Gastro Intestinal Cancer

1. Gastro-Intestinal
cancer
“a term for the group of cancers that affect
the digestive system”.
Mohammed Mazahir
BBI 14003

2. Gastrointestinal cancer refers to malignant conditions of
the gastrointestinal tract (GI tract) and accessory
organs of digestion, including the esophagus,
stomach, biliary system, pancreas, small intestine,
large intestine, rectum and anus.
Diagnosis often requires endoscopy, followed by
biopsy of suspicious tissue.
Treatment depends on the location of the tumor, as
well as the type of cancer cell and whether it has
invaded other tissues or spread elsewhere.

3. COLORECTAL CANCER

4. BOWEL CANCER IS SOMETIMES
KNOWN AS COLORECTAL CANCER.
The bowel is part of the body’s
digestive system, which
connects the stomach to the
anus. Together the large colon
(large intestine) and rectum are
known as the bowel.
Most bowel cancers develop
from small growths inside the
colon or rectum called polyps,
which look like small spots on

5. Not all polyps become
cancerous.
A test called a colonoscopy,
involving a tube inserted into the
bowel, is used to test for
polyps. If polyps are detected
and removed, the risk of
colorectal cancer is reduced .

6. Cancers that are confined within the wall of the colon may
be curable with surgery while cancer that has spread widely
are usually not curable, with management being directed
towards improving quality of life and symptoms.
Epigenetics:
Epigenetic alterations are much more frequent in colon cancer
than genetic (mutational) alterations. an average cancer of the
colon has only 1 or 2 oncogene mutations and 1 to 5 tumor
suppressor mutations, with about 60 further “passenger”
mutations.

7. SCREENING FOR COLORECTAL CANCER :
• Colorectal cancer diagnosis is performed by sampling of
areas of the colon suspicious for possible tumor
development, typically during colonoscopy .
• Disease extent is usually determined by a CT scan of the
chest, abdomen and pelvis. Other potential imaging
tests such as PET and MRI may be used in certain cases.
• The most common colon cancer cell type is
adenocarcinoma (98% of cases).

8. PROSTATE CANCER

9. PROSTATE CANCER
The prostate gland makes
fluid that forms part of
semen.
The prostate lies just below
the bladder in front of the
rectum.
It surrounds the urethra
(the tube that carries urine
and semen through the
penis and out of the body).
Prostate cancer is the most
common cancer in men, It is

10. Symptoms :
Prostate cancer often has no early symptoms.
Pain areas: in the bones
Pain circumstances: can occur during urination
Urinary Advanced prostate cancer can cause men to
urinate more often or have a weaker flow, dribbling,
leaking and excessive urination at night.

11. Stage’s of
growth
The most common system is the
four-stage
TNM system
(Tumor/Nodes/Metastases).
Its components include the size of
the tumor, the number of involved
lymph nodes, and the presence of
any other metastases.
The most important distinction made by any staging system is
whether or not the cancer is still confined to the prostate. In the
TNM system, clinical T1 and T2 cancers are found only in the
prostate, while T3 and T4 cancers have spread elsewhere.

12. SCREENING FOR PROSTATE CANCER :
Tests : Prostate-specific antigen, or PSA, is a protein produced by
cells of the prostate gland. The PSA test measures the level of PSA in
a man's blood, elevated PSA levels may indicate prostate cancer.
Treatment : surgery or radiation therapy, may get rid of the cancer
completely. However, if the cancer has spread outside the prostate
gland, other types of treatment may be needed to destroy cancer
cells located in other parts of the body.
Side effects : such as impotence and incontinence, the inability to
control urine flow and leaking.

13. THANKYOU 
Mohammed Mazahir