role of international oganizations on international trade

1. Presentation
On
Role of International Organization
on
International Trade
3/7/2015
1

2. Our Discussion
Some important International Trade Organization
from the prospective of
• Objective
• History
• Headquarter
• Membership
• Governing bodies
• Role on International Trade
3/7/2015
2

3. International Trade Organizations
International
Organization And
Professional Group
• International Chamber Of Commerce (ICC)
• UN Commission on International Trade Law (UNCITRAL)
• UN Conference On Trade and Development (UNCTAD)
Standard Setters As
Part Of Multilateral
Agreements
• International Union of Credit and Investment Insurers
(Berne Union)
• Organization for Economic Co-operation and
Development (OECD)
• Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries
(OPEC)
• World Customs Organization (WCO)
• World Trade Organization (WTO)
Standard Setting,
Coordinating And
Monitoring
Agencies
• International Monetary Fund (IMF)
• World Bank Group
3/7/2015
3

4. Area Covered by
International Trade Organizations
International Trade Payment and Finance
Cross Boarder fund Transfer
Uniformity and Efficiency in functions and
operations
Prevention of cross border Fraud and crime
Financial Reforms and Openness
3/7/2015
4

5. International Chamber of
Commerce (ICC)
Founded in 1919
Objective To serve world business by promoting trade and
investment, open markets for goods and services, and
the free flow of capital
Headquarter Paris, france
Regional offices In 140 countries
In the ICC network About 6.5 million companies
Staff members About 200, representing more than 30 nationalities
Governing bodies • World council
• Executive board
• International secretariat
• National committees
• Finance committee
3/7/2015
5

6. Role of ICC
• ICC has unrivalled authority in making rules that govern the
conduct of business across borders.
Rule setting
• ICC‘s administered dispute resolution services help solve
difficulties in international business.
Dispute resolution
• ICC policies, rules and standards are prepared by specialized
working bodies.
Policy advocacy
3/7/2015
6

7. UN Commission on International
Trade Law (UNCITRAL)
Established by The united nations general assembly by its resolution
2205 (XXI) of 17 December 1966
Annual sessions Held alternately in New York city and Vienna.
Objective To promote the progressive harmonization and
unification of international trade law
Composed of Sixty member states elected by the general assembly
(elected for terms of six years, the terms of half the
members expiring every three years)
Membership 110 states
Governing bodies Secretariat
3/7/2015
7

8. Role of UNCITRAL
• Coordinating the work of organizations active and encouraging cooperation
among them.
• Promoting wider participation in existing international conventions and wider
acceptance of existing model and uniform laws.
• Preparing or promoting the adoption of new international conventions, model
laws and uniform laws and promoting the codification and wider acceptance of
international trade terms, provisions, customs and practice, in collaboration,
where appropriate, with the organizations operating in this field.
• Promoting ways and means of ensuring a uniform interpretation and application
of international conventions and uniform laws in the field of the law of
international trade.
• Collecting and disseminating information on national legislation and modern
legal developments, including case law, in the field of the law of international
trade.
• Establishing and maintaining a close collaboration with the UN Conference on
Trade and development.
• Maintaining liaison with other UN organs and specialized agencies concerned
with international trade.
3/7/2015
8

9. Working Groups To Perform The
Substantive Preparatory Work
• Micro, Small and Medium-sized EnterprisesWorking Group I
• Arbitration and ConciliationWorking Group II
• Online Dispute ResolutionWorking Group III
• Electronic CommerceWorking Group IV
• Insolvency LawWorking Group V
• Security InterestsWorking Group VI
3/7/2015
9

10. UN Conference On Trade and
Development (UNCTAD)
Established by 1964
Permanent
secretariat
Geneva, switzerland.
Goal To maximize the trade, investment and
development opportunities of developing countries
and assist them in their efforts to integrate into the
world economy on an equitable basis
Primary objective To formulate policies relating to all aspects of
development including trade, aid, transport,
finance and technology.
Principal
achievements
Conceive and implement the Generalised System
Of Preferences (GSP).
UNCTAD conference Held every four years
Membership 194 states (as of october 2012)
Governing bodies Secretariat
3/7/2015
10

11. Reports
UNCTAD produces a number of topical reports, including
The trade and development report
The trade and environment review
The world investment report
The economic development in Africa report
The least developed countries report
UNCTAD statistics
3/7/2015
11

12. MANDATE
• Research on trade and development
issues
• Consensus-building through
intergovernmental machinery
• Technical cooperation on all the topics of
UNCTAD work
STRENGHTS
• Trust and credibility among developing
countries
• Independent research
WEAKNESSES
• Only a political role (no “teeth”)
• Limited human and financial resources
3/7/2015
12

13. UNCTAD ideas
Influenced by development theories of center/periphery
Deterioration of the terms of trade
Unfair and asymmetric international economic relations
Need for international policies and rules to address these asymmetries: Special and
differential treatment (trade preferences, exceptions, longer periods of adjustment…)
Non-tariff barriers
External debt : sustainability, reduction formulas
Trade in services
Positive agenda in trade negotiations
Policy space
No one size fits all
3/7/2015
13

14. International Union of Credit and
Investment Insurers (Berne Union)
Formed In In 1934 by private and state export credit insurers from France,
Italy, Spain and the UK.
Objective To actively facilitate cross-border trade
• By supporting international acceptance of sound principles in
export credits and foreign investments and
• By providing a forum for professional exchanges among its
members.
First Meeting Berne, Switzerland
Headquarters London, UK
Member
Companies
79 member companies
Governing
Bodies
The Berne Union is led by the President, the Vice President and a
Management Committee.
Committees To
Supervise The
Activity Of The
Members
• The Short Term (ST) Committee for short term credit insurance
• The Medium/Long Term (MLT) Committee for medium-long
term credit insurance/lending
• The Investment (INV) Committee for investment insurance
3/7/2015
14

15. Role of Berne Union
Discuss professional matters through annual general
meeting and committee meetings.
Seminars and workshops for to exchange views and
experience
Berne union intranet
Collaboration with the leading international and regional
financial institutions and key partners in the credit and
investment insurance industry
3/7/2015
15

16. Organisation for Economic
Co-operation and Development (OECD)
Formed In 30 September 1961 (After Canada and the US joined
OEEC)
Headquarters Paris, France
Objective to promote policies that will improve the economic
and social well-being of people around the world.
Membership 34 countries
Governing Bodies • OECD Council, represented by a delegation led by
an ambassador of member countries.
• Substantive Committees, experts from member
and non-member governments
• Secretariat, led by the Secretary-General (currently
Ángel Gurría),
3/7/2015
16

17. Role of OECD
OECD uses its wealth of
information on a broad range of
topics to help governments foster
prosperity and fight poverty
through economic growth and
financial stability.
It help ensure the environmental
implications of economic and
social development are taken into
account
3/7/2015
17

18. Organization of the Petroleum
Exporting Countries (OPEC)
Formed In 10–14 September 1960 (at the Baghdad Conference)
Headquarters Vienna, Austria (Previously at Geneva, Switzerland)
Objective to co-ordinate and unify petroleum policies among
Member Countries, in order to secure fair and stable
prices for petroleum producers; an efficient, economic
and regular supply of petroleum to consuming nations;
and a fair return on capital to those investing in the
industry.
Membership 12 states (2011)
Governing Bodies Secretary General is the Organization’s Chief Executive
Officer.
• Office Of The Secretary General,
• The Legal Office,
• The Research Division And
• The Support Services Division.
3/7/2015
18

19. Role of OPEC
• It is responsible for the implementation of all
resolutions passed by the Conference and
• It carries out all decisions made by the Board of
Governors.
• It also conducts research, the findings of which
constitute key inputs in decision-making.
3/7/2015
19

20. World Customs Organization
(WCO)
Formed In January 26, 1952
Objective to enhance the efficiency and effectiveness of
member customs administrations,
Headquarters Brussels, Belgium
Membership 180 customs administrations
Governing Bodies • The Council, under its Chairperson who is elected
from among the delegates.
• Article VII of the Convention requires the Council to
meet at least twice a year
• Each Member of the WCO nominates one delegate
and one or more alternates to be its
representatives on the Council
• Present Secretary General Kunio Mikuriya
3/7/2015
20

21. Strategic Goals
Promote the security and facilitation of international trade, including simplification
and harmonization of Customs procedures = Economic Competitiveness Package
Promote fair, efficient, and effective Revenue collection = Revenue Package
Protect society, public health and safety = Compliance and Enforcement Package
Strengthen Capacity Building = Organizational Development Package
Promote information exchange between all stakeholders
Raise the performance and profile of Customs
Conduct Research and Analysis
3/7/2015
21

22. Role of WCO
The Development Of International Conventions, Instruments, And Tools On
Topics Such As Commodity Classification &Valuation
Rules Of Origin
Collection Of Customs Revenue & Supply Chain Security.
International Trade Facilitation & Customs Enforcement Activities.
Combating Counterfeiting In Support Of Intellectual Property Rights (IPR),
Integrity Promotion.
The WCO Maintains The International Harmonized System (HS) Goods
Nomenclature, And Administers.
3/7/2015
22

23. World Trade Organization
(WTO)
Formed In 1 January 1995
Objective to supervise and liberalize international trade.
Nature of
Operation
• It’s a negotiating forum;
• It’s a set of rules; And
• it helps to settle disputes.
Headquarters Centre William Rappard, Geneva, Switzerland
Membership 160 member states
Governing Bodies • Council for Trade in Goods :
• Council for Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual
Property Rights:
• Council for Trade in Services The Council for Trade
in Services:
• Trade Negotiations Committee
3/7/2015
23

24. Roles of WTO
• Administering WTO trade agreements
• Forum for trade negotiations
• Handling trade disputes
• Monitoring national trade policies
• Technical assistance and training for developing
countries
• Cooperation with other international organizations
3/7/2015
24

25. Principles of the Trading System
Most-favored-nation (MFN)
National treatment
Freer trade: gradually through negotiation
Predictability: through binding and transparency
Promoting fair competition
Encouraging development and economic reform
3/7/2015
25

26. AGREEMENT ESTABLISHING
WTO
Goods
• GATT
• General Agreement on Tariffs and
Trade
Services
• GATS
• General Agreement on Trade in
Services
Intellectual property
• TRIPS
• Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual
Property Rights
Area for Agreement
• Tariffs
• Agriculture
• Standards and Safety
• Textiles
• Services
• Intellectual Property
• Anti- dumping, Subsidy.
• Non Tariff Barriers
• Plurilaterals
• Trade Policy Reviews
3/7/2015
26

27. World Bank
Formation 27 December 1945
Headquartered Washington, D.C.
Purpose Economic development, poverty elimination
Membership 188 states (187 UN countries and Kosovo)
President Jim Yong Kim
Worldwide offices. 120
Website worldbank.org
3/7/2015
27

28. Organizations Of World Bank
Group
The World
Bank Group
consists of
five
organizations:
International Bank For Reconstruction And
Development (IBRD)
International Development Association (IDA)
International Finance Corporation (IFC)
Multilateral Investment Guarantee Agency
(MIGA)
International Center For Settlement Of
Investment Disputes (ICSID)
3/7/2015
28

29. IBRD IDA IFC MIGA ICSID
Formation 1944 1960 1956 1988 1966
Membership 188
countries
172
countries
184
countries
180
countries
159
countries
President Jim Yong Kim Jim Yong Kim Jin-Yong Cai
(EVP & CEO)
Keiko Honda
(EVP)
Meg Kinnear
(SG)
3/7/2015
29

30. Roles
3/7/2015
30
Clients Tools
IBRD Middle-income and
creditworthy low-income
countries
• Loans,
• Guarantees,
• Analytical and
• Advisory services
IDA Poorest countries • Interest-free loans,
• Grants, analytical and
• Advisory services
IFC Businesses in developing
countries where there is
limited access to capital
• Commercial-rate loans,
• Equity investments, resource mobilization,
• Advisory services
MIGA Investors and lenders • Political risk insurance,
• Advisory and
• Legal services
ICSID Member countries and
private investors
• Conciliation and arbitration mechanism for
investment disputes

31. International Monetary Fund
(IMF)Founded in 27 December 1945
Began financial
operations
1 March 1947( de facto formation)
Objective • To promote international monetary cooperation
• To maintain orderly exchange arrangements
• To facilitate the expansion and balanced growth of
international trade
• To provide temporary financial assistance to member
countries
Headquarter Washington, D.C., United States
Membership 29 countries (founding); 188 countries (to date)
Governing
Bodies
• Board of Governors
• Executive Board (Consisting 24 Executive Directors)
• Interim Committee (provides ministerial guidance)
• Development committee (advises on development issues
• Managing Director (chairs the Executive Board and
serves as head of the organization’s staff)
3/7/2015
31

32. Quota
• A member country's quota defines its financial and organizational
relationship with the IMF, including
• Subscription
• Voting power
• Access to financing
• SDR allocations
TECHNICAL ASSISTANCE (through many department)
• The Monetary and Exchange Affairs Department (MAE)
• The Fiscal Affairs Department
• The Policy Development and Review Department
• The Statistics Department
• The IMF Institute
• The Legal Department
• The Treasurer’s Department
• The Bureau of Computing Services
3/7/2015
32

33. Financial Operations and
Policies
Regular Facilities
• Reserve Tranche
• Credit Tranches
• Stand-By Arrangements
• Extended Fund Facility (EFF)
Special Facilities
• Compensatory and Contingency Financing Facility
• Buffer Stock Financing Facility.
• Supplemental Reserve Facility (SRF)
Concessional Facilities
• Enhanced Structural Adjustment Facility (ESAF).
3/7/2015
33

34. Creation Of International
Reserve Asset – SDR
• The SDR (Special Drawing Right) is an International Reserve Asset created by
the IMF in 1969 and allocated to its members to supplement existing reserve
assets.
• The SDR is the unit of account of the IMF and is used as a unit of account, or as
a basis for a unit of account, by a number of other international and regional
organizations and international conventions.
• The value of the SDR is determined daily on the basis of a basket of major
currencies: the Euro, Japanese yen, Pound sterling and U.S. dollar .
• The SDR valuation basket is revised every five years.
• The SDR interest rate, which is adjusted weekly, is a weighted average of the
yields on specified short-term instruments in the domestic money markets of
the countries whose currencies are included in the SDR basket.
• IMF members may use SDRs in a variety of voluntary transfers.
• The uses of SDRs between members and the IMF consist of receipts of SDRs by
the IMF’s General Resources Account from members and transfers of SDRs from
the General Resources Account to members.
3/7/2015
34

35. Some popular International
Trade regulation and standard
Issuing Body Name of the Standard/principles
OECD • Principles of Corporate Governance
ICC • Uniform Customs and Practice for documentary Credit
(UCP 600)
• Uniform Rules for demand Guarantee (URDG 758)
• Intentional Commercial Terms
• DOCDEX Rules
UN • UN Vienna Convention on Contract of Sale (UNCITRAL)
• UN Convention for the suppression the financing
Terrorism
IMF • Article VIII
WTO • General agreement on trade in services
3/7/2015
35

36. Any Question???
3/7/2015
36

37. Thanks to All
3/7/2015
37