Please see the feedback from the professor Hi Hussain, thank you .docx

Please see the feedback from the professor: Hi Hussain, thank
you for your second assignment. You forgot to attach your SPSS
output. Are you using SPSS? Your assignment was not complete
correctly”
See the paper attached that you did.
Download the spss with the following link for the following
assignment please help me. I rely on you to do a lot of my
assignments and more to come. This for assignment 2 Password:
Power2017 Login id: [email protected] login into:
https://estore.onthehub.com/WebStore/Account/OrderDetails.as
px?o=5e429e3f-1fe0-e711-80fa-000d3af41938 Product key to
get in is:415899f4f4b0e0abf028
SAMPLE
VIOLENCE IN THE ILLICIT DRUG MARKET AND PUBLIC
POLICY RESPONSES
AN ANNOTATED BIBLIOGRAPHY
ECON 430 THE WAR ON DRUGS: ECONOMICS, HISTORY
AND PUBLIC POLICY
INTEGRATIVE SUMMARY
In this annotated bibliography, I review the problem of violence
in the illicit drug market. The purpose of the Summary is to
discuss the problem of violence in the illicit drug market and
related public policy approached. All the articles reviewed and
summarized address the problem of violence in the illicit drug
market. The first article discussed interpersonal violence. The
second article addresses violence in the illicit drug market, the
involvement of gang leaders and public policy approaches.

There appears to be a controversy regarding appropriate
approaches to limiting the violence in the drug market. In the
first article, drug violence is recognized as a major public
health issue. The article focuses on interpersonal violence and
recognizes that violence in the drug market is due to a lack
formal ways to resolve economic disputes in the illicit drug
market. The second article argues that public policy approaches
that try to prohibit drugs leads to increasing violence in the
illicit drug market. The authors then propose that alternative
approaches should be developed to mitigate violence in the
illicit drug market.
Amanda Atkinson, Zara Anderson, Karen Hughes, Mark A
Bellis, Harry Sumnall and Qutub Syed, Interpersonal Violence
and Illicit Drugs, Working Paper, Liverpool John Moores
University, (Centre for Public Health) 2009
This briefing summarizes the links between interpersonal
violence and illicit drug use, identifies risk factors for
involvement in drug-related violence, outlines prevention
measures that address drug-related violence, and explores the

role of public health in prevention. It discusses links between
drugs and violence based on available evidence, focusing
primarily on illicit drugs. In general, the illicit use of
prescription drugs is not discussed.
Interpersonal violence and illicit drug use are major public
health challenges that are strongly linked. Involvement in drug
use can increase the risks of being both a victim and/or
perpetrator of violence, while experiencing violence can
increase the risks of initiating illicit drug use. The impacts of
drug-related interpersonal violence can be substantial, damaging
individuals’ health and the cohesion and development of
communities, whilst also shifting resources from other
priorities, particularly within health and criminal justice
services. Globally, interpersonal violence accounts for around
half a million deaths per year; for every death there are many
more victims affected by violence physically, psychologically,
emotionally and financially. Illicit drugs are used by millions of
individuals throughout the world, and both their effects and the
nature of illicit drug markets place major burdens on health and
society.
The lack of formal social and economic controls in illicit drug
markets facilitates the spread of violence. Without legal means
for resolving business conflicts within drug markets, there is a
tendency for violence to emerge as the dominant mechanism of
conflict resolution. Furthermore, gangs and individuals involved
in the drug dealing often carry guns for self-defense from other
groups or individuals who pose a threat to drug operations.
Dan Werb, Greg Rowell, Gordon Guyatt, Thomas Kerr, Julio
Montaner, Evan Wood, Effect of Drug Law Enforcement on
Drug-Related Violence: Evidence from a Scientific Review,
International Centre for Science in Drug Policy, Working Group
Report, 2010

Violence is among the primary concerns of communities around
the world, and research from many settings has demonstrated
clear links between violence and the illicit drug trade,
particularly in urban settings. While violence has traditionally
been framed as resulting from the effects of drugs on individual
users (e.g., drug induced psychosis), violence in drug markets
and in drug-producing areas such as Mexico is increasingly
understood as a means for drug gangs to gain or maintain a
share of the lucrative illicit drug market.
Given the growing emphasis on evidence based policy-making
and the ongoing severe violence attributable to drug gangs in
many countries around the world, a systematic review of the
available English language scientific literature was conducted to
examine the impacts of drug law enforcement interventions on
drug market violence. The hypothesis was that the existing
scientific evidence would demonstrate an association between
increasing drug law enforcement expenditures or intensity and
reduced levels of violence.
Many studies have found that increasing drug law enforcement
intensity resulted in increased rates of drug market violence.
About 82% of the studies employing regression analyses of
longitudinal data found a significant positive association
between drug law enforcement increases and increased levels of
violence. One study (9%) that employed a theoretical model
reported that violence was negatively associated with increased
drug law enforcement. The available scientific evidence
suggests that increasing the intensity of law enforcement
interventions to disrupt drug markets is unlikely to reduce drug
gang violence. Instead, the existing evidence suggests that drug
related violence and high homicide rates are likely a natural
consequence of drug prohibition and that increasingly
sophisticated and well-resourced methods of disrupting drug
distribution networks may unintentionally increase violence.

From an evidence-based public policy perspective, gun violence
and the enrichment of organized crime networks appear to be
natural consequences of drug prohibition. In this context, and
since drug prohibition has not achieved its stated goal of
reducing drug supply, alternative models for drug control may
need to be considered if drug supply and drug-related violence
are to be meaningfully reduced.
Sample Integrative Summary Paper ECON 430 Page 2
of 3
"Past History and Political Economy."
In this segment, we will continue Module VI by exploring and
discussion the modern history of the trade in opium. You will
trace the origins of the trade in opium from the Parsis of India,
to the Opium War between England and China. You will also
be able to explain how the economic profits from opium
influenced public policies in the countries that profited from the
trade in opium.
"Past History and Political Economy."
The cultivation of opium and its trade can be traced back to the
ancient world and Afghanistan. The ancient Afghans sold it to
the rest of present-day Middle East and the far Orient. Over
time, opium cultivation spread to other parts of the Orient.
In modern times, the story of the opium trade is very
interesting. It was the British through the East Indian
Company, in collaboration with the monarch of England that
made the trade in opium a subject for great historical discourse.
Trade in opium posed high risks and created opportunities for
vast profits that raise questions of the morality of traders and
the remnants of which remain highly visible in Mumbai today.
The trade dramatically altered the fortunes of communities in
India and China and relations between the two nations, while
also fueling the growth of international trade networks that

spread all around the world.
The story of opium trade in India and Mumbai bring to the fore
the Parsis of India. The Parsis are the descendants of the
Zoroastrians of Iran who settled in India, by Parsi tradition, in
the 8th century. The Parsis constitute one of India's smallest
communities, numbering less than 80,000 individuals in India
during the 19th century. Under imperialism, the Parsis would
transition from an insular group to one of India's most
prosperous, educated, and influential communities. From among
their group emerged great merchant princes and capital elites;
not least of all through the opium trade with China.
The rise of the Parsis to economic preeminence corresponds
with the arrival of Europeans in western India. The parameters
of mutual cooperation emerged among Parsis and Europeans
who both started as fledgling commercial groups. From the 18th
century, Parsis functioned as hawkers and traders, interpreters,
contractors, and general intermediaries for Europeans. By the
19th century, Parsis functioned as agents for British mercantile
houses, guarantee brokers, and shipbuilders.
OPIUM WAR
Another major event that made the trade in opium a major
historical event is the Opium War fought between Britain and
China.
As the habit of smoking opium spread from the idle rich to
ninety percent of all Chinese males under the age of forty in the
country's coastal regions, business activity was much reduced;
the civil service ground to a halt, and the standard of living fell.
The Emperor Dao guang's special anti-opium commissioner Lin
Ze-xu (1785-1850), modestly estimated the number of his
countrymen addicted to the drug to be 4 million, but a British
physician practicing in Canton set the figure at 12 million.
Equally disturbing for the imperial government was the
imbalance of trade with the West. Whereas prior to 1810,
Western nations had been spending 350 million Mexican silver
dollars on porcelain, cotton, silks, brocades, and various grades

of tea, by 1837, opium represented 57 percent of Chinese
imports, and for fiscal 1835-36 alone, China exported 4.5
million silver dollars.
In 1838, the official sent in Emperor Dao guang (1821-1850) of
the Qing Dynasty to confiscate and destroy all imports of
opium, Lin Ze-xu, calculated that in fiscal 1839, Chinese opium
smokers consumed 100 million taels' worth of the drug, while
the entire spending by the imperial government that year spent
40 million taels. He reportedly concluded, "If we continue to
allow this trade to flourish, in a few dozen years we will find
ourselves not only with no soldiers to resist the enemy, but
also with no money to equip the army" (quoted by Chesneaux et
al., p. 55).
By the late 1830s, foreign merchant vessels, notably those of
Britain and the United States, were landing over 30,000 chests
annually. Meantime, corrupt officials in the hoppo (customs
office) and ruthless merchants in the port cities, were
accumulating wealth beyond "all the tea in China" by defying
imperial interdictions that had existed in principle since 1796.
The standard rate for an official's turning a blind eye to the
importation of a single crate of opium was 80 taels. Between
1821 and 1837, the illegal importation of opium (theoretically a
capital offence) increased fivefold.
British merchants were frustrated by Chinese trade laws and
refused to cooperate with Chinese legal officials because of
their routine use of torture. Upon his arrival in Canton in
March, 1839, the Emperor's special emissary, Lin Ze-xu, took
swift action against the foreign merchants and their Chinese
accomplices, making some 1,600 arrests and confiscating
11,000 pounds of opium.
Despite attempts by the British superintendent of trade, Charles
Elliot, to negotiate a compromise, in June, Lin ordered the
seizure another 20,00 crates of opium from foreign-controlled
factories; holding all foreign merchants under arrest until they
surrendered nine million dollars’ worth of opium, which he then
had burned publicly. Finally, he ordered the port of Canton

closed to all foreign merchants. In response to these sources of
frustration, the British declared war on China.
Read the attached documents for more information on the
Opium War.
Xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx
xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx
Upon the end of this week, you will be able to:
1. Describe the origins of the trade in opium;
2. Describe the trends in the development of trade in opium;
and3. Identify groups that gained from and supported the trade
in opium.
Upon the successful completion of Week 7 Module VI, you will
be able to:
1. Analyze the causes and consequences of the Opium War;
2. Analyze the role of the British East Indian Company in the
Opium Trade;
3. Analyze the role played by the Parsis of India in the Opium
Trade and their collaboration colonialists;
4. Analyze the sociological effects of Opium on Asian,
Europeans and Middle East communities; and
5. Compare and contrast the role of opium in India and China
economics, politics, and society.
Xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx
xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx
Your evaluation will be based on Discussions and Writing
Assignment.
3

Medic 8 (http://www.medic8.com/drug-addiction/addiction-and-
crime.html)
Social Effects of an Addiction - Drug Addiction
We know about the physical and psychological effects of an
addiction but what about the social effects? In many ways this
can be more harmful than the other two put together. Drug
addiction doesn’t just affect the addict: it has a far reaching
effect which encompasses family, friends, employers, healthcare
professionals and society as a whole. If you are addicted to
alcohol, nicotine, drugs or even caffeine then the effects of this
can negatively impact upon Marriage/Relationships,
Home/family life, Education, Employment, Health and
wellbeing, Personality, Financial issues, Law and order
Marriage/relationships
If you have a situation in which one half of a couple is an addict
then this can cause untold hardship for the other half. The
person who is addicted may have changed from a previously
easy going personality to one who is prone to mood swings,
violent outbursts, secrecy and other forms of extreme behavior.
This is difficult for their partner to deal with and is even worse
if there are children involved. It is both distressing and
confusing for children to see one parent (or even both parents)
exhibit signs of their addiction.
The person who is suffering from an addiction may be in
financial difficulties which the other person is unaware of.
Combine this with their irrational behavior, paranoia and in
several cases, criminal behavior and you have a recipe for
marital breakdown. In many cases the addict resorts to violence
in desperation for their next ‘fix’. If he/she is craving a drink,
cigarette or a particular drug but is unable to satisfy that
craving - either due to a lack of money or prevented from doing
so by their partner then violence is often the result.
The sad fact is that these actions are often committed by
someone who is not a violent person by nature but is driven by
their need for this substance. Their addiction is their main

priority in life and that’s all that matters to them. Someone in
the grip of an addiction can become selfish, self-centred and
oblivious to other people’s concerns. Things such as paying the
mortgage and bills or other day to day issues of running a home
are no longer important to them. This often leads to a
breakdown in the marriage or relationship which causes
financial hardship and distress. The other half of the
relationship is left to cope on his/her own which is even more
difficult if there are children. What can happen is that other
members of the family closes ranks and exclude the person with
the addiction. This is mainly done to protect the family from
other consequences of his/her behavior but also as a means of
presenting a united front to the rest of society.
Home/family
On the subject of home/family life, there is also the possibility
that the rest of the family may feel embarrassed or ashamed at
this behavior. They are bothered by what others might think and
are unsure as to what to do for the best. If you are suffering
from an addiction then you will probably find that your family
is concerned but maybe needs you to realise that you have a
problem and are prepared to face up to it. It may seem as if
your family has pushed you out but it could also be the case that
they see this as a form of ‘tough love’ in which they are giving
you time to reflect upon yourself and your addiction. This is
done with the hope that you will seek treatment for your
addiction. They will provide support and help as well but you
need to take that first step.
Education
If a child or young person is suffering from an addiction then
this will impact upon their schooling, relationships with other
children and their home life. One such effect of this is truanting
from school. This can happen if the child is addicted or if they
have a parent who is an addict and neglects to care for them. It

is hard for a child or young person to resist the temptation of
alcohol, cigarettes or drugs. A desire to be part of the gang or to
try ‘forbidden fruit’ as a means of growing up can very quickly
lead to addiction. Addiction tends to occur much more quickly
in a young person than in an adult. The problem is that they can
be hooked from just the first time they try a substance. If you
are a parent who suspects that your child has developed an
addiction then look out for signs of anti-social or erratic
behavior; unexplained absences from school; reports from the
school of theft or violent behavior from your child or that
he/she has been caught drug dealing on school premises. Their
concentration will be poor and motivation will have dropped.
They may be spending inordinate amounts of time in their room
or on the other hand, be staying out most of the night and with
people that you don’t know.
It is equally hard if your parent or parents are the ones with an
addiction. They are likely to be so concerned with seeing to
their own needs that yours are forgotten about. For them it is all
about their addiction whether that is alcohol, cigarettes or
drugs. Your needs are superseded by their addiction. They are
controlled by their addiction and will do anything to feed it
which can include criminal behavior.
Employment
Employers are affected if any of their employees develops and
addiction. The employee concerned may have changed from a
smart, punctual and efficient worker to someone who is late for
work, has neglected their appearance and personal hygiene and
id displaying erratic or unacceptable levels of behavior. They
may have started to go absent for no good reason, not completed
their duties or stolen from colleagues and/or the company. This
results in that employee losing their job which then impacts
upon their home and family life. Loss of their job means a
reduction in income - especially if he/she is the main
breadwinner, and puts a strain on the relationship. It can then
lead to marriage/relationship breakdown and/or divorce. It can
be difficult if you suspect that one of your colleagues has

become addicted and even more difficult if you work in a highly
stressful job in which excessive drinking and/or drug taking is
part of the company culture. If many of the team enjoy going to
bars and clubs after work or it is part of the job, e.g.
entertaining clients then how do you know when social use of a
substance or having a few drinks with colleagues has become an
addiction?
Health and wellbeing
A most obvious effect of drug addiction is that on physical
health. There are some substances such as alcohol or caffeine
which is fine on an occasional basis or in moderate amounts but
it is when they become a regular habit that damage to your
health occurs. A couple of cigarettes in a day can also be
harmful. You may think that you are a very light smoker and
that this won’t cause a problem but nicotine is a powerful
stimulant and damage starts early on.
Drugs such as heroin, cocaine, amphetamines, poppers, ecstasy
are dangerous in any amount and should be avoided. There is no
such thing as a safe, moderate amount of crack cocaine or
heroin. Apart from the long term effects on health there is also
the fact that an addiction can be fatal. Alcohol, cigarettes and
drugs can kill either as a result of an overdose, suicide, an
accident or from the physical damage caused by these
substances. Other side effects include an increase in the
number of sexually transmitted diseases, unwanted pregnancies
and birth defects as a result of the mother’s addiction.
Personality
Addiction affects someone’s personality and behaviour in a
variety of ways although this very much depends upon the type
of substance used and the amount; their psychological make up
before the addiction and physical health and their lifestyle.
Some substances have a greater effect than others upon mental
health, for example, heroin is stronger than nicotine and will
have a bigger impact upon the brain. Added to that is the fact
that all of us are different in regard to our psychological make
up which means that no two people are affected in the same

way. So, one person may experience a greater level of ‘damage’
than another person using the same substance, mainly due to
their brain chemistry. So what does an addiction do to
someone’s mental health and behavior? The most obvious sign
is the fact that they behave in ways which are totally out of
character. They may become secretive or deliberately offensive;
self-harm; lie, cheat or steal; or place their need for their
addiction above their family and friends.
Other examples including paranoia, restlessness, low self-
esteem or a lack of trust in themselves and anyone else. On the
other hand they may behave in an arrogant and uncaring manner
as if only their needs matter and no-one else’s. As the addiction
worsens they may start to withdraw from their family and
friends or spend time with people who you don’t know. The
highs and low of their addiction can lead to anxiety and
depression. The chemistry of the brain is affected by addiction,
for example, taking crystal meth, amphetamines, cannabis,
ecstasy and excessive alcohol use. These have the power to
change certain structures of a person’s brain which have a
dramatic effect upon that person’s personality.
Financial issues
The costs of an addiction not only affect the sufferer but can
also encompass family, friends and society as a whole. There
are the costs of policing, drug addiction help lines, support
groups and rehab clinics. Indirectly there is lost revenue in the
form of tax and national insurance contributions each time an
addict loses their job or is unable to work. This means a drop in
revenue for the Treasury and an increase in welfare benefits,
e.g. unemployment benefit. This may sound extreme but if you
multiply all of this by the number of drug addicts in the UK
then it all adds up to a hefty drain on the country’s purse
strings. On a smaller scale there is the financial damage to
family or friends as the addict will resort to theft or other
criminal means in order to fund their habit. Addiction and
Crime - Drug Addiction
This is a difficult subject to address as the relationship between

the two is complex and thought-provoking. We know that many
addicts resort to crime to pay for their habit but there also some
people who are addicted to the criminal act itself. So we have
people who wouldn’t normally commit crime but have only
turned to it out of an act of desperation and then there are those
people who have already committed crime and then use this to
fund their habit.
Punish or treatment?
The question is: do we punish people who commit crime to fund
their addiction by locking them up or do we help them by
sending them into rehab? Some people may see the latter option
this as ‘going soft’ on criminals but there is a difference
between the two and if treatment helps them to kick their habit
and prevent re-offending then it has to be considered as an
option. The ‘hang them and flog them’ brigade may differ but
people who have committed crimes in order to pay for their
addiction may benefit more from help and treatment rather than
prison. The problem with prison is that drugs can be accessed
(or smuggled in) whilst they are confined which means that they
are able to continue with their habit. This means that they are
unlikely to stop their addiction and will likely re-offend once
they leave prison.
The costs of dealing with this are prohibitively expensive so a
better option may be to treat addicts rather than punishing them.
There is evidence to show that addicts are less likely to reoffend
if they receive treatment (source: 2008, Manchester
UniversityNationalDrug EvidenceCentre).
Legalize drugs?
Drug dealing is big business not just in the UK but around the
world. There are organized drug cartels in many countries that
use the proceeds of this to fund criminal activity which means
that there is an ongoing battle between them and the authorities
- which is likely to continue. One idea put forward is that of
legalizing drugs. Supporters of this argue that it would reduce
crime especially drug-dealing as addicts wouldn’t have to resort

to criminal behavior to fund their habit. The costs of drugs
could be controlled and set a rate which addicts could afford
without having to steal in order to do so. Plus these drugs could
be taxed and the revenue from these used to fund drug
rehabilitation treatment. There is also the possibility that doing
this will lessen the attraction. Many of us enjoy something
which is considered to be ‘forbidden fruit’ and part of that
attraction is the knowledge that what we are doing has an
element of risk.
However, opponents of this claim that it would lead to many
more addicts, which would place an extra burden on taxpayers,
the authorities and the State as a whole. What do you do with
people who are addicted to committing an offence? They may or
may not be addicted to drugs but they still have an addiction,
which in this case is to crime. There is no easy answer to this
and work is still being undertaken into how this might be
solved. It has been suggested that unless we can change human
nature itself then crime will always be with us.
Law and order
People who are addicted very often turn to crime as a means of
paying for their addiction. This can involve stealing or fraud to
obtain the funds necessary to bankroll their addiction. This can
start with stealing from one’s partner, family or friends but can
spread to include their employer or several organizations.
Another aspect is that of the cost of maintaining a police force
that have to deal with the after-effects of addiction. One such
example and one that we hear a great deal about in the media is
that of ‘binge drinking’. People who have developed an
addiction to alcohol very often engage in drunken, anti-social
behavior, usually in town and city centers up and down the
country. The police have the job of dealing with fights or
semiconscious people lying in the street which is due to the
effects of excessive alcohol consumption. The majority of crime
committed in the UK is usually drug-related. Burglary,
muggings, robberies etc are all ways of funding an addiction
and the more serious the addiction the greater the chance of

these being accompanied by violence. There are people who are
so desperate to have a ‘fix’ or are completely controlled by their
addiction that will do anything to service this. If this means
using violence then they will do so. In this case their needs
have overtaken any thoughts of rational or civilized behavior.
They are not thinking of anyone else but themselves as they are
consumed by their addiction.
Cocaine: The Evolution of the Once 'Wonder' Drug
By Caleb Hellerman, CNN
July 22, 2011 6:21 p.m. EDT
· Cocaine has been praised and cursed, through two frenzied
cycles, a century apart
· Freud used the drug for energy, and at the same time, to calm
his nerves
· Since a peak in the mid-'80s, cocaine use has dropped by about
Whatever the stereotype, cocaine use today is
dominated by addicts
(CNN) -- Long before drug cartels, crack wars and TV shows
about addiction, cocaine was promoted as a wonder drug, sold
as a cure-all and praised by some of the greatest minds in
medical history, including Sigmund Freud and the pioneering
surgeon William Halsted. According to historian Dr. Howard
Markel, it was even promoted by the likes of Thomas Edison,
Queen Victoria and Pope Leo XIII.
It was an explosive debut that would be echoed a century later,
when cocaine reemerged as a different kind of miracle drug, the
kind that could let you party all night long with no ill effects
and no risk of addiction. Each time, the enthusiasm was
misplaced and the explosion left a wreckage of human lives
behind.

In 1884, Sigmund Freud was a young physician in Vienna,
struggling to make a living even as he dreamed of being a
world-famous medical pioneer. He just needed a discovery --
and he thought he had it.
"If all goes well," he wrote his future wife, Martha, "I will write
an essay on it and I expect it will win its place in therapeutics
by the side of morphine and superior to it. ... I take very small
doses of it regularly against depression and against indigestion
and with the most brilliant of success."
Freud wasn't the first to write about cocaine. The drug is
derived from the coca plant, where natives in South America
had been chewing the leaves for centuries. By 1880, a number
of companies had succeeded in creating a concentrated version:
cocaine hydrochloride -- that would set the world reeling. "It
was tens to hundreds of times more powerful than chewing on a
coca leaf,"
Markel says. "It was extremely pure and extremely powerful."
By 1880, a number of companies had succeeded in creating a
concentrated version of coca leaves.
In the 1880s, medical literature consisted of case reports:
doctors writing about their trial and error with individual
patients. By the early 1880s, there were case reports on cocaine,
many published in the widely read Therapeutic Gazette, which
was published by Parke-Davis, cocaine's largest manufacturer.
According to Markel, Freud devoured these reports and set
himself to writing the definitive tome. The result, in 1884, was
"Uber Coca," 70 pages of tribute to the white powder that Freud
thought could prove a cure for morphine addiction. ... Somehow
in his rapture, he mentioned only in passing that the drug could
also serve as a potent topical painkiller -- for which it is still

sometimes used. Halsted, then 32, was already a well-known
surgeon in New York when he read Freud's paper and was
immediately drawn to explore its uses as a painkiller. Aside
from high rates of infection, surgery in the 1880s was a brutal
business.
Ether and chloroform were used as anesthetics, but according to
Markel, doctors and nurses would have to literally wrestle the
patient to keep them down as they administered the choking gas.
Seeking a better method, Halsted began injecting cocaine into
his own limbs, as well as those of friends, students and
colleagues. While he discovered a valuable means of deadening
nerve endings, the findings came at a high price. By the time a
patient came in to his operating room a few months later, with a
compound leg fracture, the surgeon was a physical and mental
wreck. Says Markel, "(Halsted) was so high on cocaine that he
knew he couldn't operate. So he just left the scene, took a cab
and went home, and stayed at his townhouse for the next seven
months, high on cocaine." No doubt there were many addicts
like Halsted, but in large part their problems were hidden by a
wave of positive publicity.
The drug was part of the pop zeitgest in the 1970s and thought
to be an entirely safe drug.
"There were all sorts of health claims being made," says
Markel. "If you had a stomach ache, if you were nervous, if you
were lethargic, if you needed energy, if you had tuberculosis, if
you had asthma, all sorts of things. It was going to cure what
you had. And this was how it was advertised, too. Not only by
marketers who made these drinks, but by major pharmaceutical
houses."
But back then, drugs weren't trapped behind pharmacy walls.
Cocaine was sold in drinks, ointments, even margarine. The
most popular product was Vin Mariani, a Bordeaux wine
developed by a French chemist, with 6 milligrams of cocaine in

every ounce -- nearly 200 milligrams in a typical bottle.
In Atlanta, a Civil War veteran named John Syth Pemberton
created a copycat wine. Pemberton, who had become a morphine
addict after suffering war wounds, was interested in cocaine as
a treatment for morphine addiction. He was also a shrewd
businessman. When Fulton County, his Atlanta home, banned
the sale of alcohol, he concocted a sweet, nonalcoholic version:
Coca-Cola. In Vienna, Freud's own health was deteriorating due
to heavy cocaine use. He suffered an irregular heartbeat and
severe nasal blockages. "I need a lot of cocaine," he confessed
in an 1896 letter. Soon after, though, he swore off the drug.
"The cocaine brush has been completely put aside," he wrote to
a friend.
Freud may not have been truly addicted, but he wasn't alone in
growing wary of the wonder drug. Says Markel, "By the early
1890s, the medical literature was filled with reports of people
who had taken too much cocaine and now had become florid
addicts to the stuff." Halsted was one of them. But it didn't keep
him from developing the radical mastectomy, as well as
techniques that led to sharply reduced rates of complication and
infection. Among other things, Halsted invented the rubber
surgical glove.
The advertisements went away. By 1903, there was no more
cocaine in CocaCola. By 1914, the drug was often seen as
something for undesirables -- and often, mixed up in ugly
stereotypes. An infamous article in The New York Times, by the
physician Edward Huntington Williams, warned of a new
danger: "Negro cocaine 'fiends.' " Williams described a North
Carolina police chief who claimed his regular ammunition had
little effect on these drug users, and had switched to larger
bullets.
Wrote Williams, "Many other officers in the South, who
appreciate the increased vitality of the cocaine-crazed Negroes,

have made a similar exchange for guns of greater shocking
power for the express purpose of combating the 'fiend' when he
runs amuck." Later in 1914, Congress passed the Harrison
Narcotics Act, banning the nonmedical use of cocaine, as well
as other drugs, like marijuana. Cocaine's long career as an
outlaw had begun. Once banned, cocaine was largely off the
radar, although Markel says there was an uptick in use during
Prohibition. By the 1970s, the stories of criminals and addicts
were largely forgotten.
With the forgetting came an explosion in use that would surpass
the one a century before. Again, it started with the elite. "To be
a cocaine user in 1979 was to be rich, trendy and fashionable,"
says Mark Kleiman, a professor of public policy at the
University of California, Los Anegeles, and co-author of "Drugs
and Drug Policy: What Everyone Needs to Know." "People
weren't worried about cocaine. It didn't seem to be a real
problem." Of course, it was a mirage. The last straw for many
was the 1986 death of Len Bias, the former University of
Maryland basketball star who had just been drafted by the
Boston Celtics. Bias died of a heart attack after a night of
partying and cocaine use with friends. As they had a century
earlier, lawmakers responded with a ferocity that hit poor -- and
nonwhite -- users hardest. In 1986 and again in 1988, Congress
passed mandatory sentencing laws that led to an explosion in
the U.S. prison population.
"Virtually every state, as well as the federal government, now
has some mix of mandatory sentencing," says Marc Mauer,
executive director of the Sentencing Project, a group that
advocates for poor drug defendants. "Federal prosecutors will
tell you it's supposed to be for the large-scale or most complex
cases, but the reality is, it hasn't worked out that way." The
laws drew a sharp distinction between crack and powder use.
The sale of 500 grams of powder cocaine was punishable by a
five-year mandatory prison sentence; just 5 grams of crack

would bring the same penalty. It's a distinction with little rhyme
or reason, says Mauer. "It's the same drug."
Since the peak in the mid-'80s, the number of users has dropped
by about half, according to the most widely accepted studies.
Cocaine use today is dominated by addicts, according to
Kleiman, who estimates that 50% to 60% of all cocaine is
consumed by people who have been arrested in the past year.
Cocaine has been praised and cursed, not through one but
through two frenzied cycles, a century apart. And yet addictive
drugs, not to mention the lure of any cure-all drug, can have a
serious sway on perception. Freud never acknowledged the role
of cocaine in his physical ills, Markel says. "It's amazing what
people will do to deny the dangers of the things they tend to
like."
1
Links to topics to write paper on
"Cocaine: The Evolution of the Once 'Wonder' Drug" by Caleb
Hellerman, CNN July 22, 2011 6:21 p.m. EDT; and
Chandra, Siddharth. “Economic Histories of the Opium Trade”.
EH.Net Encyclopedia, edited by Robert Whaples. February 10,
2008. URL http://eh.net/encyclopedia/economic-histories-of-
the-opium-trade/
Foreign Policy at Brookings Institution (Mar. 2009). "The
Violent Drug Market in Mexico and Lessons from Colombia" by
Vanda Felbab-Brown; Policy Paper No. 12.
Chapter 1: The Drug Trade as a Global and National
Phenomenon”; (pp.1- 18) by by Mares, David R. (2005) "Drug
Wars and Coffeehouses"; 1st Edition.
Chapter 2: “Analytical Perspectives for Explaining the Drug
Trade”; (pp. 19-34) by Mares, David R. (2005) "Drug Wars and

Coffeehouses"; 1st Edition.
My professor gave me an F on this paper. This is the one you
had revised. I am on the verge of failing the course. Please help
me. I need it in 1 hour time. See the attached paper you did.
Plesae help me I give you all my work.
Professors feedback: “Hi Hussain, this is still not GSS data.
Please redo your assignment using only GSS data that I showed
you in lesson 1.
For assignment one: GSS DATASET 2012 info
http://www.cengage.com/cgi-
wadsworth/course_products_wp.pl?fid=M63&product_isbn_issn
=9781285458854&chapter_number=0&resource_id=21&altname
=2012%20GSS%20Data%20Sets Download it and it should be a
whole lot easier. Don't forget we're on suicide and do a person
social class determine their outlook on suicide.
Logins: Power2017 Login id: [email protected] login into:
https://estore.onthehub.com/WebStore/Account/OrderDetails.as
px?o=5e429e3f-1fe0-e711-80fa-000d3af41938 Product key to
get in is:415899f4f4b0e0abf028
This the link for GSS data. In it it shows the spss download as
well. Make sure it's 2012. Any. Questions I'm here to help.
http://gss.norc.org/get-the-data
(A)
My research questions is: is to figure out what people in the
particular social group think about suicide. In order for me to
figure this out I had to look at social class and look.at both
males and females in this claas.
(B)
1. 50 random people of the area

2. The general representation of the area
3. The much recourses required I can funding.
4. On the weekend at around the mall.
5. By meeting face to face and one by one
(C) Variables (you have expected to have only one DV and a
minimum of one IV. (10 pts)
My IV(s): if you have multiple IVs, provide information
for EACH IV using the format below.
IV Variable name in SPSS: I (Male) ii (female)
IV Question (as asked to the respondent verbatim) _____ Are
you male or female?
IV Answer categories:
i) -male & ii - Female
IV Level of Measurement Nominal
My DV: only ONE DV is required for your final portfolio
DV variable name in SPSS: 0- Undecided, 1- Yes and 2- No
DV Question (as asked to the respondent verbatim)
Do you think a person has a right to end gender life if this
person has an incurable disease?
DV Answer categories: Undecided, 1- Yes and 2- No
DV Level of Measurement: Nominal
(D)
Gender
Frequency
Percent
Valid Percent
Cumulative Percent
Valid
Male
29.0
56.90

58.00
58.00
Female
21.0
41.20
42.00
100.00
Total
50.0
98.00
100.00
Missing
System
1
2.0
Total
51
100.0
Suicide1
Frequency
Percent
Valid Percent
Cumulative Percent
Valid
Undecided
21

41.2
42.0
42.0
Yes
16
31.4
32.0
74.0
No
13
25.5
26.0
100.0
Total
50
98.0
100.0
Missing
System
1
2.0
Total
51
100.0
My respondents consisted of more males and females. Out of
the 50 respondents, males were 29 while females were 21.
Among all the respondents those undecided on whether people

with incurable diseases should have a right to commit suicide or
not were 21, those who said yes were 16 and those who said no
were only 13.
]
(E)
Conclude form the graph above, plainly my respondents
comprised of more male and females. Male were 58% while
females were 42 % of aggregate respondents. Among every one
of the respondents larger part were undecided on whether
individuals with uncurable infections ought to have a privilege
to confer suicide or not , this were nearly trailed by other
people who said yes and the minority were the individuals who
said no.
(F)
Option 1: Running measures of central tendency and dispersion
• [Running measures of central tendency and dispersion
i) Recoding
ii) Index construction
One should look over the procedures you explored about the
topic you are thinking about in more greater detail. Outline your
discoveries and glue all pertinent yield information here in this
record.
My information that I provided is maximized and clearly coded
and laid out I a way that we can enhance a conclusion by

making a crossing and a arrangement to come out with data
from both sides of the factors. The information that I provided
here is ostensible by nature by saying that all measurements of
focal inclination will have value
Be that as it may, for the variable suicide1 the modular class is
undecided. This implies larger part of the respondents were
undecided on whether individuals with incurable infections
ought to have a privilege to confer suicide or not. For sex, the
modular class was male, implying that dominant part of the
respondents were male.]
(G)
Research hypothesis: My hypothesis is males and females
regardless of social class differ on the topic of suicide
Null hypothesis: Are Males and females on the same page as it
relates to the issues related specifically about suicide
_____________________________________________________
______
Your DV, Suicide1, will go into the ROW.
Your IV, Gender, , will go into the COLUMN.
[
Suicide1 * Gender Cross tabulation
Count
Gender
Total
Male
Female
Suicide1

Undecided
11
10
21
Yes
11
5
16
No
7
6
13
Total
29
21
50
According to the research above a particular class both male
and female say that they are undecided if a person should
terminate because of illness. In any case, with regards to the
individuals who picked yes or no, a more noteworthy extent of
females feel that at deaths door patients ought not have a
privilege to submit suicide. This conclusion is not the same as
the males since a more noteworthy bit of males trusts that the in
critical condition patients ought to have a privilege to confer
suicide. My hypothesis is hence right.
Epsilon
Epsilon abridges rate distinction in rows of crosstabs. It is

figured by subtracting the biggest % and littlest %. Most
analysts trust that a rate contrast of over 9 % demonstrates a
solid connection between the factors being cross tabulated.
Suicide1 * Gender Cross tabulation
Gender
Epsilon
Male
Female
Suicide1
Undecided
% within Suicide1
52.4%
47.6%
% within Gender
37.9%
47.6%
9.7%
Yes
% within Suicide1
68.8%
31.3%
% within Gender
37.9%
23.8%

14.1%
No
% within Suicide1
53.8%
46.2%
% within Gender
24.1%
28.6%
4.5%
Total
% within Suicide1
58.0%
42.0%
% within Gender
100.0%
100.0%
Average difference =9.43%
The distinction between rows is generally high and the normal
contrast epsilon is high.
This implies there is a solid connection between the factors
gender and Suicide1. This implies contemplations about suicide
will be affected by ones gender orientation. My hypothesis
is along these rows revise and is acknowledged. Conclusion:
Males and females contrast on the issues related with suicide
Assignment 2: Tests of Significance
t-Tests

Mock Study 1: t-Test for a Single Sample (20 points)
1. Researches are interested in whether depressed people
undergoing group therapy will perform a different number of
activities of daily living after group therapy. The researchers
randomly selected 12 depressed clients to undergo a 6-week
group therapy program.
Use the five steps of hypothesis testing to determine whether
the average number of activities of daily living (shown below in
the table) obtained after therapy is significantly different from a
mean number of activities of 17 that is typical for depressed
people. (Clearly list each step).
Test the difference at both the .05 and .01 levels of
significance.
As part of Step 5, indicate whether the behavioral scientists
should recommend group therapy for all depressed people based
on evaluation of the null hypothesis at both levels of
significance (.05 and .01).
Data to be entered in SPSS (instructions below)
CLIENT
AFTER THERAPY
A
18
B
14
C
11
D
25
E
24

F
17
G
14
H
10
I
23
J
11
K
22
L
19
Step 1: Data managing
1. Open a blank SPSS data file: File New Data
2. In the blank SPSS data file, create your SPSS data set by
entering the number of activities of daily living performed by
the depressed clients (see above) in the Data View window.
3. In the Variable View window, change the variable name to
“ADL.” Set the decimals to zero.
Step 2: SPSS execution
a. Click: Analyze Compare Means One-Sample T test use the
arrow to move “ADL” to the Variable(s) window on the right.
b. Enter the population mean (17) in “Test Value”
c. Click OK.
Simple t test
Question research: To discover is the depressed people
experiencing group therapy (treatment) will play out an
alternate number of exercises of day by day living after group

therapy
One-Sample Test
Test Value = 14
t
df
Sig. (2-tailed)
Mean Difference
95% Confidence Interval of the Difference
Lower
Upper
ADL
2.165
11
.053
1.750
-.03
3.53

One-Sample Test
Test Value = 14
T
Df
Sig. (2-tailed)
Mean Difference
Lower
Upper
ADL
2.165
11
.053
1.750
-.76
4.26
Conclusion:
1) 0.53>0.05 fail to accept How, concluded that that the mean
number activities after group therapy is different from 14
2) 0.53>0.05 fail to accept How, concluded that that the mean
number activities after group therapy is different from 14
Mock Study 2: t- Test for Dependent Means (20 points)
2. Researchers are interested in whether depressed people
undergoing group therapy will perform a different number of

activities of daily living before and after group therapy. The
researchers randomly selected 8 depressed clients in a 6-week
group therapy program.
the observed differences in the numbers of activities of daily
living obtained before and after therapy are statistically
significant at .05 level of significance. (Clearly list each step).
As part of Step 5, indicate whether the researchers should
recommend group therapy for all depressed people based on
evaluation of the null hypothesis.
CLIENT
BEFORE THERAPY
AFTER THERAPY
A
11
17
B
7
12
C
10
12
D
13
21
E
9
16
F
8
17

G
13
17
H
12
8
Step 1: Managing data
1. Open a blank SPSS data file: FileNewData
the depressed clients (see above) in the Data View window.
Enter the “before therapy” scores in the first column and the
“after therapy” scores in the second column.
3. In the Variable View window, change the variable name for
the first variable to “ADLPRE” and the second variable to
“ADLPOST.” Set the decimals for both variables to zero.
a. Click: Analyze Compare Means Paired-Samples t-Test use
the arrow to move ADLPRE under “variable 1” inside Paired
Variable(s) window and then use the arrow to move ADLPOST
under “variable 2” inside Paired Variable(s) window.
b. Click OK.
t Test for Dependent Means

Paired Samples Test
Paired Differences
t
df
Sig. (2-tailed)
Mean
Std. Deviation
Std. Error Mean
Lower
Upper
Pair 1
ADLPOST - ADLPRE
5.000
4.209
1.488
1.481
8.519
3.360
7
0.012

Conclusion:
1. 0.05 : as we can see that p value < 0.05, fail to accept Ho
conclude that that mean number of activities performed by the
depressed people before and after the group therapy are
significantly different
2. 0.01 : as we can see that p value > 0.05, fail to accept Ho
conclude that that mean number of activities performed by the
depressed people before and after the group therapy are not
significantly different
Recommendation: based on analysis the group therapy is
recommendable for all the depressed people.
Mock Study 3: t-Test for Independent Samples (20 points)
3. Six months after an industrial accident, a researcher has been
asked to compare the job satisfaction of employees who
participated in counseling sessions with those who chose not to
participate. The job satisfaction scores for both groups are
reported in the table below.
the job satisfaction scores of the group that participated in
counseling session are statistically different from the scores of
employees who chose not to participate in counseling sessions
at .01 level of significance. (Clearly list each step).
As part of Step 5, indicate whether the researcher should

recommend counseling as a method to improve job satisfaction
following industrial accidents based on evaluation of the null
hypothesis.
PARTICIPATED IN COUNSELING
DID NOT PARTICIPATE IN COUNSELING
36
38
39
36
41
36
36
32
37
30
35
39
37
41
39
35
42
33
those who participated/did not participated in the counseling
sessions (reported on previous page). Please create two
columns. Column one is the test variable, where you enter ALL

the 18 scores in the table. Column 2 is the grouping variable,
where you use “1” to indicate if a score is from someone who
participated in the counseling sessions; and “0” to indicate if a
score is from someone who chose not to participate in the
counseling sessions. The data set will look like this in SPSS
Data View window:
36 1
49 1
……….
39 0
36 0
……….
3. After data entry, go to Variable View window, change the
name of the first variable (test variable) to “ADL” and the
second variable (grouping variable) as “group.” Set decimals for
both variables to zero.
a. Click: AnalyzeCompare MeansIndependent-Samples T Test
use arrow to move ADL to “Test Variable” use arrow to move
“group” to “Grouping Variable” when two (? ?) appear, click
Define Groups. On the next pop up window, enter “1” for
“Group 1” and “0” to “Group 2.”
b. Click OK.
. Restate the question as a research hypothesis and a null
hypothesis about the populations.
Null Hypothesis: There is no difference between mean job
satisfaction level of the employees who participated in
counseling,
and those employees who did not participate in counseling.

Alternative Hypothesis: There is a significant difference
between mean job satisfaction level of the employees who
Participated in counseling, and those employees who did not
participate in counseling
2. Determine the characteristics of the comparison distribution.
Participated
Did not Participate
36
38
39
36
40
36
36
32
36
30
38
39
35
40
37
39

39
41
42
37
Sum
378
368
Mean
37.8
36.8
Estimated Pop variance (S² = Ʃ(X-M) ²/df)
4.84444
12.17778
Standard deviation √ S²
2.20101
3.489667
Pooled estimate of the pop variance S²pooled
6.39997
-
Pooled estimate standard deviation √ S²pooled
2.52982
-
Variance of distribution of means:
S²M1
0.639997
0.639997
Variance of the distribution of differences between means S²
difference
1.279994
-
Standard deviation of the distribution of differences between
means S difference
1.131368198
-
t score

2.298
-
3. Determine the cutoff sample score on the comparison
distribution at which the null hypothesis should be rejected.

4. Determine your sample’s score on the comparison
distribution:
t = 2.298
5. Decide whether to reject the null hypothesis: Compare the
scores from Steps 3 and 4 .
t= 2.298 is less than the critical value, accept null hypothesis.
Conclude not
Evidence to suggest the researcher should recommend
counseling as a method to improve job satisfaction following
Industrial accidents.
Estimated effect size = 1.02774 large effect
ANOVA (20 points)
Mock study 4
4. 15 clients are placed in three different groups. Clients in
Group 1 receives 1 hour of therapy every 2 weeks; clients in
Group 2 receives 1 hour of therapy every week; and clients in
Group 3 receives 2 hours of therapy every week. Their number
of daily activities are recorded in the table on the next page.
the observed differences in the number of activities across three
groups are statistically significant at .05 level of significance.
(Clearly list each step).
As part of Step 5, indicate whether the researcher should
recommend counseling based on evaluation of the null

hypothesis.
GROUP 1
GROUP 2
GROUP 3
16
21
24
15
20
21
18
17
25
21
23
20
19
19
22
entering the number of activities performed by the 15 clients.
Please create two columns. Column one is the test variable
where you enter ALL 15 scores in above table. Column 2 is the
grouping variable, where you use “1” for “GROUP 1,” “2” for
“GROUP 2,” and “3” for “GROUP 3.” The data set will look
like this in SPSS Data View window:
16 1
15 1

……….
21 2
36 2
……….
24 3
21 3
……….
name of the first variable (test variable) to “ADL” and the
second variable (grouping variable) to “THERAPY.” Set
decimals for both variables to zero.
a. Click: Analyze Compare Means One-Way ANOVA use
arrow to move ADL to “Dependent Variable list” use arrow to
move THERAPY to “Factor,” which instruct SPSS to conduct
the analysis of variance on the number of activities performed
by therapy type.
b. Click: Options Descriptive (to obtain descriptive statistics).
c. Click: Continue
d. Click: OK
Test Statistics: One Way ANOVA

Source of Variation
Sum of Square
d.f
Mean Sum of Square
F
P Value
Between
80.093
3
26.698
12.811
0.000
Within
41.679
20
2.084
Total
121.773
23
Effect Size = 0.5203
Conclusion: 0.001 < 0.05, reject null hypothesis conclude that
there occurs a noteworthy variance among result of evidence by
the behavioral scientists as supposed by the Judges, Attorneys,
Jurors and Law Enforcement officials.
Additional question based on mock study 4

5. Describe the circumstances under which you should use
ANOVA instead of t-Tests. Explain why t-Tests are
inappropriate in these circumstances.
Chi-Square (20 points)
Mock study 5-1: Chi-Square Test for Goodness of Fit
6. The following table includes the primary method of conflict
resolution used by 20 students.
Method
Aggressive
Manipulative
Passive
Assertive
N of Students
8
2
2
8
Following the five steps of hypothesis testing, conduct
“goodness of fit” chi-square test to determine whether the
observed frequencies in the four cells are significantly different
from the expected frequencies at the .05 level of significance.
As part of Step 5, indicate whether the observed frequency is

significantly different from the expected frequency when equal
number of students in each conflict resolution style (20/4=5) is
assumed; and what does this mean in regard to this mock study.
2. In the blank SPSS data file, please create just ONE column.
This column stands for frequencies of different types of conflict
resolutions. We’ll use “1” for “Aggressive,” “2” for
“Manipulative,” 3 for “Passive,” and 4 for “Assertive.” The data
set will look like this in SPSS Data View window:
1
1 (enter “1” for 8 times, since there are 8 observations)
…
2
2
3
3
4
4
...
name of this variable to “STYLE.” Set decimal to zero.
a. Click: Analyze Non-Parametric Tests Legacy Dialogs Chi-
Square use the arrow to move STYLE to “Test Variable list.”
· This procedure instruct SPSS that the chi-square for goodness
of fit should be performed on the conflict-resolution style
variable. Note that “All categories equal” is the default
selection in the “Expected Values” box, which means that SPSS
will conduct the goodness of fit test using equal expected

frequencies for each of the four styles, in other words, SPSS
will assume that the proportions of students each style are
equal.
b. Click OK
Descriptive Statistics
N
Mean
Std. Deviation
Minimum
Maximum
Style
20
2.5000
1.39548
1.00
4.00
Style
Observed N
Expected N
Residual
Aggressive

8
5.0
3.0
Manipulative
2
5.0
-3.0
Passive
2
5.0
-3.0
Assertive
8
5.0
3.0
Total
20
Test Statistics
Style
Chi-Square
7.200a
df
3
Asymp. Sig.
.066
a. 0 cells (.0%) have expected frequencies less than 5. The
minimum expected cell frequency is 5.0.

Mock study 5-2: Chi-Square Test for Independence
7. Next, researchers categorized the same group students in the
previous study based on the primary method of conflict
resolution used and whether that student had been suspended
from school for misbehavior. These data are presented below.
Conflict Resolution Method
Suspended
Aggressive
Manipulative
Passive
Assertive
Total
Yes
7
1
1
1
10
No
1
1
1
7
10
Total
8
2
2
8
20

Following the five steps of hypothesis testing, conduct chi-
square test for independence at the .05 level of significance.
As part of Step 5, indicate whether the observed frequency is
significantly different from the expected frequency; and what
that means in regard to this mock study.
1. Continue to work on the data set created in Mock Study 5-1:
goodness of fit Chi-square test
2. Add a second column to the data set. This column stands for
whether or not a student was suspended from school due to
misbehavior. We’ll use “1” for “Yes” and “2” for “No.” The
data set will look like this in SPSS data view:
1 1
1 1
…
2 1
2 2
3 1
3 2
4 1
4 2
...
name of this new variable to “SUSPEND.” Set decimal to zero.
a. Click: Analyze Descriptive Statistics Crosstabs use arrow
to move “SUSPEND” to “Row(s)”use arrow to move “STYLE”
to “Column(s).” (Recall in crosstab, DV is always in the row

and IV is always in the column.)
b. Click: Statistics check “Chi-Square.”
c. Click: Continue.
d. Click: Cellscheck “Expected.”
e. Click: Continue.
f. Click: OK.
Additional question for mock study 5-2
8. Use SPSS to calculate the measure of association for variable
“STYLE” and “SUSPEND.” Insert your SPSS output here. Use
the concept of “Proportional Reduction of Error” to interpret
your output.
,
2

å
ú
û
ù
ê
ë
é
-
=
cells
all
E
E
O
2
2
)
(
c
cenario:
You are the new director of institutional research at a small
state university, and you have been assigned the task of
analyzing information for the dean of the School of Education
regarding the performance of their undergraduate students on
the often-controversial Graduate Record Exam (GRE). Many
educators believe the GRE is a poor evaluator of undergraduate
performance as well as a poor predictor of graduate school
performance. The dean is considering eliminating the GRE from
graduate school admissions requirements.
The dean has already collected data on four variables: 1)
gender, 2) grade point average (GPA), 3) GRE score, and 4)
graduate degree completion frequency. Your job is to develop a
proposed analysis to assist the dean to make an informed

decision regarding the future use of the GRE.
Using this information, develop the following foundational
components for a proposed analysis:
1. A relationship research question involving GPA and GRE
scores; corresponding null and alternative hypotheses; the type
of statistical analysis to be employed to determine significance;
explanations of fictitious outcomes identifying both non-
significant and significant relationships as related to both null
and alternative hypotheses; and recommendations based on non-
significant and significant findings.
2. A relationship research question involving gender, GPA, and
GRE scores; corresponding null and alternative hypotheses; the
type of statistical analysis to be employed to determine
significance; explanations of fictitious outcomes identifying
both non-significant and significant relationships as related to
both null and alternative hypotheses; and recommendations
based on non-significant and significant findings.
3. An effect research question involving gender and GRE
scores; corresponding null and alternative hypotheses; the type
of statistical analysis to be employed to determine significance;
explanations of fictitious outcomes identifying both a non-
significant and a significant effect as related to both null and
alternative hypotheses; and recommendations based on non-
significant and significant findings.
4. An effect research question involving gender, GRE score, and
degree completion frequency; corresponding null and alternative
hypotheses; the type of statistical analysis to be employed to
determine significance; explanations of fictitious outcomes
identifying both a non-significant and a significant effect as
related to both null and alternative hypotheses; and
recommendations based on non-significant and significant
findings.
5. Finalize your report with a written analysis of your results
and recommendations for the dean based on your findings.
Support your assignment with at least five scholarly resources.
In addition to these specified resources, other appropriate

scholarly resources, including older articles, may be included.
10 pages

Please see the feedback from the professor Hi Hussain, thank you .docx

Recommended

Recommended

More Related Content

More from mattjtoni51554

More from mattjtoni51554 (20)

Recently uploaded

Recently uploaded (20)

Please see the feedback from the professor Hi Hussain, thank you .docx