2. Conic Sections
We continue with the graphs of Ax2 + By2 + Cx + Dy = E,
where A, B, C, D, and E are numbers (A or B β 0).
3. Conic Sections
We continue with the graphs of Ax2 + By2 + Cx + Dy = E,
where A, B, C, D, and E are numbers (A or B β 0).
Their graphs are the conic sections as shown below.
4. Conic Sections
We continue with the graphs of Ax2 + By2 + Cx + Dy = E,
where A, B, C, D, and E are numbers (A or B β 0).
Their graphs are the conic sections as shown below.
Circles and ellipses
are enclosed.
5. Conic Sections
We continue with the graphs of Ax2 + By2 + Cx + Dy = E,
where A, B, C, D, and E are numbers (A or B β 0).
Their graphs are the conic sections as shown below.
Circles and ellipses
are enclosed.
6. Conic Sections
We continue with the graphs of Ax2 + By2 + Cx + Dy = E,
where A, B, C, D, and E are numbers (A or B β 0).
Their graphs are the conic sections as shown below.
If the equation Ax2 + By2 + Cx + Dy = E has A = B
so itβs of the form Ax2 + Ay2 + Cx + Dy = E,
Circles and ellipses
are enclosed.
7. Conic Sections
We continue with the graphs of Ax2 + By2 + Cx + Dy = E,
where A, B, C, D, and E are numbers (A or B β 0).
Their graphs are the conic sections as shown below.
If the equation Ax2 + By2 + Cx + Dy = E has A = B
so itβs of the form Ax2 + Ay2 + Cx + Dy = E,
dividing by A, we obtain 1x2 + 1y2 + #x + #y = #,
Circles and ellipses
are enclosed.
8. Conic Sections
We continue with the graphs of Ax2 + By2 + Cx + Dy = E,
where A, B, C, D, and E are numbers (A or B β 0).
Their graphs are the conic sections as shown below.
If the equation Ax2 + By2 + Cx + Dy = E has A = B
so itβs of the form Ax2 + Ay2 + Cx + Dy = E,
dividing by A, we obtain 1x2 + 1y2 + #x + #y = #,
and its graph is a circle.
Circles and ellipses
are enclosed.
Circles: 1x2 + 1y2 + #x + #y = #
9. Conic Sections
We continue with the graphs of Ax2 + By2 + Cx + Dy = E, where
A, B, C, D, and E are numbers (A or B β 0).
Their graphs are the conic sections as shown below.
The graphs of Ax2 + Ay2 + Cx + Dy = E are circles.
Circles and ellipses
are enclosed.
10. Conic Sections
If an equation Ax2 + By2 + Cx + Dy = E has A β B,
but A and B having the same sign,
Circles and ellipses
are enclosed.
Circles: 1x2 + 1y2 + #x + #y = #
11. Conic Sections
If an equation Ax2 + By2 + Cx + Dy = E has A β B,
but A and B having the same sign, after dividing by A,
we obtain 1x2 + ry2 + #x + #y = #, with r > 0.
Circles and ellipses
are enclosed.
Circles: 1x2 + 1y2 + #x + #y = #
12. Conic Sections
If an equation Ax2 + By2 + Cx + Dy = E has A β B,
but A and B having the same sign, after dividing by A,
we obtain 1x2 + ry2 + #x + #y = #, with r > 0.
This is an ellipse.
Circles and ellipses
are enclosed.
Circles: 1x2 + 1y2 + #x + #y = #
Ellipses: 1x2 + ry2 + #x + #y = #
(r > 0)
13. Conic Sections
If an equation Ax2 + By2 + Cx + Dy = E has A β B,
but A and B having the same sign, after dividing by A,
we obtain 1x2 + ry2 + #x + #y = #, with r > 0.
This is an ellipse.
Geometrically, ellipses are βsquashed/stretchedβ circles
along the horizontal/vertical directions of the circles.
Following is the distantβdefinition for ellipses.
Circles and ellipses
are enclosed.
Circles: 1x2 + 1y2 + #x + #y = #
Ellipses: 1x2 + ry2 + #x + #y = #
Ellipses also are
stretched or
compressed circles.
(r > 0)
16. Ellipses
Given two fixed points (called foci), an ellipse is the set of
points whose sum of the distances to the foci is a constant.
F2
F1
17. F2
F1
Ellipses
Given two fixed points (called foci), an ellipse is the set of
points whose sum of the distances to the foci is a constant.
18. F2
F1
P Q
R
( If P, Q, and R are any
points on an ellipse,
Ellipses
Given two fixed points (called foci), an ellipse is the set of
points whose sum of the distances to the foci is a constant.
19. F2
F1
P Q
R
p1
p2
( If P, Q, and R are any
points on an ellipse, then
p1 + p2
Ellipses
Given two fixed points (called foci), an ellipse is the set of
points whose sum of the distances to the foci is a constant.
20. F2
F1
P Q
R
p1
p2
( If P, Q, and R are any
points on an ellipse, then
p1 + p2
= q1 + q2
q1
q2
Ellipses
Given two fixed points (called foci), an ellipse is the set of
points whose sum of the distances to the foci is a constant.
21. F2
F1
P Q
R
p1
p2
( If P, Q, and R are any
points on an ellipse, then
p1 + p2
= q1 + q2
= r1 + r2
q1
q2
r2
r1
Ellipses
Given two fixed points (called foci), an ellipse is the set of
points whose sum of the distances to the foci is a constant.
22. F2
F1
P Q
R
p1
p2
( If P, Q, and R are any
points on an ellipse, then
p1 + p2
= q1 + q2
= r1 + r2
= a constant )
q1
q2
r2
r1
Ellipses
Given two fixed points (called foci), an ellipse is the set of
points whose sum of the distances to the foci is a constant.
23. F2
F1
P Q
R
p1
p2
( If P, Q, and R are any
points on an ellipse, then
p1 + p2
= q1 + q2
= r1 + r2
= a constant )
q1
q2
r2
r1
Ellipses
An ellipse also has a center (h, k );
(h, k) (h, k)
Given two fixed points (called foci), an ellipse is the set of
points whose sum of the distances to the foci is a constant.
24. F2
F1
P Q
R
p1
p2
( If P, Q, and R are any
points on an ellipse, then
p1 + p2
= q1 + q2
= r1 + r2
= a constant )
q1
q2
r2
r1
Ellipses
An ellipse also has a center (h, k ); it has two axes,
the semi-major (long)
(h, k)
Semi Major axis
(h, k)
Given two fixed points (called foci), an ellipse is the set of
points whose sum of the distances to the foci is a constant.
Semi Major axis
25. F2
F1
P Q
R
p1
p2
( If P, Q, and R are any
points on an ellipse, then
p1 + p2
= q1 + q2
= r1 + r2
= a constant )
q1
q2
r2
r1
Ellipses
An ellipse also has a center (h, k ); it has two axes,
the semi-major (long) and the semi-minor (short) axes.
(h, k)
Semi Major axis
(h, k)
Semi Minor axis
Given two fixed points (called foci), an ellipse is the set of
points whose sum of the distances to the foci is a constant.
Semi Major axis
Semi Minor axis
27. These semi-axes correspond to the important radii of the
ellipse. From the center, the horizontal length is called the x-
radius
Ellipses
x-radius
x-radius
28. y-radius
These semi-axes correspond to the important radii of the
ellipse. From the center, the horizontal length is called the x-
radius and the vertical length the y-radius.
Ellipses
x-radius
x-radius
y-radius
29. These semi-axes correspond to the important radii of the
ellipse. From the center, the horizontal length is called the x-
radius and the vertical length the y-radius.
Ellipses
x-radius
The general equation for ellipses is
Ax2 + By2 + Cx + Dy = E
where A and B are the same sign but different numbers.
x-radius
y-radius
y-radius
30. These semi-axes correspond to the important radii of the
ellipse. From the center, the horizontal length is called the x-
radius and the vertical length the y-radius.
Ellipses
x-radius
The general equation for ellipses is
Ax2 + By2 + Cx + Dy = E
where A and B are the same sign but different numbers.
Using completing the square, such equations may be
transformed into the standard form of ellipses below.
x-radius
y-radius
y-radius
31. (x β h)2 (y β k)2
a2 b2
Ellipses
+ = 1
The Standard Form
(of Ellipses)
32. (x β h)2 (y β k)2
a2 b2
Ellipses
+ = 1 This has to be 1.
The Standard Form
(of Ellipses)
33. (x β h)2 (y β k)2
a2 b2
(h, k) is the center.
Ellipses
+ = 1 This has to be 1.
The Standard Form
(of Ellipses)
34. (x β h)2 (y β k)2
a2 b2
x-radius = a
(h, k) is the center.
Ellipses
+ = 1 This has to be 1.
The Standard Form
(of Ellipses)
35. (x β h)2 (y β k)2
a2 b2
x-radius = a y-radius = b
(h, k) is the center.
Ellipses
+ = 1 This has to be 1.
The Standard Form
(of Ellipses)
36. (x β h)2 (y β k)2
a2 b2
x-radius = a y-radius = b
(h, k) is the center.
Ellipses
+ = 1 This has to be 1.
Example A. Find the center, major and minor axes.
Draw and label the top, bottom, right and left most points.
(x β 3)2 (y + 1)2
42 22
+ = 1
The Standard Form
(of Ellipses)
37. (x β h)2 (y β k)2
a2 b2
x-radius = a y-radius = b
(h, k) is the center.
Ellipses
+ = 1 This has to be 1.
Example A. Find the center, major and minor axes.
Draw and label the top, bottom, right and left most points.
(x β 3)2 (y + 1)2
42 22
+ = 1
The center is (3, β1).
The Standard Form
(of Ellipses)
38. (x β h)2 (y β k)2
a2 b2
x-radius = a y-radius = b
(h, k) is the center.
Ellipses
+ = 1 This has to be 1.
Example A. Find the center, major and minor axes.
Draw and label the top, bottom, right and left most points.
(x β 3)2 (y + 1)2
42 22
+ = 1
The center is (3, β1).
The x-radius is 4.
The Standard Form
(of Ellipses)
39. (x β h)2 (y β k)2
a2 b2
x-radius = a y-radius = b
(h, k) is the center.
Ellipses
+ = 1 This has to be 1.
Example A. Find the center, major and minor axes.
Draw and label the top, bottom, right and left most points.
(x β 3)2 (y + 1)2
42 22
+ = 1
The center is (3, β1).
The x-radius is 4.
The y-radius is 2.
The Standard Form
(of Ellipses)
40. (x β h)2 (y β k)2
a2 b2
x-radius = a y-radius = b
(h, k) is the center.
Ellipses
+ = 1 This has to be 1.
(3, -1)
Example A. Find the center, major and minor axes.
Draw and label the top, bottom, right and left most points.
(x β 3)2 (y + 1)2
42 22
+ = 1
The center is (3, β1).
The x-radius is 4.
The y-radius is 2.
The Standard Form
(of Ellipses)
41. (x β h)2 (y β k)2
a2 b2
x-radius = a y-radius = b
(h, k) is the center.
Ellipses
+ = 1 This has to be 1.
(3, -1) (7, -1)
Example A. Find the center, major and minor axes.
Draw and label the top, bottom, right and left most points.
(x β 3)2 (y + 1)2
42 22
+ = 1
The center is (3, β1).
The x-radius is 4.
The y-radius is 2.
So the right point is (7, β1),
The Standard Form
(of Ellipses)
42. (x β h)2 (y β k)2
a2 b2
x-radius = a y-radius = b
(h, k) is the center.
Ellipses
+ = 1 This has to be 1.
(3, -1) (7, -1)
(3, 1)
Example A. Find the center, major and minor axes.
Draw and label the top, bottom, right and left most points.
(x β 3)2 (y + 1)2
42 22
+ = 1
The center is (3, β1).
The x-radius is 4.
The y-radius is 2.
So the right point is (7, β1), the top
point is (3, 1),
The Standard Form
(of Ellipses)
43. (x β h)2 (y β k)2
a2 b2
x-radius = a y-radius = b
(h, k) is the center.
Ellipses
+ = 1 This has to be 1.
(3, -1) (7, -1)
(-1, -1)
(3, -3)
(3, 1)
Example A. Find the center, major and minor axes.
Draw and label the top, bottom, right and left most points.
(x β 3)2 (y + 1)2
42 22
+ = 1
The center is (3, β1).
The x-radius is 4.
The y-radius is 2.
So the right point is (7, β1), the top
point is (3, 1), the left and bottom
points are (β1, β1) and (3, β3).
The Standard Form
(of Ellipses)
44. (x β h)2 (y β k)2
a2 b2
x-radius = a y-radius = b
(h, k) is the center.
Ellipses
+ = 1 This has to be 1.
(3, -1) (7, -1)
(-1, -1)
(3, -3)
(3, 1)
Example A. Find the center, major and minor axes.
Draw and label the top, bottom, right and left most points.
(x β 3)2 (y + 1)2
42 22
+ = 1
The center is (3, β1).
The x-radius is 4.
The y-radius is 2.
So the right point is (7, β1), the top
point is (3, 1), the left and bottom
points are (β1, β1) and (3, β3).
The Standard Form
(of Ellipses)
45. Example B. Put 9x2 + 4y2 β 18x β 16y = 11 into the
standard form. Find the center and the x&y radii.
Draw and label the top, bottom, right, left most points.
Ellipses
46. Example B. Put 9x2 + 4y2 β 18x β 16y = 11 into the
standard form. Find the center and the x&y radii.
Draw and label the top, bottom, right, left most points.
Group the xβs and the yβs:
Ellipses
47. Example B. Put 9x2 + 4y2 β 18x β 16y = 11 into the
standard form. Find the center and the x&y radii.
Draw and label the top, bottom, right, left most points.
Group the xβs and the yβs:
9x2 β 18x + 4y2 β 16y = 11
Ellipses
48. Example B. Put 9x2 + 4y2 β 18x β 16y = 11 into the
standard form. Find the center and the x&y radii.
Draw and label the top, bottom, right, left most points.
Group the xβs and the yβs:
9x2 β 18x + 4y2 β 16y = 11 factor out the square-coefficients
9(x2 β 2x ) + 4(y2 β 4y ) = 11
Ellipses
49. Example B. Put 9x2 + 4y2 β 18x β 16y = 11 into the
standard form. Find the center and the x&y radii.
Draw and label the top, bottom, right, left most points.
Group the xβs and the yβs:
9x2 β 18x + 4y2 β 16y = 11 factor out the square-coefficients
9(x2 β 2x ) + 4(y2 β 4y ) = 11 complete the square
Ellipses
50. Example B. Put 9x2 + 4y2 β 18x β 16y = 11 into the
standard form. Find the center and the x&y radii.
Draw and label the top, bottom, right, left most points.
Group the xβs and the yβs:
9x2 β 18x + 4y2 β 16y = 11 factor out the square-coefficients
9(x2 β 2x ) + 4(y2 β 4y ) = 11 complete the square
9(x2 β 2x + 1 ) + 4(y2 β 4y + 4 ) = 11
Ellipses
51. Example B. Put 9x2 + 4y2 β 18x β 16y = 11 into the
standard form. Find the center and the x&y radii.
Draw and label the top, bottom, right, left most points.
Group the xβs and the yβs:
9x2 β 18x + 4y2 β 16y = 11 factor out the square-coefficients
9(x2 β 2x ) + 4(y2 β 4y ) = 11 complete the square
9(x2 β 2x + 1 ) + 4(y2 β 4y + 4 ) = 11
+9
Ellipses
52. Example B. Put 9x2 + 4y2 β 18x β 16y = 11 into the
standard form. Find the center and the x&y radii.
Draw and label the top, bottom, right, left most points.
Group the xβs and the yβs:
9x2 β 18x + 4y2 β 16y = 11 factor out the square-coefficients
9(x2 β 2x ) + 4(y2 β 4y ) = 11 complete the square
9(x2 β 2x + 1 ) + 4(y2 β 4y + 4 ) = 11
+9 +16
Ellipses
53. Example B. Put 9x2 + 4y2 β 18x β 16y = 11 into the
standard form. Find the center and the x&y radii.
Draw and label the top, bottom, right, left most points.
Group the xβs and the yβs:
9x2 β 18x + 4y2 β 16y = 11 factor out the square-coefficients
9(x2 β 2x ) + 4(y2 β 4y ) = 11 complete the square
9(x2 β 2x + 1 ) + 4(y2 β 4y + 4 ) = 11 + 9 + 16
+9 +16
Ellipses
54. Example B. Put 9x2 + 4y2 β 18x β 16y = 11 into the
standard form. Find the center and the x&y radii.
Draw and label the top, bottom, right, left most points.
Group the xβs and the yβs:
9x2 β 18x + 4y2 β 16y = 11 factor out the square-coefficients
9(x2 β 2x ) + 4(y2 β 4y ) = 11 complete the square
9(x2 β 2x + 1 ) + 4(y2 β 4y + 4 ) = 11 + 9 + 16
+9 +16
Ellipses
9(x β 1)2 + 4(y β 2)2 = 36
55. 9(x β 1)2
4(y β 2)2
36 36
Example B. Put 9x2 + 4y2 β 18x β 16y = 11 into the
standard form. Find the center and the x&y radii.
Draw and label the top, bottom, right, left most points.
Group the xβs and the yβs:
9x2 β 18x + 4y2 β 16y = 11 factor out the square-coefficients
9(x2 β 2x ) + 4(y2 β 4y ) = 11 complete the square
9(x2 β 2x + 1 ) + 4(y2 β 4y + 4 ) = 11 + 9 + 16
+9 +16
+ = 1
Ellipses
9(x β 1)2 + 4(y β 2)2 = 36 divide by 36 to get 1
56. 9(x β 1)2
4(y β 2)2
36 4 36 9
Example B. Put 9x2 + 4y2 β 18x β 16y = 11 into the
standard form. Find the center and the x&y radii.
Draw and label the top, bottom, right, left most points.
Group the xβs and the yβs:
9x2 β 18x + 4y2 β 16y = 11 factor out the square-coefficients
9(x2 β 2x ) + 4(y2 β 4y ) = 11 complete the square
9(x2 β 2x + 1 ) + 4(y2 β 4y + 4 ) = 11 + 9 + 16
+9 +16
+ = 1
Ellipses
9(x β 1)2 + 4(y β 2)2 = 36 divide by 36 to get 1
57. 9(x β 1)2
4(y β 2)2
36 4 36 9
Example B. Put 9x2 + 4y2 β 18x β 16y = 11 into the
standard form. Find the center and the x&y radii.
Draw and label the top, bottom, right, left most points.
Group the xβs and the yβs:
9x2 β 18x + 4y2 β 16y = 11 factor out the square-coefficients
9(x2 β 2x ) + 4(y2 β 4y ) = 11 complete the square
9(x2 β 2x + 1 ) + 4(y2 β 4y + 4 ) = 11 + 9 + 16
+9 +16
+ = 1
(x β 1)2 (y β 2)2
22 32
+ = 1
Ellipses
9(x β 1)2 + 4(y β 2)2 = 36 divide by 36 to get 1
58. 9(x β 1)2
4(y β 2)2
36 4 36 9
Example B. Put 9x2 + 4y2 β 18x β 16y = 11 into the
standard form. Find the center and the x&y radii.
Draw and label the top, bottom, right, left most points.
Group the xβs and the yβs:
9x2 β 18x + 4y2 β 16y = 11 factor out the square-coefficients
9(x2 β 2x ) + 4(y2 β 4y ) = 11 complete the square
9(x2 β 2x + 1 ) + 4(y2 β 4y + 4 ) = 11 + 9 + 16
+9 +16
+ = 1
(x β 1)2 (y β 2)2
22 32
+ = 1
Ellipses
9(x β 1)2 + 4(y β 2)2 = 36 divide by 36 to get 1
Hence, Center: (1, 2),
x-radius is 2,
y-radius is 3.
59. 9(x β 1)2
4(y β 2)2
36 4 36 9
Example B. Put 9x2 + 4y2 β 18x β 16y = 11 into the
standard form. Find the center and the x&y radii.
Draw and label the top, bottom, right, left most points.
Group the xβs and the yβs:
9x2 β 18x + 4y2 β 16y = 11 factor out the square-coefficients
9(x2 β 2x ) + 4(y2 β 4y ) = 11 complete the square
9(x2 β 2x + 1 ) + 4(y2 β 4y + 4 ) = 11 + 9 + 16
+9 +16
+ = 1
(x β 1)2 (y β 2)2
22 32
+ = 1
Ellipses
9(x β 1)2 + 4(y β 2)2 = 36 divide by 36 to get 1
Hence, Center: (1, 2),
x-radius is 2,
y-radius is 3.
(-1, 2) (3, 2)
(1, 5)
(1, -1)
(1, 2)
60. Conic Sections
Recall that after dividing the equations of ellipses
Ax2 + By2 + Cx + Dy = E by A,
we obtain 1x2 + ry2 + #x + #y = #, with r > 0.
61. Conic Sections
Recall that after dividing the equations of ellipses
Ax2 + By2 + Cx + Dy = E by A,
we obtain 1x2 + ry2 + #x + #y = #, with r > 0.
In the cases 1x2 + ry2 = 1where the ellipses centered at (0,0),
r controls the compression or extension factor
along the vertical or the y-direction of the circles
with the y-radius = 1/βr as shown.
62. Conic Sections
Recall that after dividing the equations of ellipses
Ax2 + By2 + Cx + Dy = E by A,
we obtain 1x2 + ry2 + #x + #y = #, with r > 0.
In the cases 1x2 + ry2 = 1where the ellipses centered at (0,0),
r controls the compression or extension factor
along the vertical or the y-direction of the circles
with the y-radius = 1/βr as shown.
r = 1
1x2 + 1y2 = 1
1x2 + y2 = 1
1
4
1x2 + y2 = 1
1
9
1x2 + 4y2 = 1
1x2 + 9y2 = 1
r = 4
r = 1/9
r = 1/4
r = 9
1
1 1 1
1
3
2
1/2
1
1/3