this is a study details about almost all the basic facts of human blood , and its some of the disorders with suitable examples , discussing the basic facts of blood , blood groups , methods, recipients of blood groups,disorders , usage etc please comment thank u

1. HUMAN BLOOD –
A DETAILED STUDY
MARTIN SHAJI
PHARM D

3. Hemoglobin, also spelled haemoglobin, iron-containing protein in
the blood of many animals—in the red blood cells (erythrocytes)
of vertebrates—that transports oxygen to the tissues. Hemoglobin
forms an unstable reversible bond with oxygen. In the oxygenated state,
it is called oxyhemoglobin and is bright red; in the reduced state, it is
purplish blue.
Hemoglobin develops in cells in the bone marrow that become red
blood cells. When red cells die, hemoglobin is broken up: iron is
salvaged, transported to the bone marrow by proteins
called transferrins, and used again in the production of new red
blood cells; the remainder of the hemoglobin forms the basis
of bilirubin, a chemical that is excreted into the bile and gives the
feces their characteristic yellow-brown color

4. Each hemoglobin molecule is made up of four heme groups
surrounding a globin group, forming a tetrahedral structure. Heme,
which accounts for only 4 percent of the weight of the molecule, is
composed of a ring like organic compound known as a porphyrin to
which an iron atom is attached. It is the iron atom that binds oxygen
as the blood travels between the lungs and the tissues. There are four
iron atoms in each molecule of hemoglobin, which accordingly can
bind four atoms of oxygen. Globin consists of two linked pairs of
polypeptide chains.

8. BLOOD GROUPING
In this method, a glass slide or white
porcelain support is divided into three
parts, as for each part, a drop of donor or
recipient blood is mixed with anti-A, anti-B
and anti-D separately.

9. Method
1.A clean and dry glass slide is divided into two sections with a glass marking
pencil. The sections are labeled as anti-A and anti-B to identify the antisera (see
Figure 786.2).
2.Place one drop of anti-A serum and one drop of anti-B serum in the center of the
corresponding section of the slide. Antiserum must be taken first to ensure that no
reagents are missed.
3.Add one drop of blood sample to be tested to each drop of antiserum.
4.Mix antiserum and blood by using a separate stick or a separate corner of a slide
for each section over an area about 1 inch in diameter.
5.By tilting the slide backwards and forwards, examine for agglutination after
exactly two minutes.
6.Result:
Positive (+): Little clumps of red cells are seen floating in a clear liquid.
Negative (–): Red cells are floating homogeneously in a uniform suspension.
7.Interpretation: Interpret the result as shown

10. SLIDE PREPARTION USING ANTISERUMS

20. SOME BLOOD DISEASES-

22. COLOR CHANGES – SOME REASONS
smoking,
arterial
blood/venous
blood,
anemic sample ,
polycythic
sample,etc

26. SICKLE CELL ANEMIA