1. Grammar and Composition
~ Basic sentence structure
The simple sentence is composed of a single independent clause. This means
that it consists of one or more subjects and more verbs.
The compound sentence is composed of two or more independent clauses
joined by coordinating conjunction.
The complex sentence contains one independent clause.
The compound complex sentence contains two or more independent clauses
and one or more dependent clauses.
An independent clause follows the (S + V) rule as well furthermore, take not that
a dependent clause always has a subordinating conjunction.
~ Sentence errors
A run-on is composed of two independent clauses joined together in a
sentence without a correct punctuation or a conjunction
A fragment is a phrase or group of words that needs a subject and/or a verb
to make it a complete and independent idea. It may also be a dependent clause that
must be attached to an independent clause to give it meaning.
Phrases or fragments: Noun phrase, Verb phrase, Prepositional phrase,
Gerund/infinitive phrase.

2. Environmental Science
Abiotic component is defined as the nonliving chemical and physical parts of
the environment that affect ecosystem.
Biotic component is defined as the living things that shape an ecosystem.
Ecology is defined as the scientific study of interactions among organisms and
their environment.
Ecosystem is a community of living organism in conjunction with the nonliving
of their environment.
Environment refers to the sum of the external forces and conditions acting on
organism or community of organisms. There are two types of environment namely—
natural and cultural.
Science
• Is a branch of knowledge or study dealing with a body of facts or truths
• Is any branches of natural and physical science.
• Is a systematic knowledge of the physical or material world gained through
observation and experimentation.
Rules of environmental education:
1.) Understand how environment function and how action affect environment.
2.) Become directly involved in solving environmental problems.
3.) Awareness of environmental issues.
4.) Develop an environmentally life-rate citizenry who will support and ensure the
protection, conservation and city improvement of the environment.

3. Organism is any independent living things that can be small or large.
All known types of organism are capable of some degree:
1.) Response of stimuli
2.) Reproduction
3.) Growth and development
~ Three types of consumers
Producers are any kind of green plant. Green plants make their own food
by taking sunlight and using the energy to make sugar (glucose)
Consumers are organisms that cannot make their own, so they need to
consume plants and animals.
• Three types of consumers:
1.) Herbivore (plants)
2.) Carnivore (meat/flesh)
3.) Omnivore (both plant and flesh)
Decomposers are the garbage men of the animal kingdom. They take all
the dead animals and plants and break down into nutrient component so that plants can
use them to make more food. [Ex: Bacteria, Fungi, Mushroom]
~ Spheres of Earth
Lithosphere [“Litho” – rock/rocky] is the solid, rocky layer covering the
entire surface of the planet (25% ¼), composed of the crust and the hard uppermost
mantle and reactions to stresses as a brittle solid.

4. Biosphere [“Bio” – life] is a sealed, self-supporting ecological environment
created to study diverse ecosystems in a centralized medium. It is the zone of life of the
abiotic and biotic components.
Atmosphere [“Atmos” air vapor] is an important part of what makes Earth
livable. It blocks some of the sun’s dangerous rays from reaching Earth.
Nitrogen – (78%)
Oxygen – (21%)
Other gases [Krypton, Neon] – (1%)
Hydrosphere [Hydo’r – water] is the combined mass of water (15% ¾)
found on under land over the surface planet.
Salty water – (96.5%)
Fresh water – (3.5%)
Symbiotic relationship [“Sym” – together] is an interaction among living things.
Population is the number of living organism
Community is a group of living organism inhabiting specific organism, place, area/
location.
Competition is a symbiotic relationships between organisms where both species
are harmed by it.
Predation happens when one species benefits from the other is harmed.
Cellular respiration is the chemical reaction that releases the energy in glucose.
Photosynthesis is used by green plants (chlorophyll).

5. A food web (or food cycle) depicts feeding connections (what-eats-what) in an
ecological community and hence is also referred to as a consumer-resource system.
Tertiary consumer – Omnivore
Secondary consumer – Carnivore
First/primary consumer – Herbivore
Producer – Green plants
Trophic level is the position of an organism occupies in a food chain. It refers to
food or feeding.
Animals that eat ONLY PLANTS are called herbivores (or primary consumers).
Animals that eat OTHER ANIMALS are called carnivores.
Carnivores that eat herbivores are called secondary consumers.
Carnivores that eat other carnivores are called tertiary consumers.
Animals and people who eat BOTH animals and plants are called omnivores.
Then there are decomposers (bacteria and fungi) which feed on decaying matter.
Terrarium is an intergarden in a glass container.