A short presentation to explain how to create an in-text citation.

1. IN-TEXT REFERENCING

2. WHAT IS IT?
In-text referencing is an embedded
acknowledgement of the
• person or website/database,
• year of publication and
• page where applicable,
responsible for the quotation or
paraphrase you have used in your
assignment.

3. WHEN DO YOU USE IT?
Whenever you use information or an
idea either as a direct quote or
paraphrase from a book or
website/database, the in-text reference
should be provided in brackets.

4. BIBLIOGRAPHY
Greer et al, 2012, Nelson ConnectWith History 8. Melbourne: Cenage
Learning Australia
MedievalTowns. (2018). Retrieved
from http://users.trytel.com/~tristan/towns/market/intro03.html.

5. IN-TEXT REFERENCES FROM BOOKS
Direct Quote:
• “Castle styles developed over the medieval period
with changes to features, design and weaponry.”
(Greer et al, 2012, p. 84)
• Greer et al. (2012) state that the “styles developed
over the medieval period with changes to features,
design and weaponry.” (p.84)
Paraphrase:
• As weapons and materials evolved over the medieval
period, so did the design of castles. (Greer et al, 2012,
p84)

6. IN-TEXT REFERENCING FROM WEBSITES
Direct Quote:
“Most large and ancient towns of England were once small, new towns and, moreover,
market towns; consequently English urban history cannot be fully understood by
focusing attention solely on the larger, better-known towns.“ (Medieval Towns, 2018)
Indirect Quote:
To get a true picture of how urbanisation evolved in the medieval period there is a
need to study smaller, market towns which sometimes had the the title “The Borough”
attached to them, suggesting an area where markets and craftsmen were known to
have been established. (Medieval Towns, 2018)