2. Defining culture
How will you define culture?
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3. "Culture is the shared knowledge and schemes created by a set of people for
perceiving, interpreting, expressing, and responding to the social realities around
them"
Lederach (1995)
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4. "Culture is the collective programming of the mind which distinguishes the
members of one category of people from another."
Hofstede (1984)
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5. The Center for Advanced Research on Language Acquisition goes a step further,
defining culture as shared patterns of behaviours and interactions, cognitive
constructs and understanding that are learned by socialization. Thus, it can be seen
as the growth of a group identity fostered by social patterns unique to the group.
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6. Do you believe that there are good cultures and bad cultures?
The good, the ugly & the evil...
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7. Good Cultures vs Bad Cultures?
Who decides that?
Death penalty Teens marriage
Plastic surgery Gauging
Fast food Sacred food
Old people Sages
VS
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9. "Culture encompasses religion, food, what we wear, how we wear it, our language,
marriage, music, what we believe is right or wrong, how we sit at the table, how
we greet visitors, how we behave with loved ones, and a million other things,"
Cristina De Rossi, anthropologist at Barnet and Southgate College in London.
Good Cultures vs Bad Cultures
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10. Ethnocentrism
Ethnocentrism is a term used in social sciences and anthropology to describe the
act of judging another culture based on the values and standards of one's own
culture are superior – especially with regards to language, behavior, customs, and
religion (Omohundro, 2008; McCornack & Ortiz, 2017). These aspects or categories
are distinctions that define each ethnicity unique cultural identity (Andersen &
Taylor, 2006)
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11. Hence, when judging other cultures as good or bad,
are we objective or ethnocentric?
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12. Is one country equal to one culture?
Does your culture come from a single cultural source?
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13. Everything is relative, and only that is absolute
Auguste Comte
Your culture & My culture are equally good
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14. However, there is a boundary no one/nothing can
trespass
HUMAN RIGHTS
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20. Defining Culture = Cultural models
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21. Image retrieved from: https://akgtcanada.com/if-i-really-knew-you/
The Cultural Iceberg
Edward T. Hall (1976)
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22. Image retrieved from: http://www.culturewise.ie/onion-iceberg-models-of-the-culture/
The Cultural Onion
(Hofstede, 1997)
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23. Image retrieved from: https://www.cleverism.com/understanding-cultures-people-hofstede-dimensions/
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24. Image retrieved from: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hofstede%27s_cultural_dimensions_theory
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25. ● Do you think that is possible to reduce each country’s culture to Hoftede’s
cultural dimensions?
● Do you agree with the chart?
● Will all the citizens included in each cultural group behave according to
their cultural profile?
● Do you consider yourself a typical example of your country’s culture? Why?
Questions for reflection
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26. Let’s go on with a experiment …
Write your answers on a piece of paper and do not share them
until the end 😉
You can answer in both, your mother tongue and in English
READY?
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27. WHAT IS THE NAME OF THIS COLOUR?
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28. WHAT IS THE NAME OF THIS OBJECT?
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29. WHAT IS THE NAME OF THIS EVENT?
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30. ● Now you can compare your answers
● Did you agree in all your answers?
● Where those differences/similarities belong to micro, meso or
macrolevel of culture?
Questions for reflection
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