Did WWI (One) impact African Americans Did black soldiers serve i.docx

Did WWI (One) impact African Americans? Did black soldiers
serve in the war?
The First World War turned out to be a revolutionary event that
shaped the economic, social, and political future of African
Americans. Before the war, more than ninety percent of African
Americans lived in the Southern United States, where life was
quite difficult. In the south were low-wage occupations, African
Americans faced constant threats of violence and were subjected
to intense discrimination and segregation both in their jobs and
housing under the Jim Crow laws. The start of the First World
War opened up new job opportunities for African Americans.
The demand for soldiers to serve in the war saw thousands of
African Americans relocating from the south to join the army,
where full-time employment was guaranteed. Additionally, the
American Industrial economy rose significantly during World
War 1, and many African Americans who migrated from the
south were fortunate to secure better-paying jobs, and gained
access to improved working conditions.
First World War also instilled in the African Americans a
strong desire to fight for a racially inclusive America (Jami,
n.d). A majority of the black soldiers viewed this war as a prime
opportunity to not only show their patriotism for their nation,
but to also demonstrate their place as equal citizens’ in the
country. African Americans who were sent to offer military
services overseas got the opportunity to interact with new
people (white troops in other foreign lands), and the positive
reception they received in new these new lands gave them more
motivation to champion for their rights when they got back to
their country. This war deepened their commitment to combat
white supremacy. Throughout the war, prominent African
American leaders worked closely with the government to
address the injustices bestowed upon African American soldiers.

First World War radicalized very many African Americans
(Delaware, n.d). It shaped the course of the African American
experience in the twentieth century.
References
Delaware (n.d.). African-American Participation during World
War I. Retrieved from https://history.delaware.gov/African-
Americans-ww1/
Jami L. Bryan (n.d.). FIGHTING FOR RESPECT: African-
American Soldiers in WWI. Retrieved
from https://armyhistory.org/fighting-for-respect-african-
american-soldiers-in-wwi/
See discussions, stats, and author profiles for this publication
at: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/337527299
Blockchain-Based Electronic Voting System for Elections in
Turkey
Conference Paper · September 2019
DOI: 10.1109/UBMK.2019.8907102
CITATION
1
READS
752
4 authors, including:
Some of the authors of this publication are also working on
these related projects:

Attack Detection And Countermeasures Simulation ADAX View
project
Alperen Kantarcı
Istanbul Technical University
5 PUBLICATIONS 1 CITATION
SEE PROFILE
Serif Bahtiyar
39 PUBLICATIONS 112 CITATIONS
SEE PROFILE
All content following this page was uploaded by Alperen
Kantarcı on 26 November 2019.
The user has requested enhancement of the downloaded file.
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/337527299_Blockchai
n-
Based_Electronic_Voting_System_for_Elections_in_Turkey?enr
ichId=rgreq-2c14d23c7c7e5ccedff93e8fa51038c2-
XXX&enrichSource=Y292ZXJQYWdlOzMzNzUyNzI5OTtBUzo
4MjkzNzc3ODQ4NTY1NzdAMTU3NDc1MDQ4MTEzMg%3D%
3D&el=1_x_2&_esc=publicationCoverPdf
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/337527299_Blockchai
n-
Based_Electronic_Voting_System_for_Elections_in_Turkey?enr
ichId=rgreq-2c14d23c7c7e5ccedff93e8fa51038c2-

https://www.researchgate.net/project/Attack-Detection-And-
Countermeasures-Simulation-ADAX?enrichId=rgreq-
2c14d23c7c7e5ccedff93e8fa51038c2-
https://www.researchgate.net/?enrichId=rgreq-
2c14d23c7c7e5ccedff93e8fa51038c2-
https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Alperen_Kantarci?enrichId
=rgreq-2c14d23c7c7e5ccedff93e8fa51038c2-
https://www.researchgate.net/institution/Istanbul_Technical_Un
iversity?enrichId=rgreq-2c14d23c7c7e5ccedff93e8fa51038c2-
https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Serif_Bahtiyar?enrichId=r
greq-2c14d23c7c7e5ccedff93e8fa51038c2-

https://www.researchgate.net/institution/Istanbul_Technical_Un
iversity?enrichId=rgreq-2c14d23c7c7e5ccedff93e8fa51038c2-
Blockchain-Based Electronic Voting System for
Elections in Turkey
Rumeysa Bulut, Alperen Kantarcı, Safa Keskin, Şerif Bahtiyar
Faculty of Computer and Informatics
Istanbul, Turkey

{bulutr, kantarcia, keskinsaf, bahtiyars}@itu.edu.tr
Abstract—Traditional elections satisfy neither citizens nor
political authorities in recent years. They are not fully secure
since it is easy to attack votes. It threatens also privacy and
transparency of voters. Additionally, it takes too much time to
count the votes. This paper proposes a solution using
Blockchain
to eliminate all disadvantages of conventional elections.
Security
and data integrity of votes is absolutely provided theoretically.
Voter privacy is another requirement that is ensured in the
system. Lastly, waiting time for results decreased significantly
in
proposed Blockchain voting system.
Keywords—blockchain, e-voting, electronic voting, internet
voting
I. INTRODUCTION
Elections are the organizations that is supposed to bring
democracy into countries. They mostly play a crucial role in

the future of a country and citizens life. Therefore, it has much
importance for every single person involved in these
elections. Regardless of the organization, elections have to be
trustworthy in its nature. They have to ensure people’s
privacy and vote’s security. Additionally, the authority which
is responsible for counting votes should not spend too much
time on counting votes since waiting long period of time for
results increases concerns about manipulation of results.
However, due to the different reasons depending on the areas
that elections have been made, trust has been a controversial
issue for each election. Especially, paper elections are
managed by a centralized authority, there is always a risk to
manipulate ballots and election results [1]. For example, there
are disagreements about security and privacy of elections and
whether all votes are counted correctly in Turkey. Moreover,
time factor can be a challenging issue for announcing results.
The speed of counting votes and making public the unofficial
results takes seven to eight hours in Turkey, whereas the

official results are announced in ten days approximately. The
official results of 24th June General Elections of Turkey were
expounded after eleven days on 5th July.
There are some attempts to remove problems of
traditional election system. These attempts try to benefit from
online systems to automate the whole process. Electronic
voting was used in elections of Austrian Federation of
Students in 2009 [2] and in some elections in Switzerland [3].
Although e-voting makes selection operation easy, privacy
and security worries still continue. To dissipate problems of
both conventional and e-voting elections, e-voting can be
improved using Blockchain mechanism. Blockchain has
impressive features to overcome troubles of voter’s security,
privacy and data integrity of votes.
Blockchain is an inalterable and an easy confirmable
system [4]. Under favor of these qualifications, Blockchain
has a significant potential to be an alternative to traditional
elections. It brings smart solutions to central authority

problem in terms of all blocks having all data in the chain.
Also, it is impossible to change an information in a block
since it is discerned by other blocks which have whole data.
Consequently, Blockchain increases the security of
information by keeping the entire data in all blocks, and
removes the need for an official center to provide a secure
election [5]. As mentioned before, counting votes and making
election results publicly available takes considerable time.
Blockchain solves this problem by its nature. Since the last
node on the chain keeps all information, it is enough to look
for only the last node for the results. This reduces the waiting
time dramatically. Thus, incomplete and official results are
explained at the same time.
Since each country has different laws and
implementations, proposing a definitive structure is almost
impossible. The suggested solution in this paper is
specifically for problems of conventional paper elections in
Turkey. Despite the solution is specific to one country, it may

be taken as a general application, and can be customized to
other countries. Security and privacy of votes and voters and
the speed of counting votes and announcing the results are
discussed in the solution. A representative model of the
system is presented in Proposed
Solution
section.
The paper is organized as follows. In Section II, related
works about e-voting and blockchain are discussed. In
Section III, general architecture of the proposed blockchain
based e-voting election system is explained and modeled with
supporting materials. At the following section, Section 4,
proposed system is analyzed from different aspects. In the
final section, Section 5, future work on the system is

discussed and conclusions about the research have been
made.
II. E-VOTING SYSTEMS AND BLOCKCHAIN
E-voting in different areas has been considered for a while
by some countries. The pioneer country in e-voting process is
Estonia which held online voting between 2005 and 2007 [6].
On the other hand, Blockchain-based election has not been
commonly applied yet. It is in development process in recent
years. South Korea is a noticeable specimen which brought
Blockchain-based election to a successful conclusion in 2017
[7]. Additionally, there are some papers that widen viewpoint
about Blockchain-based voting by offering different ideas.

However, not all of them is found useful by authors of this
paper.
In [8], the voting process relies on citizen’s email address
that can be hacked or manipulated easily. To be obvious, there
will be always some people who registers to the system using
someone else’s mail address and votes on behalf of them. For
example, a grandson may open an email address for his
grandparents from different devices, and cast their votes. This
method guarantees none of the required qualifications such as
security, data integrity or privacy that an e-voting system has
system. For such a system, stealing votes or changing votes
are totally.

Researchers of the [9], proposed a peer-to-peer blockchain
based voting system. Main focus of this research is to protect
the anonymity of the ballots and commitment of the votes to
the blockchain. According to this purpose, they propose a
unique vote commitment format. Their solution has solid base
for such a vote commitment format but we propose a different
system that leans on another system that is maintained by
government. In this purpose we preferred to use a structure
for chains that consists of different key-value pairs represents
vote itself.
Another paper proposes a solution with a database
alongside Blockchain [1]. The authors designed a system that

creates blocks following collection of ballots from voters to
keep them in a database until the end of election process [1].
In this paper, authors tried to eliminate the need for a
database.
Blockchain is being used for various areas such as IoT.
Since there are so many different devices and each of them
are processing different data, new approaches emerged from
this area. In [10] author discusses the blockchain IoT
interactions in the paper and one of the model that have been
discussed is hybrid model that uses different chains in
different layers and levels which inspired us in our blockchain
based e-voting system.
Another work in the related area propose a one-time ring

signature in order to ensure the anonymity of the voting
citizen [11]. However, each candidate in the election needs
public key pair in this architecture and adding a new
candidate increase the complexity of signing process and at
every node demanded CPU power increases. One time ring
signature architecture does not depend any trusting center but
in our special case we give the authority of the selecting a
candidate to the government which is the trusting center for
the election.
Previous researches are reported according to the most
remarkable properties in Table 1.
III. BLOCKCHAIN-BASED VOTING

Considering today’s technology, blockchain may create
one of the most prominent alternative to traditional voting in
terms of security, consistency and speed. While designing a
chain for voting in a crowded country, the system should be
secure. Many aspects should be considered in order to
construct a secure blockchain-based election system. First
factor is human for such a system. In the solution, human
interference is absolutely prohibited.
The proposed system will be consisting of nodes
(computers in design) that is closed to human interference.
Any input that cannot be considered as vote will be ignored
in this system. For such a system, stealing votes or changing
votes are totally blocked. Second issue is saving system from

hackers. In order to manipulate votes, hackers need to enter
the system as a citizen at proposed solution. Also, it is
guaranteed that a citizen can only vote for one time. When
citizen cast a ballot, e-government system will be informed
without revealing any information about vote. Then, e-
government system marks that person as voted. Since the
system takes electorate data from e-government, it is not
possible for a marked person to vote again. Although a hacker
is obtained the citizen information and entered to the system,
he cannot vote more than one time.
In a blockchain system, every transaction is related to the
previous one. So, changing an accepted transaction is

impossible for such a system. Due to the consistency of the
blockchain, data will always be consistent and voting will be
reliable. In a case of manipulation of the system such as
changing votes or stealing votes, other connected nodes will
already be synchronized. So, the changed data will be
identified instantly. Details of the system will be explained
below after the use case diagram and explanation of it.
As you can see in the Fig. 1, standard use case of the
election system is about the citizen and government.
Government in this system only provides the authorization of
Researches Architecture and Design Security Considerations
User Authentication
[1]
● Blockchain permission

● Maintain data integrity
● Data integrity
● Digital Signature
● Asymmetric authentication
[4]
● Smart contract
● POA Permissioned
blockchain
● Exonum, Quorum and
Geth Frameworks
● Secure authentication via
identify verification
● Does not allow to trace voters
from votes
● Transparent

● Identity verification service
[6]
● Multi-tiered
● Two Factor
Authentication
● Encryption based on
public-private keys
● User authentication
● Monitoring and auditing for
data integrity
● Risk of voter to forget their ID,
password
● Randomly generated password to
use on polling station
[8]

● Zcash tokens
● Authentication with
Challenge-Handshake
Authentication Protocol
● Anonymity
● Privacy
● Transparency
● Challenge-Handshake
Authentication Protocol (CHAP)
● The voters’ email addresses
[11]
● Smart contract on
Ethereum
● Anonymity ● Asymmetric authentication
TABLE I: METHODS OF PREVIOUS WORKS

the citizens who can vote or prevention of the citizens who
already voted for that election. Also, government and citizens
determine the candidates that will be participating in that
election. The ballot box information, candidates and citizen
ballot box relation will be provided by the government which
is the trusted party in the elections. After citizen’s vote, it is
added to the blockchain that we will be proposed below and
any vote has a guarantee from the system about being
immutable. Since a chain contains all the citizen votes
anonymously at the end of the election, the official results will
be announced within minutes after the election terminates.

Any concerning third party can get the chain and count the
votes for being sure that voting is really trusted.
We propose a system that has a leveled structure. There
will be different number of levels in that system according to
necessities of the country. In order to provide a fast,
consistent and secure system, system is designed in a leveled
architecture. This number will change from country to
country according to features of the country. Reasons behind
using a leveled architecture are explained below in detail.
Furthermore, consensus of the system is satisfied using DPoS
algorithms [12].
If the whole country would have been represented with a
single blockchain, synchronization of the system would have

a performance issue due to abundance number of ballots and
the distance between voting centers. Distance in connected
systems is always cause to latency. For a system that includes
all the country under the same blockchain, latency between
two voting center would be a big problem, because for
Turkey, expected latency would be around 100 ms at least.
This is a huge value for a system that consist of ten thousand
of centers and there would be voting at each center
simultaneously. In this case, synchronization of the system
would take lots of time. So, in order to decrease latency,
chains are distributed over levels. From lowest level to
highest level, there will be different chains at each level, and

connections between levels will be provided with a secure
system.
At the lowest level, there will be a chain that consist of
nodes (machines / voting centers) where citizens will perform
their voting about election. Due to the relatively less number
of nodes in the system, synchronization will take affordable
amount of time at the lowest level. When the number of nodes
is arranged in a good pattern (i.e. there will not be overload at
the chains that will cause enormous latency), system will
perform well. Citizen will go to the center and will enter the
system with the identity that is provided by the government.
We considered to build a system that is working on
Figure 1: Use case of the blockchain e-voting system

Figure 2: General system architecture
government’s system that will hold the data about citizen for
specified voting. If a citizen has not voted yet, citizen will be
able to vote one of the candidates. Candidates’ will be hold in
a database that will also be stored at government related
system, because they are already hold. When the
authentication process is satisfied, citizen will vote with
choosing one of the proposed candidates or blank vote for
those who do not want to vote one of the candidates. In this
system, proposed candidates will be taken from database that
includes relation between ballot boxes and candidates. Thus,

there will be only appropriate candidates. In our case, this
government is Government of Turkish Republic. We will be
using e-devlet system [13]. Since most of the authentication
system used across the government related systems are
managed by e-government system, it will not be hard to
implement this system relying on this system. When the user
pass the authentication phase, citizen will see whether he has
voted previously or not. If citizen has not voted yet, citizen
will choose desired candidate according to the steps explained
above.
At the second lowest level, there will be a cluster of chains
that stores data that are coming from below level. In this level,

facilities of blockchain technology are used to make system
consistent. For Turkey, we considered that 2 levels will be
enough. The system at the second level can have about 700
nodes considering population of the country. That brings a
huge performance improvement to the system because the
number of connected nodes decrease in this structure in a
considerable amount. Additionally, if the node numbers at the
2nd or upper levels are increased, performance increases
exponentially. For a country, which has more citizens, level
number can be increased in order to decrease collisions
between transactions. Consequently, system can be
considered as a scalable system.
Communication between levels are ensured using

communication protocols. This communication is need to be
done periodically. So, there will be a time delay between
synchronization of levels. Because, if each vote was
considered instantly, there would be a huge bottleneck. This
synchronization will provide consistency through the system.
For Turkey, according to our calculations, this
synchronization time should be 5 minutes. That means, at the
end of each 5 minutes period, each node cluster will send the
chain data to the upper level node. At this level, data will be
synchronized between nodes using a different
synchronization algorithm. For this level, we designed an
algorithm explained below. You can see the visualization for

this two-leveled example in Fig. 2. As you can see there are
voting centers which are using same blockchain in their
selected area. Also, you can think the voting centers as
numerous voting machines but for the sake of simplicity we
represent them as voting centers. Moreover, you can see that
level 1 nodes are using the same blockchain among the level
1 nodes.
It is stated that vote centers are nodes of blockchains.
There will be a file at each node (voting center) that stores the
number of data that indicates the number of votes accepted
from upper level at previous synchronization step. At every
specified time intervals, voting will be stopped for a very
short time period (it is expected to be 1 minute for Turkey) in

order to synchronize blockchain data between levels. When
the data is arrived to upper level from lower chain nodes, it
will be checked in order to satisfy consistency. If the
consistency of the data is ensured, answer will be a flag that
indicates the data is accepted. At this point, nodes at the level
0 will be waiting an answer from level 1 (and level 1 from
level 2, so on). If arrived flag tells the votes are accepted, the
files at each node (voting centers) will be updated. So, nodes
at the lowest level of one of two levels will always know that
how many votes have been accepted at above level.
Additionally, data will be added to blockchain at the level that
the data is arrived (if the communication is between level 0

level 1, indicated level here is level 1). This data will be
considered as a transaction block, that means all the new votes
(votes coming after from the previously added votes) are
considered as a vote cluster and considered as array in
computer scientific terms. This vote cluster will be a block
that will be added to chain.
At the synchronization phase, if the data coming to the
upper level from different machines are inconsistent, that will
be a case that should be considered with a care. In this case,
if the consensus could not be satisfied, the data will not be
accepted from highest level of the two levels and the
“decline” flag will be sent to the lower one. In this case, same
data should be sent to the upper level again. Until the

consistency is satisfied, this procedure will be continued, and
with this procedure, consistency will be satisfied at each level.
It is stated above that the all nodes at the lower levels
know that the data is accepted if the answer states, so, they
can continue working. But in order to satisfy consistency
through the system, delays between synchronizations should
be arranged very carefully. If the delay between levels
becomes a small amount of time, the time spent for
synchronization may grow much. On the contrary, if the delay
becomes a big amount of time, the data that will be sent
between levels takes an enormous size and to transfer this
data becomes a problem. So, in order to not bottleneck the

system, this delay between levels should be chosen carefully.
With the well-designed synchronization times between
levels, a high performance providing consistent system would
be obtained.
Block structures in levels can be seen below. The election
related data are stored in block as shown below through the
system. As seen in Fig 3. and Fig 4. we propose two types of
blocks: one is for building blockchain at the lowest level of
the architecture, that stores candidate info, ballot box info, a
“nonce” field that will be used for hashing and a prev_hash
info that will be used when creating block that will be added
Figure 3: Block structure at level 1 or more

Figure 4: Block structure at level 0 (lowest level)
to the blockchain, and other one is consisting of two fields:
one is prev_hash field that will be used in order to build
blockchain and other one, “lotb” keyword that indicates list
of the blocks. Attribute “nonce” is a state of art in the
blockchain technology which provides additional security to
each hash. For each chain, you select a pattern such as “hash
must start with 4 trailing zeros”, while creating hash from the
block system look to the hash pattern if it does not fit the
pattern then it changes the “nonce” string until hash pattern is
valid for the chain. It requires more computational power

because it will run hash algorithm multiple times until pattern
is matched but it also increase the security since if any
malicious party create a hash and try to add that block to the
chain, it also has to know the hash pattern. Since chain pattern
will be different for each election, third parties cannot predict
or create a hash that can be accepted.
At the lowest level (level 0), each block will be consisting
of one transaction and at each block, whole related
information about transaction (in proposed e-voting case, this
block indicates a vote) are stored. At the upper levels, the
votes coming from one below level are stored in clusters that
is sent through different time segments, and all of them are

stored as a monolith structure. When this data is arrived, a
new block is processed with the prev_hash data and added as
a block to the blockchain at described level. When a new
block is being tried to add to the chain, according to the
Delegated Proof of Stake of Etherium, it is added and data
consistency is satisfied. Adding block to the chain is very
costly operation. Therefore, there are some implementations
and research about this operation. In [14] Ethereum based
Smart Contracts system has been discussed for different
purposes. Researchers think that smart contracts can be
applied in e-voting and this project implements Smart
Contracts. Smart Contracts reduce the cost of the transactions
and it does not rely on a third party to operate. Turing-

completeness feature of the Ethereum allows to create
customized and more powerful contracts. More technical
details with different inspection methods can be seen in [14].
Summary of the voting procedure can be seen below.
● Authentication:
o Node gets credentials ← (voter_id, password)
and sends them with its node_id to e-
government system.
o E-government system validates user
credentials, validate (credentials, node_id,
usersInfo).
● Voting:
o Let vote be v ← vote (voter_id, candidate)
o v is added to blockchain, add (v, chain)
o chain information updated for all the voting

machines
o voter’s related field is changed to voted in e-
government system, vote (voter_id, userList,
true).
● Counting:
o Candidates are received from government,
candidates ← getCandidates(candidateList).
o Using highest level chain, votes are counted
and winner of the regions are determined,
results ← count (chain, candidates).
o Final blockchain can be distributed to any third
party to inspect the anonym votes with.
IV. ANALYSIS
With the using proposed e-voting system, there will be a

system that can be modified for each election easily. Because
of system is designed considering candidates at the main
voting mechanism and data can be provided however it is
wanted. Thus, this system is easily generalizable.
In this system, whole voting information are hold at the
highest leveled blockchain so, voting information of the
whole country can be reachable instantly at any time after it
is synchronized. So, it will not be a problem to explain results
of the election, and lots of time that is being spent in order to
count votes will be saved. This will change the old and
ineffective system and bring a modern and effective system
to Turkey, and also lead to save lots of energy and money.
According to calculated statistics considering the data

taken from official statistics site of Turkey [15], it is known
that there were about 56 million voters at the 2018 general
elections in Turkey. Considering this number, it is assumed
that 700 clusters (clusters include voting centers under them)
would be enough. This is not a random number; it is chosen
according to population of the country and bottleneck
probabilities at the levels. The geography is a big factor here,
due to the latency.
As all the systems, there is a potential threat for the
proposed election system. As Yli-Huumo et al. states, if any
attacker can get 51% of the computation power of the whole
network then it can manipulate the data and this is called 51%

attack [16]. In proposed system, node can only be gathered
via hacking or stealing the voting machines. Yet, stealing
51% of the voting machines of the country is nearly
impossible because in the elections law enforcements are
protecting the voting centers therefore any physical theft can
be prevented.
Apart from the previously mentioned risks, in case of a
disaster citizen who had to vote on the voting machine that
has damaged or unavailable to server can be distributed to the
nearest voting centers with legal inspections of the supreme
committee of elections. Citizens who vote on the voting
center that has any problem due to technical problems and
disasters can cast their votes in different voting center.

Although disaster can damage to the voting machine,
blockchain keeps secure all the casted votes. Therefore even
in extreme cases during the election day, elections can be
completed safely without any doubt.
V. CONCLUSION AND FUTURE WORK
Democracies depend on trusted elections and citizens
should trust the election system for a strong democracy.
However traditional paper based elections do not provide
trustworthiness. In this paper, we proposed a blockchain
based e-voting system which provides trusted, secure and fast
voting system for Turkey. Proposed system is suitable to
apply in another country whereas integration is a hard work

since each country has different laws and election system
changes between countries. For the future work, system can
be applied for a use case and measurements can be taken to
compare if the calculations hold. Synchronization and
consensus algorithms can be discussed and improved for
better performance and security.
REFERENCES
[1] R. Hanifatunnisa and B. Rahardjo, "Blockchain based e-
voting
recording system design," 2017 11th International Conference
on
Telecommunication Systems Services and Applications (TSSA),
Lombok, 2017, pp. 1-6.

[2] R. Krimmer, A. Ehringfeld, and M. Traxl, “The Use of E-
Voting in the
Austrian Federation of Students Elections 2009,” Internet:
https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/6b8f/34a5bd3e7eabc7e3a9a3f0
08187
e4415e26a.pdf [Nov. 26, 2018]
[3] “The Geneva Internet Voting System,” Internet:
https://www.coe.int/t/dgap/goodgovernance/Activities/E-
voting/EVoting_Documentation/passport_evoting2010.pdf [Nov.
25,
2018]
[4] F. Þ. Hjálmarsson, G. K. Hreiðarsson, M. Hamdaqa and G.
Hjálmtýsson, "Blockchain-Based E-Voting System," 2018 IEEE
11th
International Conference on Cloud Computing (CLOUD), San
Francisco, CA, 2018, pp. 983-986.

[5] S. Ølnes, J. Ubacht and M. Janssen, "Blockchain in
government:
Benefits and implications of distributed ledger technology for
information sharing", Government Information Quarterly, vol.
34, no.
3, pp. 355-364, 2017.
[6] A. Barnes, C. Brake, and T. Perry, “Digital Voting with the
use of
Blockchain Technology,” Available:
https://www.economist.com/sites/default/files/plymouth.pdf
[Nov. 20,
2018]
[7] A. Barnes, C. Brake, and T. Perry, “Digital Voting with the
use of
Blockchain Technology,” Available:
[Nov. 20,
2018]

[8] M. Pawlak, A. Poniszewska-Marańda and N. Kryvinska,
"Towards the
intelligent agents for blockchain e-voting system," Procedia
Computer
Science, vol. 141, pp. 239-246, 2018.
[9] P. Tarasov and H. Tewari, "The Future of E-voting," IADIS
International Journal on Computer Science and Information
Systems,
vol. 12, no. 2, pp. 148-165.
[10] Bartolucci, S., Bernat, P., & Joseph, D. (2018).
SHARVOT: Secret
SHARe-Based VOTing on the Blockchain. 2018 IEEE/ACM 1st
International Workshop on Emerging Trends in Software
Engineering
for Blockchain (WETSEB), 30-34.
[11] A. Reyna, C. Martín, J. Chen, E. Soler and M. Díaz, "On
blockchain
and its integration with IoT. Challenges and opportunities",

Future
Generation Computer Systems, vol. 88, pp. 173-190, 2018.
[12] B. Wang, J. Sun, Y. He, D. Pang and N. Lu, "Large-scale
Election
Based On Blockchain", Procedia Computer Science, vol. 129,
pp. 234-
237, 2018.
[13] Internet: https://lisk.io/academy/blockchain-basics/how-
does-
blockchain-work/delegated-proof-of-stake [Nov. 25, 2018]
[14] Internet: https://www.turkiye.gov.tr/ [Nov. 25, 2018]
[15] Alharby, Maher, and Aad van Moorsel. “Blockchain Based
Smart
Contracts : A Systematic Mapping Study.” Computer Science &
Information Technology (CS & IT), 2017
[16] Internet: https://sonuc.ysk.gov.tr/ [Nov. 16, 2018]
[17] J. Yli-Huumo, D. Ko, S. Choi, S. Park and K. Smolander,

"Where Is
Current Research on Blockchain Technology?—A Systematic
Review," PLOS ONE, vol. 11, no. 10, 2016.
View publication statsView publication stats
08187e4415e26a.pdf
08187e4415e26a.pdf
voting/EVoting_Documentation/passport_evoting2010.pdf
voting/EVoting_Documentation/passport_evoting2010.pdf
https://lisk.io/academy/blockchain-basics/how-does-blockchain-
work/delegated-proof-of-stake
https://lisk.io/academy/blockchain-basics/how-does-blockchain-
work/delegated-proof-of-stake
https://www.turkiye.gov.tr/
https://sonuc.ysk.gov.tr/
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/337527299

Introduction
A leader is an individual who can create a vision of the
future and inspire and motivate people to move towards that
vision. One of the great leaders in the American history is Sarah
Breedlove popularly known as Madame C.J Walker. Born in
1867, Madame was an American entrepreneur and philanthropist
(Henderson, 1994). She was one of the first African American
self-made millionaires in the country. Madame made her
fortunes in the beauty industry by selling hair care and
cosmetics products through the company she founded by the
name “Madame C.J Walker manufacturing company” (Stille,
2016). Madame died in 1919 at the age of 51from hypertension
complications and kidney failure (Stille, 2016). Walker was a
great leader and a successful business woman because she
managed to build a multimillion company, created job
opportunities for thousands of people and participated in
philanthropic work.
In the late 1880s, Breedlove developed a scalp disorder
that affected the growth of her hair. Walker began consulting
her brothers and in due course began experimenting with both
hair care treatments and homemade remedies in an attempt to
manage the effects of the disorder. After moving to Denver in
1905, she realized she could develop her own products. She
changed her name to Madame C.J Walker and established her

own company. Her husband helped her with advertisements. The
business started selling a scalp healing treatment that Sarah
argued had been revealed in a dream (Prieto et al., 2019).
The business grew significantly within a very short
period of time and she was able to expand the business to new
locations. In 1908, she opened a factory and a Lelia College in
Pittsburg. In this college, she taught hair culturists scalp
treatment method to her students. Business operations were
transferred to Indianapolis by 1910 as the company had become
highly Successful.The Company continued to expand in the
early 20th century and also provided training to sales
beauticians. These beauticians became agents for the company
and advocate for Walkers philosophy of “cleanliness and
loveliness” (Stille, 2016).
In the late 1800s and early 1900s, most African
American women could not get decent jobs. Some of them were
jobless and depended on their husbands for their upkeep.
Recognizing this trend, Walker established a college and trained
other women especially black American women to become
beauty culturists. During the peak of her career, between 1911
and 1919 Madame and her company created job opportunities
for thousands of women who worked as sales agents (Phipps &
Prieto, 2018).
The company had trained more than twenty thousand
women by the end of 1917. These agents normally dressed on

black skirts and white shirts and visited houses across the
United States offering the company’s products. Additionally,
Madam encouraged women to become financially independent
by showing them how to budget and establish their own
enterprises. She organized women who she had trained into
local clubs and states in 1917. This led to development of the
“National Beauty Culturists and Benevolent Association of
Madam C. J. Walker agents” (Stille, 2016). After her death, the
company expanded further and entered to new territories crated
thousands of jobs for women.
As Madame’s wealth increased, she became more vocal
about her ideas. She was also more involved in organizations
and less fortunate in the society. One of her most notable
contributions was $1000 to the “Young Men’s Christian
Association” (Stille, 2016). Madame also provides scholarships
for students at several black boarding schools and colleges as
well as financial support retirements homes, orphanages and to
preserve Frederick Douglass’s home. Her college allowed
women from poor communities to gain knowledge and skills to
help them become financially independent. Madame was
committed to give back to the community through other similar
initiatives (Phipps & Prieto, 2018).
Other beneficiaries of her philanthropy include Haines
Normal and Industrial Institute and Palmer memorial institute.
Walker also became more vocal on political matters. She

advocated for African American soldiers who participated in the
World War I in France. She also spoke against lynching in
1917. She also delivered numerous lectures on social, political
and economic issues at various conventions. Before she died,
Madame pledge $5000 to the anti-lynching fund. Her
contribution in the political arena was significant and cannot be
ignored.
In conclusion, Madame C.J Walker was a great leader
and a successful business woman because she managed to build
a multimillion company, created job opportunities for thousands
of people and participated in philanthropic work. Under her
leadership, Madame C.J Walker grew and expanded to different
locations in the United State and other countries. Her company
created numerous jobs for women who would have otherwise
remained jobless. She also encouraged women to establish their
own companies and become financially independent by training
them how to budget. Her political contribution also helped to
create a democratic America where the rights of all individuals
are respected.
References
Henderson, A. B. (1994). Feldman, Lynne B., and John N.
Ingham, African-American Business Leaders: A Biographical
Dictionary (Book Review). Business History Review, 68(2),
289. Retrieved
from https://search.proquest.com/openview/7e8e65cc613bb3591

4684111342e4604/1?pq-origsite=gscholar&cbl=1816411
Phipps, S. T., & Prieto, L. C. (2018). The business of black
beauty: social entrepreneurship or social injustice?. Journal of
Management History. Retrieved
from https://www.emerald.com/insight/content/doi/10.1108/JM
H-06-2017-0029/full/html
Prieto, L. C., Phipps, S. T., Prieto, L. C., & Phipps, S. T.
(2019). The Beauty of Entrepreneurship: A Tribute to Two
Pioneering Social Entrepreneurs', African American
Management History: Insights on Gaining a Cooperative
Advantage. Retrieved
from https://www.emerald.com/insight/content/doi/10.1108/978-
1-78756-659-020191008/full/html
Stille, D. R. (2016). Madam CJ Walker: The Inspiring Life
Story of the Hair Care Entrepreneur. Capstone. Retrieved
from https://books.google.co.ke/books?hl=en&lr=&id=dA7ZDA
AAQBAJ&oi=fnd&pg=PA5&dq=Madame+C.J.+Walker+&ots=
W1zv2qinct&sig=E1q6OrG2RxjkKDBYDG-
Kyd4glNg&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q=Madame%20C.J.%20Wa
lker&f=false

Did WWI (One) impact African Americans Did black soldiers serve i.docx

Recommended

Recommended

More Related Content

Similar to Did WWI (One) impact African Americans Did black soldiers serve i.docx

Similar to Did WWI (One) impact African Americans Did black soldiers serve i.docx (8)

More from mariona83

More from mariona83 (20)

Recently uploaded

Recently uploaded (20)

Did WWI (One) impact African Americans Did black soldiers serve i.docx