committee
with a vote of seven ayes and 2 nays and moved to the Senate
floor for a vote. It was approved
on March 14, 2017 and sent to the House of Representatives.
The House Environmental
Regulation Committee unanimously approved the bill and it was
placed on the General State
Calendar on May 23, 2017 (Texas Legislature Online). By the
end of the legislative session, the
bill did not make it any further as there was not enough time in

32. the session to continue, therefore
the bill was killed off. However, if the bill were to be
reintroduced, the likelihood of it being
passed is pretty high. Even with the major lobbying opponent
being Koch Industries and Abbot
being an unknown factor, the bill can be passed and should be
passed.
Last Name 5
Global warming is causing a chain of events that if not stopped
will end the world as it is.
The greenhouse effect will eventually heat the world to the
point where it is uninhabitable by the
animals that we hunt and eat and there will a reduction in crop
output, causing our demise
(Richards). The extra incentive programs will help drive state
agencies to continue changing
their cars to cleaner options (Estes). It may seem tough now
with all state agencies being forced
to change in such a short time, however, the effects of it will
only help Texas industries. By
thinking long term, Texas will continue to flourish. I support
the passage of a bill like SB26

33. because I believe we need to address contributing factors to
global warming and we need to do it
now.
Last Name 6
Works Cited
Denchak, Melissa. “Are the Effects of Global Warming Really
That Bad?” NRDC, Natural
Resources Defense Council, 9 Apr. 2018,
www.nrdc.org/stories/are-effects-global-
warming-really-bad.
Estes, et al. “Texas Legislature Online - SB26.” Texas
Legislature Online , Texas Government,
2017, www.
capitol.texas.gov/BillLookup/Text.aspx?LegSess=85R.
“Koch Industries Inc.” Nasdaq, Nasdaq, 31 May 2018,
www.nasdaq.com/quotes/institutional-
portfolio/koch-industries-inc-35664.
Murphy, Ryan, and Jay Root. “Texas Republicans Getting
Almost 90 Percent of Money Flowing

34. into State Elections.” The Texas Tribune, 19 Feb. 2018,
www.texastribune.org/2018/02/19/texas-republicans-getting-
almost-90-percent-money-
flowing-state-electi/.
Richards, Cory. “What Is Global Warming?” National
Geographic, 30 Jan. 2018,
www.nationalgeographic.com/environment/global-
warming/global-warming-overview/.
Texas Legislature Online - 85(R) History for SB26,
www.capitol.texas.gov/BillLookup/BillStages.aspx?LegSess=85
R&Bill=SB26
GOVT 2306 Bill Tracking Paper Grading Rubric
Element
Beginning
Developing
Accomplished
Exemplary
Points
Paper Format
1.25 Points
Wrote less than 4 full pages for the body of the paper.
Did not use MLA template or template has more than 4
formatting errors.
2.5 Points

35. Wrote 3 pages for the body of the paper.
Used MLA template and has less than 4 formatting errors.
3.75 Points
Wrote 3 pages for the body of the paper.
Used MLA template and has less than 2 formatting errors.
5 Points
Wrote 3 pages for the body of the paper.
Used MLA template.
Template has no formatting errors.
5
Control of Syntax & Mechanics
1.25 Points
Student does not use correct grammar, spelling, capitalization,
and punctuation. Multiple errors occur.
2.5 Points
Student assignment contains some incorrect grammar, spelling
punctuation, and capitalization.
3.75 Points
Student assignment contains few instances of incorrect
grammar, spelling, punctuation, and capitalization.
5 Points
Student uses correct grammar, spelling, punctuation, and
capitalization.
5
Introduction
Context & Purpose

36. Position
2.5 Points
Specific position is not stated in the introduction.
Omits introductory paragraph.
5 Points
In the introductory paragraph, a specific position is not clearly
stated or the thesis is too simplistic –it is hard to tell what
direction the paper is going.
7.5 Points
In the introductory paragraph the paper overview is clear but it
does not fully take into account complexities of the issues /
topic that will be discussed.
10 Points
In the introductory paragraph, a specific position is stated and
information is given that demonstrates complexities of the
issues have been considered.
10
Paper Contents
Explanation of Issues
Knowledge, Research & Views Included
Content Development
Analysis
7.5 Points
A variety of information is not presented or the presentation is
inaccurate.
Few concepts and explanations addressed in a context-rich
manner.

37. Paper exceeds more than 30% direct quotes.
Topic viewpoints and issues are stated without clarification.
Little analysis to compare and contrast information.
Sources are not used to their full capability and are not placed
in a logical place in the paper to show thorough analysis.
15 Points
A variety of information is presented but presentation is shallow
and simplistic.
Some key concepts and explanations are addressed in a
somewhat organized, context-rich manner.
Paper contains no more than 30% direct quotes.
Topic viewpoints and issues are stated but descriptions are
ambiguous and vague.
Some analysis to compare and contrast source information.
Sources could be used in a more effective manner.
22.5 Points
A variety of information is acknowledged, but details are not
fully presented.
Most key concepts and explanations are addressed in an
organized, context-rich manner.
Paper contains no more than 20% direct quotes.
Topic viewpoints and issues are stated and defined so that
understanding is not seriously impeded by omissions.
Adequate analysis to compare and contrast source information.
Sources are properly relied upon, placed, and used.
30 Points

38. A variety of information is presented accurately with detail.
Key concepts and explanations are addressed in a
comprehensive, organized, context-rich manner.
Paper contains no more than 20% direct quotes.
Topic viewpoints and issues are clearly stated and defined with
all relevant information necessary for full understanding.
Complete analysis to compare and contrast source information.
30
Conclusion
Influence of Context & Assumptions
2.5 Points
Poor summary of information.
Conclusion is inconsistently tied to the information presented.
5 Points
Shallow summary of information.
Conclusion is tied to information but does not show
understanding of material.
7.5 Points
Good summary of information.
Conclusion is logical and related to paper, but is weakly tied to
evidence presented in the paper.
10 Points
Excellent summary of information.
Conclusion and related outcomes are logical and reflect
evaluation based on evidence included in the paper.
10
Evidence

39. References
3.75 Points
Complete, accurate MLA citations for a minimum of 2 sources
that meet assignment criteria.
Less than 70% of the in-text citations are complete.
7.5 Points
Complete, accurate MLA citations for a minimum of 3 sources
that meet assignment criteria.
70% of the in-text citations are complete and accurate.
11.25 Points
Complete, accurate MLA citations for a minimum of 4 sources
that meet assignment criteria.
80% of the in-text citations are complete and accurate.
15 Points
Complete, accurate MLA citations for a minimum of 4 sources
that meet assignment criteria.
All in-text citations are complete and accurate.
15
Total
75
GOVT 2306 Bill Tracking Activity Step 4 - Paper
For this assignment, you will pick and report on one of the
legislative bills from the 86th Texas state legislative session.
You will take a position on whether you support the bill passing
or not. In order to support your position, you will need to

40. provide information about the proposed legislation. Access
more information about the bills at the Texas Legislature Online
(TLO) site https://capitol.texas.gov /Reports/General.aspx.
When you are looking for information on the TLO website,
make sure that you are looking for your bill in the 86(R)-2019
list. This represents the 86th regular legislative
session.Directions for bill information paper
Length and Style
· Your paper should be in MLA format and double spaced.
· Minimum length is four full written pages and a works cited
page.Sources and Citations:
· You must use at least four (4) credible sources. (Texas
Legislature Online website and your textbook count as sources.
Periodicals count as sources.)
· Wikipedia and Google are NOT sources in and of themselves.
· Include citations for ALL sources you use.
· A separate works cited page MUST be included.
· Short form citations (parenthetical) within the body of the
paper must be included. Submission:
· Your paper must be turned in via eCampus in .doc, .docx, or
.pdf format.
· This assignment must be turned in on time to be eligible for
credit. Rubric
· Your paper will be graded according to the rubric available in
eCampus.
· Please review the rubric and refer to it when writing your
response to make sure you follow directions and receive the
maximum points possible.Content
1. Position
Clearly state your position about this bill in both your
introduction and conclusion. Do you support this proposal or
not?
2. Details About the Issue – Use the following prompts to guide

41. your research and writing. Due to the variety of bills that are
being researched, not all of this information is readily available
about all of the bills. You can add additional information if you
find something interesting and relevant about your particular
bill.
· What will the proposed legislation do?
· Provide some background or history as to why this bill might
have been proposed. Why did this issue rise to the point that it
needed to be proposed as legislation in the Texas state
legislature?
· Explain how this bill relates to larger state or national issues.
· All bills have proponents and opponents. Discuss those who
support the proposal and those who are against it and explain
the positions of the different sides. (Sponsors, special interests,
opponents, etc.)
· What are the political pressures for or against the legislation?
· In class, we identified several court cases that have challenged
Texas laws. Consider the constitutionality of the proposed bill.
If the bill passed, might the state have to defend the resulting
legislation in court? Look the issue up, it might already be
involved in litigation.
3. Details About the Bill Process –
· Provide an overview of the history of the bill from the “Bill
Stages” tab. Where did the bill end in the legislative process by
the time you submit your paper?
· Was there a companion bill introduced in the other chamber?4.
Conclusion
· Provide a conclusion that brings together your research to
support your position.