Idiopathic Scoliosis Research Paper

Idiopathic Scoliosis Research Paper
Scoliosis is a medical condition in which a person's spinal axis has a three–dimensional deviation. The column normally has a gentle outward curve
known as kyphosis while the lower back, lumbar, has the opposite curve directed inward known as lordosis. The abnormal curvature of the spine goes
either to the left or the right creating the letter C or S.Dextroscoliosis– is the spinal curve to the right ("dextro" = right). It usually occurs in the thoracic
spine which is the most common type curve. It can occur on its own (forming a "C" shape) or with another curve bending the opposite way in the
lower spine (forming an "S"). Besides the curve in the thoracic area the lumber area, lower back is also a common region for scoliosis. The curvature ...
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However, it all depends on the severity of the curvature of the spine. Some treatments are as follow: Casting–guides the position of the spine back to its
normal position as the bone develops in a child. Braces– prevent further curvature but it will not cure or reverse it. Surgery (spinal fusion) Surgery
consists of correcting the curved spine back to as close to normal as possible and performing a spinal fusion to hold it in place. It minimizes the
curvature and stops it from progressing. Just like any other surgery, there are risk factors. For instance, a rod may move from its correct position,
known as rod displacement. Pseudarthrosis– one of the bones that was used to fuse the spine does not graft properly. Infection can develop and
developed infection after operation can be treated with antibiotics. Nerve Damage can become a result. When back pain presents itself it can be
lessened with physical therapy massage and exercising as well as
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Osteoporosis A Severe Musculoskeletal Disease
Alissa Stevens
MED 2047
Osteoporosis
Instructor Michelle Earixson–Lamonthe
2/28/2015
VNFT031
"Worldwide, osteoporosis causes more than 8.9 million fractures annually, resulting in an osteoporotic fracture every 3 seconds" (Johnell, 2006 ).
Making Osteoporosis a severe musculoskeletal disease. We will cover any the expected findings, signs and symptoms that you will find upon your
assessment. It will also cover the routes of treatments, medications and preventive measures to emphasize to your client and the results and
complications that can arise if these rules cannot be met. It will conclude with detailed nursing interventions as well as risks and what to express to
your client upon discharge. According to Judith (2010), Osteoporosis is a loss of the reabsorption in the bones by way of calcium, plasma, and
phosphate. Estrogen production helps bones metabolism by stimulating osteoblastic activity and limiting osteoclastic effects of the parathyroid
hormone. It develops when the new formation of bones fall behind in the reabsorption process (Judith, 2010). In simpler terms, it's a loss of bone mass
due to a metabolic bone disorder affected by the rate of bone resorption advances while the rate of the bone formation reduces. According to Judith
(2010), the bones end up losing calcium, phosphates and end up brittle making them prone to fractures and further complications (P . 236). The cause
of this disease is having a extensive history of a

Body Deformities In Schools Essay
Introduction Body deformities in schoolchildren and adolescents are on the rise mainly due to external factors such as prolonged inadequate
positions, inadequate school furniture, physical inactivity and overweight school bags. Modern life style encourages children to spend a large
amount of time sitting at the computer instead in playground from an early age (1). Physical activity in the modern age generations is decreasing
every year, and it is often reduced only to mandatory physical education classes at school, which is not enough to prevent the occurrence of
deformities or affect their correction. There has been an increased percentage of posture deformities in schoolchildren over the past 15 years (2).
The position of the spine is characterized by spinal curves (3, 4), two of which are kyphotic: thoracic and sacral; and the remaining two are
lordotic: cervical and lumbar. These four curves are essential for balance, absorption and distribution of stress, as well as for the flexibility and range
of motion of the spine. The decrease or increase of those curves beyond the normal physiological range adversely affects the motor skills, and if these
values are drastically disturbed, deformities may tamper the work of some organs (e.g. heart and lungs) (5–7), they can cause bigger problems in the
locomotor activities, create an aesthetic problem and may impair the quality of life (8). Postural variations, such as lateral asymmetry, have been
regarded as possible risk

Lordosis Observation Paper
The person posture I will be discussing is using a laptop. The laptop is located on their lap, with the screen about 8 inches from the face. The person
I'm observing is also sitting in a chair with a flexible back and a headrest. Even though there is a large backrest, the person is hunched over towards the
computer screen. This created a huge curvature in the back, especially in the thoracic region. There is a greater kyphosis curvature within the thoracic
region also affects the other regions of the spine. The lumbar spine seems to have a less lordosis curvature as this person is hunching over to look at
the computer screen. The cervical have more a greater lordosis curvature compared to a normal sitting posture. The person is sitting

A Cannonball Moment : A Reflection Of My Father
Reflection Essay A cannonball moment. A moment that knocks you down, but shifts your life's direction and makes you realize something special.
Growing up as a child, my grandfather was much more than a grandfather, he was my best friend. He was always smiling, always energized, and
always willing to help anyone with anything. Unfortunately, old age gets the best of us. As the years went on, his smile seemed to disappear, his
energy became diminished, and he couldn't help anyone anymore due to his physical condition. He was recently diagnosed with kyphosis of the neck
and spinal stenosis. Kyphosis and spinal stenosis both decrease the function of your neck and spine. My grandfather used to be able to stand up
straight, but now his back... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
I contemplated whether or not to check yes or no. I wanted to be able to help people who had been diagnosed with conditions similar to my
grandfathers. If my grandfather's physical therapist was not able to make a significant improvement with his neck and back, then I should I still
consider a spot in the program? I did my research and discussed my decision with another student already enrolled in the program. I decided to apply.
In my profession, I want to make a monumental difference in someone's lives. I did further research and realized that in order to make a monumental
difference in the field of physical therapy, it takes time. In some cases, it takes years for progress to be made and in other cases, if progress cannot be
made, regression can be slowed down. Due to my grandfather's age, his body is already starting to deteriorate so progress will be a long and hard
journey for him. I assumed that physical therapy did not make much of a difference for grandfather, but he recently told me that physical therapy has
helped his ability to move and lessened his pain. Ultimately, my grandfather's journey is the reason I decided to attend the University of Scranton,
major in biology, and after graduating, pursue a career as a pediatric physical therapist. I want to help children with similar conditions rather than adults
and elders so I that I can prevent more adults and elders from developing the

Kyphosis Research Paper
Kyphosis or Kyphotic also described as a "C"– shaped curve to the spine, where the curve of the spine produces the opening of the "C" to the anterior
of the body. With this condition it affects the Thoracic Spine (upper back) that has a normal outward curvature, which the spine is bent forward. The
individual bones (vertebrae) are what make up a healthy spine that looks like cylinders that are stacked in a column. A normal thoracic spine extends
from the 1st to the 12th vertebra that is measured at 20–40 degrees . If the curvature of the spine approaches 45–50 degrees or more you are then
looking at an abnormal spinal deformities . Leading the thoracic spine to curve outside of its normal range creating a rounding of the back or
hunchback where... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Postural Kyphosis is self–correctable , by correcting the muscular imbalances, when you lie down on a flat surface or when the spine is
hyper–extended. Postural thoracic is treated with some reeducation of posture and focused on strengthening of exercises. By being persistent in
exercising, you can alleviate a huge amount of discomfort with the overstretched back muscles, Physical therapy is advised to help strengthen the
muscles to correct the curvature of the spine . Braces and Surgery is advised if this condition is at its worse state. With mild pain relievers such as
acetaminophen, Tylenol, Ibuprofen just to name a few is known to relieve the discomfort pain in the spine. Kyphosis is known as the beginner of all
these cause such as Scheuermann's kyphosis, Congenital kyphosis, hyperlordosis, Osteoporosis or some are just born with this spinal deformity. Just
remember Kyphosis is not a disorder, instead it is the description of a curve. So remember Postural Kyphosis is self– correctable so keep though heads
up, straighten your back when you feel pressure on your spine to relieve the pain. Let's start correcting our spines to lead a better longer healthier life's
with great

Essay On Kyphosis
Kyphosis is a well–known postural deformity also known as a disease of the skeletal system. The term kyphosis is not the familiar term that people
think of when they see someone with this disease, most people known this disease as hunchback or someone with an extreme slouching posture.
Kyphosis can occur at any age, but it is most common in older women. Age related Kyphosis occurs in older women and men. There are different types
of kyphosis such as latrogenic, nutritional, neuromuscular, degenerative, scheuermann's disease, and congenital kyphosis, and ranges in severity.
Depending on the type of kyphosis, it can be prevented or treated. Postural kyphosis, for example, is caused by poor posture. The phrase "Straighten
up!" has a whole new meaning.... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The most drastic treatment option is surgery and even with surgery the chances of it coming back is likely. The development of a smart garment
known as the back brace was invented to reduce kyphosis during daily living. Postural kyphosis caused by poor posture from slouching or repetitive
forward bending on the spine causing stress and strain. Maintaining improper posture for prolonged time exerts significant stress on the spine. Studies
have shown that excessive stress on the vertebral endplates can over time render vertebrae to become wedge shaped, thereby worsening the kyphosis
curve. [14]The wedge shape causing the back to appear as hunch back or humpback. The leading cause of this type of kyphosis in adolescent is being
caused by the increased advancement of computer–related activities, children and teens spending more time in front of a computer for an excessive
amount of time unaware of their posture. The smart garment system consist of a harness and two data sensor loggers. The harness device worn on
the upper body like a vest. The brace worn to force the person's to be aware of their posture and the data sense logger used to log the person
posture to see how

Achondroplasia Problem
Health problems also come along with the physical imbalances. Health symptoms include hydrocephalus, apnea, kyphosis, and spinal stenosis. The ribs
can also grow abnormally, which happens in 80 to 99 percent of cases.
Achondroplasia can be found during pregnancy with a fetal ultrasound. DNA testing has become more common over the past few years. It is used
before birth for parents who have a higher chance at having a child with the homeostatic imbalance. Genetic testing is used when a doctor suspects
something wrong. The tests search for the abnormal gene from a sample of amniotic fluid. If no signs of achondroplasia are found during pregnancy, the
doctor will check the child's features by looking at their legs, arms, and head to see if they

Marfan Syndrome Research Paper
There is no cure for Marfan Syndrome but people with Marfan Syndrome can live long fulfilling lives. Here are many ways that people live day to day
with this disease: Heart and Blood Vessels:–Medications –Atenolol and Losartan –Tests (regularly) –Echocardiogram –Heart structures –Magnetic
Resonance Angiogram –Segments of aorta –Transesophageal Echocardiogram –Ascending and descending thoracic aorta and heart valves –Sedation
–Don't over exert, light exercise recommended Bones and Joints: –Chiropractic care is not usually recommended –Scoliosis –The placement of screws
in the spine are accurate and safe. Special attention when placing screw in the lumbar spine and the concave side of the spine. If not complications

The Tthoracic Spine
The thoracic spine encompasses the upper– and middle–back region. It joins the cervical spine and extends down about five inches past the bottom of
the shoulder blades, where it connects with the lumbar spine.
There are 12 vertebra making up the thoracic spine. While the cervical spine is built for flexibility (e.g. turning the head) and lumbar spine is built for
power and flexibility (e.g. lifting heavy objects, touching the toes), the thoracic spine is built for stability and does not have the same flexibility. This
stability plays an important role in holding the body upright and providing protection for the vital organs in the chest.
The thoracic spine is an intricate construct of bones, muscles, spinal segments, connective tissues, nerves, ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The aging process and general wear and tear can lead the cartilage in the facet joints to become thin or even disappear or even produce an overgrowth
of bone spurs and enlargement of the joints. This can lead to swelling due to arthritis in the thoracic spine and cause tenderness, pressure on the nerve,
and limited range of motion. Facet joint disorder can also result from osteoarthritis.
Vertebral fractures. Compression fractures are perhaps the most common form of thoracic problems. While they can be caused by an accident,
generally they are the result of osteoporosis and the aging process usually occurring in the lower region of the thoracic spine.
Kyphosis (hunchback). Poor posture or a deformity, such as ankylosing spondylitis can be the cause of kyphosis, which is the rounding of the back.
While kyphosis is primarily a deformity, it can also be a source of pain and stiffness.
Scoliosis. Scoliosis is a condition in which the spine abnormally curves sideways and can sometimes produce upper back pain.
Occasionally, more serious underlying diseases or a problem are caused by pain in the upper back. Tumors putting pressure on the spine along with
certain disease of the lungs, heart, kidneys and abdominal organs can also pain and should not be

Scheuermann's Kyphosis Research Paper
Life Changing Ailment I have never like going to the doctor. Check–ups often had me crying and begging my parents to leave me home. Hospitals,
however, are another thing. I do not merely not like hospitals, I am terrified of them. Bad things typically happen to those I care about or to myself
when a trip to the hospital is necessary. The last time that I, personally, had to be admitted to the hospital was not as traumatizing as my prior visits.
When I was a young child, I look normal. I was pretty small, though still fairly average in height and weight. As I got older and when through growth
spurts, something did not grow properly. Around my fourth grade year, my back began to curve into a C–shape. It was not until my sixth grade year
that my back issue became dangerous to my health. I have a condition called Scheuermann's Kyphosis. Kyphosis, generally speaking, is the curving of
the thoracic vertebrae. Depending on how severe the curve is, someone who has this condition can develop a hump on their back. Kyphosis can vary
from causing little to no problems for a person and not even noticeable to causing many health issues and may even lead to disfigurement. This
condition can be caused by many things, but Scheuermann's Kyphosis forms when a child goes through puberty and gradually gets worse with each
growth spurt and is more ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
I did not know if I had a serious problem that would require surgery, or that I was okay and nothing too serious was wrong with me. As I sat in the
examination room, I began to panic. I was terrified to know what the doctor would say or do to me. My fears were confirmed when he entered the
room and he gave me a worrying look. He said that a x–ray was needed to see exactly what issue I was having, but he already knew what was wrong
with me. After I had the x–ray taken, he came back to my examination room and said "I'm sorry, you have Kyphosis and will need

Pneumonic Illness Essay
Pneumonic illness has critical outcomes for the maturing populace. Understanding the maturing procedure in the lungs is important to give ideal care
to our maturing populace. As individuals ordinarily age, narrowing of the intervertebral plate spaces causes kyphosis or arch of the spine. The
kyphosis edge starts to build more quickly in ladies than men, from a mean of 43В° in ladies matured 55–60 years, to a mean of 52В° in ladies 76–80
years old. Utilizing radiolabeled particles that can go past the upper aviation route and go into the littler aviation routes in sound nonsmoking subjects,
Svartengren assessed freedom of the named particles in various age bunches extending from age 19–81 years. Age has not been a factually critical
indicator... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Notwithstanding these cytokine changes with maturing, later information shows a part for microRNAs in inflamm–maturing and cell senescence.
Together, this information bolsters the connection between inflamm–maturing and immunosenescence, recommending that a disturbance in a critical
position of expert and mitigating go between brings about a standard proinflammatory condition with cutting edge age that consequently hoses a
suitable natural and versatile insusceptible reaction. These investigations will be talked about top to bottom later with regards to pneumonic irritation
with maturing; in any case, consider that this irregularity of safe middle people, deferred resistant initiation, and extended course of aggravation may
bring about expanded grimness and mortality in maturing people following contamination, natural exposures, or foundational damage. Some vital
changes in the intrinsic immunologic reaction happen with maturing. With regards to maturing, there are clashing information regarding the effect of
age on murine and human articulation of TLRs or downstream flagging arbiters. Lessening in p38 flagging is upheld by considers in human monocytes
from matured subjects, where hosed p38 flagging was related with reduced phosphorylation of p38. While the information is unique on how maturing
impacts TLR articulation, the information does

The Basic Design Of An Exercise Prescription
Exercise Prescription The basic design of an exercise prescription should be based on a person's age, fitness level, and health status including mental
and physical health as well as the goals they are looking to acheive. Once the assessment is complete this is used to help determine how to develop the
exercise program specific to that individual. The American College of Sports Medicine (2014)'s FITT principle is a good way to start the
development process for any individual and should be the foundation of the exercise program. This principle includes four basic components to be
followed including: frequency, intensity, timing, and type of exercises to be used. Appropriately applying these to an exercise program will help meet
the individual goals of each client. Frequency of Exercise
Determining how often an exercise session from a particular program should be performed is important and will help with gaining the benefits and
results wanted. Too many or too few sessions in a week may have opposite, negative, or no effects on any individual. The frequency of exercising
should be considered at an individual level and where a certain client's motivation may be at with their willingness to start a program. However, a
good place to start is with a frequency of 2–3 times per week. This can optimize the beneficial results someone with osteoporosis is looking for.
Kemmler & Stengel (2014) performed an extensive 12 year cohort study observing the effects of exercise

The Most Important Part Of Prescribing An Exercise Program
Exercise Assessment The most important part of prescribing an exercise program is the proper assessment of the client to ensure they are
physically, mentally, and healthy enough to engage in a certain type of program. With any female client 55 years of age or older, risk for
cardiovascular disease (CVD) should always be assessed. This will help determine how to properly proceed with the development of an exercise
program. According to the ACSM's Guidelines for Exercise Testing and Prescription, reviewing health and medical history is the first step in
assessing risk for CVD (American College of Sports Medicine, 2014). If there is a known disease this puts a person at an immediate high risk for CVD
and special precautions should be... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
A normal BMI range is 18.5–24.9; less than 18.5 is underweight; 25–29.9 is overweight; and greater than or equal to 30 is considered obese. These
values are important to remember and keeping in mind those with a low BMI (less than 18.5) greatly increases their risk for fractures in the pelvis
and ribs (Compston et al., 2014) .
After assessing an individual's health status and risk for CVD, as well as gathering anthropometric data, getting more specific with evaluating specific
risks related to osteoporosis would be the next step. With individuals who have osteoporosis, assessing their risk for falls and fractures are two very
important objectives to developing an exercise prescription. A low BMI may tell you that an individual is at an increased risk but there is much
more that should be considered in this assessment process. Knowing the history of a client is important and understanding that with any type of
previous fracture will also automatically increase the individual's risk for reoccurring fractures. Also, by simply looking at someone's standing
stance can be an indicator as well, if their stance is narrower there is a better chance of losing balance and if the stance is wider the person will be
more stable. I one year study observing the fall predictions in 225 female and 45 male elderly individuals with an average age of 73 years showed that
the

Spinal Tuberculosis Research Paper
Spinal tuberculosis accounts for half of the cases of musculoskeletal tuberculosis. The destructive form of tuberculosis almost always produces
kyphosis and lordosis. Kyphosis, often referred to as round back, occurs in the dorsal spine. There it causes severe curvature of one's back.
Complications of this can be minimal with early diagnoses and treatment. Spinal TB is a slow developing disease and takes three to four months
before kyphosis starts. During this period, patients have low back pain. Patients suspected of having spinal TB, should be kept under observation, have
regular x–rays four to six months apart from each other, and a MRI. These tests will alert doctors on vertebra changes in height and density. Imaging
also allows doctors

Scoliosis is a three-dimensional distortion of the chest...
Scoliosis is a three–dimensional distortion of the chest cage, which typically produces a reduction in pulmonary function, caused by stiffness of the
chest wall and decrease in the force of the respiratory muscles (8). However, the current study showed a negative relationship between the degree of
Cobb angle, which indicates spinal deformity, and pulmonary function although the relationship was not statistically significant. An inverse relationship
between spinal deformity and pulmonary function has been reported by a few studies. Vitale et al. found that the degree of thoracic curves was
negatively correlated with FEV1. There was also a trend toward significant negative correlations between thoracic curves and FVC. Patients with larger
... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Increased frequency of respiratory impairment was also found in 50 patients aged 11 to 78 years with untreated idiopathic scoliosis, especially those
with a severe degree of scoliosis (13).
In contrast, ventilatory function may be impaired in mild, idiopathic scoliosis and that the force developed by the respiratory muscles is a more
important determinant of this impairment than the radiologically determined degree of spinal curvature (14). The changes are restrictive in type with
reduction in vital capacity (VC) and TLC but normal residual volume. In children whose curves had an early onset, the amount by which VC was
reduced depended on the severity of the deformity; this severity had little or no effect on VC in those whose curves began in adolescence (15).
Our study found that the more proximally located spinal curve resulted in more impairment in the pulmonary function. In addition to thoracic scoliosis,
thoracolumbar scoliotic curves were included in the study because those curve patterns, while not confined to the chest, may theoretically distort the
orientation and function of the diaphragm and the mechanics of the chest with unexpected effects on pulmonary function. The finding was in line with
those reported by other studies. They found that pre operative pulmonary function tests have identified as

Becoming A Physical Therapist
Having the ability to optimize the quality of life for clients is essential function of a physical therapist. In order to transform society, physical therapists
need to exercise the best practical standard across all aspects of the field. To fully understand the structure and functions of the human body, one must
acquire the necessary problem solving, critical thinking, and clinical decision–making skills required to successfully prevent injury and alleviate
impairments. Upon acceptance into this program, I anticipate being taught the highest standards of patient care and professional excellence. I would be
provided with the necessary procedures for examining, evaluating, diagnosing, and creating interventions for clients. Through obtaining... Show more
content on Helpwriting.net ...
Becoming knowledgeable in examining, evaluating, and diagnosing will ultimately allow me to develop unique interventions for clients of all ages. By
holding myself to the highest standards of excellence in professionalism and practice, I will allow children and all other clients to return to their
greatest levels of independence. I have the eagerness to motivate and inspire clients while changing their lives through optimizing movement and
effectively practicing physical

Lordosis Research Paper
Abnormal spine curvature The spine has a very complex structure. It is made of a series of bones, called vertebrae, separated by discs called
invertebral discs. It is divided into five sections, and each vertebrae is named accordingly: cervical (C1–C7), thoracic (T1–T12), lumbar (L1–L5),
sacral (S1–S5), and the coccyx. The cervical, thoracic, and lumbar spine regions will create a natural curved 'S' shape. When this shape is disturbed,
the spine's alignment is said to be abnormal. _Lordosis_ is an abnormal curve of the lumbar spine, _kyphosis_ is an abnormal curve of the thoracic
spine, and _scoliosis_ is an abnormal side–to–side curve of the spine. Lordosis manifests itself as a forward anterior pelvic tilt. Such a condition is
usually the result of spending too much time sitting. Sitting keeps your hip flexors shortened, causing your pelvis to tilt forward. This leads to an
unnatural, exaggerated bend in the lumbar spine – lordosis. Lordosis may be lessened by stretching your hip flexors frequently and making a concious
effort to minimize your sitting time. Kyphosis could be genetically inherited, but often comes as a result of slouching too much. This is a problem
especially prevalent in today's society, where men, women, and children are hunched over their devices for a good part of each day. Unfortunately, this
leads to an exaggerated... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Unfortunately, at that point it is quite severe. Many schools conduct scoliosis checks for younger children, as scoliosis is better diagnosed as soon
as possible. Usually scoliosis is characterized by uneven shoulders, hips, or a head tilt. It can cause severe issues, for example chest pains or trouble
breathing deeply. Scoliosis treatment may involve wearing a back brace to align the spine vertebrae. If the scoliosis is already sever, surgery may be
required to correct the spine's

What Is Using Multiplanar Reconstruction Technique Used...
using the same technique as for the conventional radiographs(X–ray), by using multiplanar reconstruction technique through the midsection of each
vertebral body for the MRI and the digital reconstructed radiograph for the CT scan. The same levels were used for each patient on the three different
imaging methods. (Brink et al. Scoliosis and Spinal Disorders 2017) 2.6 ASSESSMENT: It includes physical therapy examination which has several
components to know the exact information or for evaluation ,based on which an intervention for its correction can be given to the subject.
Demographic data(name,age,gender) Chief complaints of subject History:Present and Past history (including family history,surgical history and Initial
evaluation should... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
2003) Palpation: Evaluating spinal deformities by feel.often paraspinal muscles are tender to touch, muscle spasm. ROM: Measures the degree to
which a subject can perform movements of flexion,extension, rotation and side bending. Pain. Assessment of pain using VAS(visual analogue
scale)and assessment of disability using Mac Gill quality of life questionnaire. Neurological symptoms: Pain numbness parasthesias, motor function
loss,muscular atrophy,bowel and bladder involvement. Pulmonary function test: To evaluate the involvement of lungs,(lung volumes and lung
capacities.) Evaluating the degree of condition.It has three degrees.First degree,second degree and third degree. First degree due to poor postural
habits,if not corrected progress to second degree. Second degree changes start occurring in muscles and ligament. Third degree changes become
permanent. 2.7 MANAGEMENT: According to (Katzman W.2010)there is shortage of medical intervention for patients with thoracic kyphosis,while
other sources claims that surgery is necessary when subject is having uncontrolled neurological pain,cardiac or lungs problem. Generally,there is
inefficiency of musculoskeletal system.Therefore,physiotherapy should be first line of approach Therefore,there are two types of management
approaches . CONSERVATIVE AND SURGICAL MANAGEMENT. 1.CONSERVATIVE MANAGEMENT: It involves observation,management with
medications and physical therapy.

Cannonball Moment In Life
A cannonball moment. A moment that knocks you down, but shifts your life's direction and makes you realize something special. Growing up as a
child, my grandfather was much more than a grandfather, he was my best friend. He was always smiling, always energized, and always willing to help
anyone with anything. Unfortunately, old age gets the best of us. As the years went on, his smile seemed to disappear, his energy diminished, and he
was unable to help anyone anymore due to his physical condition. He was recently diagnosed with kyphosis of the neck and spinal stenosis. Kyphosis
and spinal stenosis both decrease the function of your neck and spine. My grandfather used to be able to stand up straight, but now his back has almost
curved at a ninety–degree angle with his legs. Each time I visit my grandfather, it pains me to see his condition get worse and worse. His pain feels
like my pain. He attends physical therapy every week and wears a back brace every day, but there is only so much that can be done. If a highly
accredited doctor of physical therapy could barely help my grandfather, how could I? How could I allow myself to sit on the sidelines as my
grandfather loses the ability to stand? Why did God allow for this to happen? These are the kinds of questions I ponder on a daily basis. However, last
year I pondered different kinds of questions, the dreadful common app questions. I starred senselessly through the computer screen as I read the words,
"Choose your major". At

Examples Of Postural Deviations
Upon performing a posture test on myself, I discovered that I have postural deviations and associated muscle imbalances. The lower back (erectors)
hip flexors (tight muscles) Abduct the hips extensors. I also discovered that my client has postural deviations and associated muscle imbalances. We
both have the Malalignment Lordosis, which causes the superior iliac crests of the pelvis to push more forward and downward from the normal
anatomical posture. The possible tight muscles that tighten for a individual that have Lordosis would be the lower back (erectors) and hip flexors.
The possible weak muscles for a individual with Lordosis would be the Abdominals (especially oblique) and the hip extensors. A few good exercises
that I would recommend

Eye and Spine Health Essay
Eye and spine health are a core elements of comfort. They are usually disregarded when people sit down to use computers, tablets, and smartphones.
Many people that have jobs that require them to sit in front of computers for extended intervals of time do not think about their back and eye health.
Technology has also infiltrated itself into classrooms, which is a large risk because many students do not consider their back and eye health. Eye
health is usually not taken into account, but it should also be a very large factor in how much time we spend in front of technology. The health of the
eyes and back are a large part of living comfortably. Now that new technologies are readily available to the public, the well–being of our eyes and...
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There are now more jobs and schools that are focused on electronics and online learning. This mainly effects the eighteen to twenty nine year old
demographic the most (Pew, 2013). They are also the demographic that have admitted to suffering backpain. The use of technology in this age is
unavoidable. Many people think that back pain is a normal occurrence; however special care should be take when using technology, and is often
ignored, however it can be a sign that there are more severe, underlying problems. On one hand, I understand that this new generation is being raised
amid a myriad of technological advances, and avoiding them would be very difficult. But on the other hand, I still insist that we consider how much
time we spend in front of these devices. In other words, limiting the time that we spend in front of computer screens can improve our eye and spine
health. My point is not that computers are the sole source of spine and eye detriment, but that computers and tablets should be enjoyed with caution.
Many people assume that the worst that can happen from overuse of technology is a little headache and a small amount of back pain. This is simply
not true. My point is that our bodies have been slowly changing to fit our computer usage, and we are doing this unsuccessfully.
Using technology in the classroom can also be an issue if the proper measures are not taken to protect the spine health of students. The enjoyment of
tablets and computers is very common, and

Herniated Disk Research Paper
Introduction/Overview When somebody gets back pain they don't think much about it, maybe it's just a sore muscle or I just threw my back out.
That's what we all think but there could be something much bigger, like a herniated disk or bulging disk. When I didn't do any research on a
herniated and bulging disk I thought they were the same things. I learned fast that they aren't close to the same thing, yes they have a few things in
common. The extremes of a herniated disk can result in surgery, which leads to removing the inflamed nerve or as simple as ice/heat and therapy. A
bulging disk isn't really all that painful but it can turn into a herniated disk if conditions get bad enough. Basically for a bulging disk all you can do
is see a physical therapist to get a home workout to help the bulge to get... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Your spine is made up of 24 vertebrae, seven cervical, twelve thoracic and five lumbar. Cervical is the neck region, the thoracic region is the upper
back and the thoracic is in the lower back, added onto the spine is your sacrum and your coccyx. The vertebra is the protection and support system
for the spinal cord. The spine gives stability, gives moment in all direction and still returns back to normal shape, gives a place for attachment for
flexible bands and elastic cords, is a shock absorber. An exaggerated curve in the thoracic region is referred to as kyphosis, and one in the lumbar
region to as a kyphosis, and one in the lumbar region is referred to as a lordosis. Kyphosis curves have a backward convexity. Lordotic curves have a
forward convex curve. A lateral deviation of the spine is called scoliosis.1

Medical Terminology Research Paper
Amani Allen ASH 1001 Medical Terminology 08/18/2015 Orthopedic Department Hi my name is Dr. Allen and I am from the Pediatric Orthopedic
Department. Today I want educate you on the most common diseases and conditions that we see here in this department. Our first condition we will
discuss is Kyphosis (curvature of the spine). Kyphosis (curvature of the spine) is a condition in which the curve in the spine is measuring 50 degrees
or greater. Kyphosis (curvature of the spine) can be congenital (present at birth) or it can be something that develops later in life. If a child is not born
with the curvature in the spine, the cause of Kyphosis (curvature of the spine), can be a number of things ranging from Spina bifida (split spine),
Osteogenesis... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
We may also use EMA test (anti–endomysial antibody test) used to test the blood to see of the IgA is positive. The most important treatment for this
disease is to remove gluten out of their diet; with removing gluten you should see positive signs of improvement. One thing to remember is that
your child has to stick to a gluten free diet for the rest of there life to continue a healthy life. When it comes to the Eosinophilic Esophagitis Disease
a biopsy of the esophagus is done with a procedure called an endoscopy (small camera inserted into the esophagus). Diet is important factor in
treatment of this disease, because the child has an allergy to a certain food causing the inflammation of the esophagus. They call these diets
Elimination Diets which is a diet that removes foods that are common in causing allergies, and then there is the Elemental diet which removes
sources of proteins, and they are placed on a supplement diet. Throughout time depending on how the child's body reacts, certain food will slowly be
in introduced back into their diet. Last but not least is Meckel's Diverticulum. It is a tricky disease to diagnose, because the symptoms of the disease
can be just about anything. Due to the difficulty of the diagnosis test have to be done to fully diagnose a patient. The first test we can use is
Technetium scan, where a radioactive

A Normal Human Thoracic Spine
Maggie Roman
MED 2047
Kyphosis
Instructor Michelle–Earixson–Lamonthe
03/01/2015
VNFT031
A normal human thoracic spine begins at the first vertebra (T1) and ends at the twelfth (T12). When viewed laterally (side), the thoracic spine presents
a normal forward curvature, which ranges from twenty to forty–five degrees in roundness (Scoliosis Research Society, 2015). Excessive curvature that
exceeds forty–five to fifty degrees causes an abnormal slouched posture known as kyphosis. According to Kamiah A. Walker (2011), "The vertebrae
stack one on top of each other and are supposed to be rectangular" (para. 11). However, Walker adds that kyphosis "causes the vertebrae to become
triangular or wedge shaped" (2011, para. 11). This results in an inward and forward postural change of the upper spine.
Kyphosis can manifest at any age, but the most common type is age–related. Older adults are especially at a greater risk for kyphosis. Particularly those
with weakened thoracic spinal bones and compressed vertebrae caused by osteoporosis. Other types of kyphosis are congenital or adolescent, known
as Scheuermann's disease (Mayo Clinic, 2014). Aside from osteoporosis, other causes of a kyphotic deformity are: poor posture, long–term use of
steroids, or spine tumors (Kraus Back and Neck Institute, 2015). In mild cases of kyphosis, signs and symptoms can be asymptomatic. In severe cases,
patients complain of back pain and stiffness. An experimental study assessed the effects

What Are Synovial Joints
Synovial joints
Main types:
Freely moveable = knees , hips , shoulders
Slightly moveable = ribs , vertebrae fixed/immoveable = skull Synovial joint structure & function : Joint type :
Capsule – protects joint ball & socket – hip
Membrane – secretes synovial fluid hinge – knee , elbow
Fluid – prevents friction ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Bones are also made up of connective tissue. These tissues are made up of cells called osteoblasts & osteoclasts , they help the bone to heal and break
down the old bone to help new bone develop/grow. Collagens fibers also is what makes boes flexible.
Structure of long bone:
The long bone is composed of cartilage which covers both ends of the the bone(the epiphysis) and it helps prevents bones rubbing off each other
(friction) and also is a shock absorber. The outer layer of the long bone is the hard compact bone, this allows the hollow part of the log bone some
strength. The spongy part in the long bone ( in the epiphysis where the red bone marrow is stored , this allows for red blood cells to be produced.
There's also a yellow bone marrow in the centre of the bone(marrow cavity) this allows for white blood cells to be produced. The shaft of the bone is
also called the diaphysis. The periosteum of the long bone has no cartilage but also is a protective layer of the long bone , this is also where tendons
and ligaments connects.

Algaher A Case Study
On 10/2/17 I met Mr. McDoanld at the pain clinic in IINN. We met with Dr. Algahera. Mr. McDoanld reports and demonstrates shifting in positions
due to pain. He reports he has right leg radiation at times. He continues to have trouble with sleeping and getting comfortable. Mr. McDoanld
doesn't want to take a narcotic pain medication. He is taking Flexeril at bedtime along with Motrin. Lidoderm will now be added to see if that helps
with sleep. Mr. McDoanld also has a TENS Unit to use as needed. Dr. Algahera said Mr. McDoanld has 2 things going on. The compression of the
disc and also a pinched nerve. He would recommend doing the Kyphoplasty first then moving on to epidural injections. Mr. McDoanld is being set up
for an appointment

Spondylolysis Essay
A defect in the pars interarticularis of the spine is defined as spondylolysis (Debnath et al., 2009). Spondylolysis is commonly known as a stress or
fatigue fracture and it appears to be more frequent in children and adolescents. The first sign of spondylolysis starts with subtle stress reaction within the
bone of the posterior arch of the lumbar spine which my develop and lead to a stress fracture. The frequency of this injury in the youthful athletic
populace is much higher than the overall public also varies somewhere around 15% and 47% in children athletes. Apparently, repetitive lumbar
hyperextension and excessive loading may predispose the youngest sporting population for this type of injury. In addition, genetic inheritance weakness
... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
(2009) suggested that stress on the pars interarticularis during infancy, early adulthood may be a reason for the development of dysplasia. Moreover,
the ossification during the embryological state may not progress uniformly or there appears to be a transition between dense trabecular bone in the PI
and the inferior articulating facet and less dense trabecular bone at the base of the pedicle only in the lower segments. Such abnormalities in tissue
density may persist into childhood leading to a potential area of weakness.
Apparently, repeated microtrauma from sheer and compression associated particularly with hyperextension may predispose youth athletes to new acute
symptomatic defects of PI. This microtraumas may further be affected by excessive compression and extension or rotation, which is a characteristic of
many sports.
Symptoms start with a gradually onset of low back pain and may vary according to age, the type of pars defect nd sporting activities. Pain appear to
arise from the spondylolysis ligament that contains neuropeptides which are related to sensory or nociceptive transmission and high density neural
tissue. Pain may be associated with disc degeneration nd facet joint degeneration and segmental

Upper Cross Syndrome
Upper and lower cross syndrome: This particular type of method was pioneered by the Czech physiotherapist called Vladimir Janda. He theorised that
the body crossed over from one side to the next where there are weakness and tightnesses in the muscles of the upper and lower regions of the body. By
using this method it enables the therapists to predict patterns of weaknesses and tightnesses in the muscular tone, thus creating imbalances in the
muscular system and further causing dysfunction in the body's movements. Upper cross syndrome: The facilitated muscles of the upper region of the
body are: Upper trapezius fibres, levator scapula, sternocleidomastoid, anterior scalenes and the pectoralis major and minor. The inhibited muscles of

The Treatment Of Liberal Treatment Essay
Conservative Treatment Conservative treatment are helpful in the early stage of the disease. Patients who are unfit or unwilling to undergo operative
treatment, patient who are in plateau period without recent exacerbation, patients who present with new onset of subtle myelopathic findings and
radiographic evidence of a soft disc herniation should undergo for preoperative evaluation, and these type of patient should undergo, physical therapy
for gait training, occupational therapy for improvement of upper extremity dexterity, and neck immobilization with a hard cervical collar. Patient
counseling about the possibility of symptomatic worsening and hazards of minor cervical trauma should be done. Follow up of patient every 6 to 12
months is done to look for neurologic function deterioration. Operative Treatment The approach for surgical treatment of cervical spondylotic
myelopathy are anterior, posterior and combined (ie, anterior and posterior) approach. Anterior approach include multiple anterior cervical discectomy
with fusion (ACDF), anterior corpectomy and strut fusion techniques with or without the use of anterior instrumentation. Posterior approach include
multilevel laminectomy, laminectomy plus fusion and laminoplasty. The choice is either an anterior or posterior approach is determined on the basic
of specific procedure is based on multiple factors, including the source of spinal cord compression, overall sagittal alignment, the number of vertebral
segments

The Skeletal System
The skeletal system can be a wonder to many people, because of how much the bones of the body can endure, and even how a small fall can cause
a break or a fracture. The human body has 206 bones, a complex system of tendons, ligaments and cartilage that connect them. The skeletal system
has many different but vital functions like support, movement of the body, protection of the organs, calcium storage and also endocrine regulation
the help us to move throughout our daily lives. The skeletons of adult males and females are different, mainly because of childbirth. Female adults
have a flatter pelvis, is more rounded and also larger. A males pelvis is about 90 degrees or less of angle, where a female's is 100 degrees or more.
Bones can become easy to break when outside of the body, but bones are alive inside the body being supplied by the blood vessels from the circulatory
system and nerves from the nervous system. A commonbone has a tougher and dense outer layer, and the next layer is a spongy bone, which is
lighter and slightly flexible. The center of some bones is a jelly–like bone marrow, where new cells are constantly being produced for blood. There are
different type of specialist to help treat osteoporosis, which are an endocrinologist, rheumatologist, an ortheopaedic surgeon and physiatrists. There are
many types of different test to help detect diseases and deformities of the skeletal system, such as x–rays, MRIs, bone density test and arthroscopy. Also
bone scans

Muscle Endurance Essay
Two of the main causes of poor posture are muscle tightness and muscle weakness, therefore it is important to design a stretching program to improve
muscle length, as well as a resistance training program to improve strength.
Prior to commencing exercise our patient is to complete a warm up consisting of low intensity exercise (approximately 40% of heart rate max), for
between 7 and 10 minutes, this is followed by a series of dynamic stretching exercises aimed at preparing the muscles for physical activity, improving
range of motion, and improving proprioception. This dynamic exercise program consists of:
1.Neck Rotations
2.Shoulder circles
3.Arm swings
4.Side bends
5.Front on squats
6.Side squats
7.Lunges
8.Leg swings/high kicks
9.High jumps ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Trapezius, Rhomboids, Pectoralis major and minor, Deltoids, Brachialis, Brachioradialis, Biceps and the Latissimus dorsi
b.Performed first so that the body is not fatigued.
2.Squat
a.Another compound exercise which works:
i.Erector spinae muscles, Gluteus maximus, Hamstrings, Quadriceps, Gastrocnemius
b.The squat also activates the core muscles such as the Rectus abdominis and obliques as they are required in order to stabilize the body during the
squat movement.
3.Bench Press
a.The bench press primarily uses the pectoralis muscles, however it also incorporates the deltoids, Trapezius and Triceps.
b.Like the squat, the bench press also requires activation of the abdominal group in order to stabilize the body and give a base of support.
4.Lunges
a.Like the squat the lunge is also a compound exercise which works almost all the muscles of the lower body as well as requiring core activation for

stabilization.
i.Hamstrings, Quadriceps, Gastrocnemius, Gluteus maximus, abdominals and obliques.
5.Lat pull down
a.Another compound exercise which works the muscles of upper body:
i.Latissimus dorsi, Trapezius, Rhomboids, Levitator scapulae, Serratus anterior and the biceps brachii.
6.Double leg hip

Impact Of The Aging Process On The Musculoskeletal System
The aging process has a negative impact on the musculoskeletal system. During the aging process bone density and mass decreases resulting in high
risk for fractures and falls. Muscles lose their mass, bulk, and tone which causes weakness. Abnormalities of this system along with pain affects
activities of daily living. Some questions that may be asked during this assessment are; Have you had previous joint, muscle or bone problem? Does
joint, muscle or bone problem affect your daily activity? Do you have pain? (if yes) Where do you have pain? What aggravates the pain? Have you
had any surgery? Pertinent assessment for this patient are postural abnormality, limited range of motion, gait, and balance. The patient is observed
laterally and posteriorly

Basic Anatomy Essay
Basic Anatomy:
1. List the five vertebral regions found in the human spine. For each vertebral region, identify one or two distinguishing features of that type of
vertebrae.
The cervical vertebral region has 7 bones and is found in the neck region. The thoracic vertebral region has 12 bones and is found in the chest
region. The lumbar vertebral region has 5 bones and is found in the lower back. The sacral/sacrum vertebral region has 5 bones and is a composite
bone. The coccyx (tailbone) vertebral region has 4 bones and is a composite bone.
2. Discuss normal curvature in the adult human spine. Identify the physical advantage to the human body these curves provide.
The normal curvature in the adult human spine form a sort of S–shaped curvature. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
What is a Harrington rod? From what type of material is it made?
A Harrington rod/implant is a stainless steel surgical device. The rod is implanted along the spinal column to to treat, among other conditions, a lateral
or coronal–plane curvature of the spine, or scoliosis. The type of material that it is made from is a stainless steel/rod.
2. What might have caused an infection at the site of surgery?
The break in the skin might have caused an infection at the site of the surgery. This infection then lead to the pus coming out of the swollen surgical
area on the skin.
3. Each of the following symptoms felt by Ellen occurred because of a very specific set of physiological defense mechanisms. Discuss the
physiological mechanisms of each of Ellen's symptoms.
a. Fever: She had a very high fever.
b. Local Redness/Heat: The pains were more than just muscle spasms. It burned, felt hot where the surgery had been, & when she took off her cast, the
skin around her lower spine was swollen and bright red.
c. Shooting Pains: She had experienced shooting pains up her back.
d. Local Swelling: Skin around her lower spine was swollen.
e. Presence Of Pus: Pus had drained out of the swollen

Kyphosis Research Paper
Kyphosis is a forward adjusting of the back. Normally has a forward curve of 20 to 40 degrees. Some adjusting is typical, however the expression
"kyphosis" for the most part relates to a misrepresented adjusting of the back. While kyphosis can happen at any age, it's most regular in more older
women. Age–related kyphosis frequently happens after osteoporosis debilitates spinal issues that remains to be worked out point that they split.
Different sorts of kyphosis are found in newborn children or young children because of mutation of the spine or wedging of the spinal bones after some
time. A kind of kyphosis that happens in youthful teens is known as Scheuermann's disease. It is brought on by the wedging together of a few bones of
the spine (vertebrae) consecutively. The reason for this condition is still unknown. One specific kind of kyphosis is Scheuermann's kyphosis, otherwise
called Scheuermann's ailment. A radiologist initially found Scheuermann's in the mid–1920s, and the condition is named after him. Scheuermann's
kyphosis is described by wedge–molded vertebrae that cause the thoracic spine to bend forward excessively.
This ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Adolescents especially may develop a poor body image from having a rounded back or from wearing a brace to correct the condition. Back pain. In
some cases, the misalignment of the spine can lead to pain, which can become severe and disabling. Decreased appetite. In severe cases, the curve
may cause the abdomen to be compressed and lead to decreased appetite.
Symptoms for Kyphosis is mild to severe to mild back pain, Back pain with movement, Weakness, Tenderness and firmness in the spine, Forward
stance of the head, Chest torment or trouble breathing (serious cases), Difference in shoulder stature, Tight hamstrings (muscles in the back of your
thighs). The symptoms of kyphosis of kyphosis might take after other spinal conditions, or be an aftereffect of a harm or

Compression Fracture Research Paper
A compression fracture is a fracture of the vertebrae of the spine. Typically, it happens to the lower portion of the thoracic vertebrae (T9
–T12) and the
upper portion of the lumbar vertebrae (L1–L2).
Rarely is it ever seen above vertebrae T7. This fracture compresses the anterior part of the vertebrae while the posterior part remains the same, turning
the bone into a wedge shape. This is caused by pressure to the lower back which is due to many different reasons. The most common reason this
happens is because of osteoporosis, the weakening of bones. Other possibilities include traumatic accidents or metastatic tumor cells. The people most
affected by this are postmenopausal women. Although anyone over the age of sixty are candidates for compression ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
These accidents could be a strain or a fall or possibly a car accident. Very rarely a compression fracture can be due to a metastatic tumor or blood
infection that has spread. There are other factors that can lead to compression fractures. Some of these factors are controllable but unfortunately some
are not. Smoking, excessive alcohol consumption, low calcium diet, and estrogen deficiency can greatly influence this disease. Uncontrollable risk
factors include family history of osteoporosis, early menopause, asthenic body type, lactose intolerance, and Caucasian and Asian heritage. Signs and
symptoms can vary depending on the cause of a compression fracture. A lot of times it appears to be just old age causing a back ache. However as
time goes on this can lead to more notice changes such as shrinking in height and a stooped posture, looking hunchbacked called kyphosis.
Kyphosis can cause the ribs to drop making it more difficult to breath. Also the pain that started as a dull ache in the back will usually become more
severe and can cause numbness and tingling down the arms and legs. It is important for an elderly person to visit the doctor if they are have back

Bone Disease: Osteoporosis Manufacture
Osteoporosis is the weakening of bones, hence making bones more fragile. Just like any other illness out there, osteoporosis can be treated better
the earlier it is detected. Since the bones are weak, one prognosis of this bone disease will be many types of fractures. According to emedicine,
osteoporosis is responsible for 1.5 million fractures every year. It is safe to say that patients will be likely to suffer from a bone fracture at least once in
their lives. Elders are more prone to suffer from hip fractures, which is the most dangerous fracture an osteoporosis patient can receive. However, once
patients find out that they have this disease, they will be more cautious of their surroundings and will become less likely to have a fracture.

Osteoarthritis Research Paper
DiseaseOsteoporosisOsteomalaciaRheumatoid arthritisGoutOsteoarthritis
PathophysiologyA metabolic bone disorder in which a reduction in bone mass and density can combine with the loss of bone matrix and
mineralization. During the bone remodeling process, bone resorption exceeds bone formation which leads to thin, breakable bones that may fracture
easily.A disease from a deficiency ofvitamin D and phosphates. An autoimmune disorder causing chronic systemic inflammatory disease. The disease
often starts with symmetric involvement of the small joints such as the fingers, followed by inflammation and destruction of additional jointsThe
articular cartilage, o is damaged and lost through structural fissures and erosion resulting from extreme

STAND TALL
Introduction According to Muir, Ye, Bhandari, Adachi, & Thabane (2013, p. 1) osteoporosis is a significant impediment to postmenopausal women and
older men; it is a lifelong progressive, multi–faceted condition and the most prevalent metabolic disease in the United States. It can result in spinal
deformities mainly thoracic kyphosis or flexed posture of the spine, as a consequence of weakening of the spinal vertebrae and back muscles. Once
this type of flexed posture persists, an older individual is predisposed to numerous physiological and functional mobility problems, in other words,
shortness of breath due to compression of the rib cage, leading to diminishing cardiopulmonary function. Similarly, flexed posture can affect a... Show
more content on Helpwriting.net ...
As a matter of fact, a physical therapist is well versed with the pathophysiologic and musculoskeletal conditions, and has the vital cognitive faculties, to
design an evidenced based treatment program that will be beneficial and has the standards to produce the best functional outcome for the patient/client's
long term fitness–wellness

Idiopathic Scoliosis Research Paper

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