My msc research

1. ARUDO E. OKARA
Decentralised Rural Electrification of Health Care, Water
Supply, Education and Productive Services:
Selection of Small-Scale Distributed Electricity
Generation Technology Options for Rural Health Centres,
Water Pumping and Schools in Africa’s Great Lakes
Region

2. AIM
To evaluate the decentralised rural electrification
capability and economic viability of distributed
renewable energy generation technology options in
supplying electricity to remote rural communities in
Africa’s Great Lakes region in Sub-Saharan Africa.

3. OBJECTIVES
 To quantify distributed energy generation resources
potential in Africa’s Great Lakes region.
 To compare small-scale distributed renewable energy
generation technology options and competing choices, i.e.
distributed renewables versus distributed fossil fuels
generation options (diesel generator)
 To determine the cost-effectiveness of different renewable
energy generation technology options by calculating the
energy systems life-cycle cost.
 To select the appropriate renewable energy generation
technology solutions in comparison to fossil fuel generation
systems (diesel generator) for rural community services and
communal centres.

4. AFRICA’S GREAT LAKES REGION POLITICAL MAP

5. PROJECT BACKGROUND DETAILS
 In Great Lakes region overwhelming majority
(85% of 120 million) people live in rural areas.
 Currently less than 12% of the total population –
and less than 3% of the rural population has
access to grid electricity.
 Great Lakes region currently has the lowest per
capita electricity consumption in the world,
44kWh/year.
 Less than 5% of the health centres, clinics and
schools in rural areas have access to grid
electricity or sufficient alternative power supply
to meet their needs.

6. PROJECT BACKGROUND
DETAILS – cont…
 World Heath Organization (WHO) estimates that
about 120,000 deaths occur every year in the
Great Lakes region caused by unsafe water
supply ,sanitation and hygiene.
 Health clinics, health centers and water supply
facilities provide essential primary health care
services to millions of people.
 Most of these facilities are un-electrified.
 This seriously limits their effectiveness and their
ability to deliver health services and medicine.

7. PREVIOUS WORK DONE ON THE TOPIC
 Several studies show that some renewables can
be economically favourable over diesel generators
for community services in the developing world. In
India small wind systems were found to be less
expensive than diesel generator systems.
(Hammad,1995).
 Around 150,000 solar PV and wind turbine
systems have been used for health clinics, water
treatment and supply and other community centre
facilities world wide. (World Bank, 2004).

8. DISTRIBUTED ENERGY POTENTIAL
RESOURCES
Petroleum
Recently discovered in Tanzania &Uganda
Natural Gas
Available in Rwanda &Tanzania. Rwanda has 55-70
billion cubic metres.
Solar Energy
Location Mean Insolation
Kenya 5.0-5.8kWh/m2/day
Uganda 4.0-5.5kWh/m2/day
Tanzania 4.5-8.0kWh/m2/day
Rwanda 4.0-5.15kWh/m2/day

9. DISTRIBUTED ENERGY
POTENTIAL RESOURCES-cont---
Wind Energy
Hydro-Energy.
Location Mean wind speed
Kenya 3.0m/s-5.0m/s
Uganda 3.0-4.0m/s
Tanzania 2.5m/s-4.0m/s
Rwanda 3.0-4.0 m/s
Location Estimated Installed
Kenya 28,08 MW 2,808 MW
Uganda 500 MW 16.24 MW
Tanzani
a
4700 kW 300 MW
Rwanda Identified333-
sites
1 MW

10. Solar Insolation Radiation in Africa

11. SMALL-SCALE DISTRIBUTED ELECTRICITY
GENERATION TECHNOLOGY OPTIONS
Fuel Cell Microturbine Micro-
hydro
Photovoltaic Wind
system
IC Engine
Fuel Natural
Gas
Multiple Gas Water Sun Wind Diesel
Efficiency, % 40-60 27-32 50-70 6-19 25 15- 25
Rated Seize 1 -250W 0.5-30kW 1-100kW 50-300W >300W >500W
Capital Cost
($/kW)
3000-4000 700-900 1500-2000 4000-6000 1000-1500 400-600
O&M Cost ($/kW) 0.0017 0.005 0.001 0.001-0.004 0.01 0.01
Electricity cost
($/kW)
0.06-0.08 0.06-0.08 0.09-0.015 0.18-0.20 0.03-0.04 0.07-0.09
Energy Storage No No No Yes Yes No/Yes
Nox (lb/BTU) -Oil None 0.17 N/A N/A N/A 3.7
Expected Life (10,000-
40,000)Hrs
40,000 Hrs 20-30 Yrs 20-25 Yrs 20-30 Yrs 40,000 Hrs
Technology
status
Emerging Commercial Commercial Commercial Commercial Commerci
al
Rural Suitability No No Yes Yes Yes Yes

12. Comparison of Decentralised Electricity
Generation Systems
Energy
Solution
Advantages Disadvantages
Solar PV
Systems
-Relatively simple in design with no moving parts and very
low maintenance,
-Unattended operation
-Low recurrent costs
-Easy to install, increase capacity of system and run
-Little maintenance needed
-Lots of SHS available resource in the Great Lakes region
-No fuel and virtually clean
-Long component lifetime and reliable
-Systems is modular, can be matched closely to need
-Does not require a large scale installation to operate
-Very suited for small loads
-Expensive to compete with other sources
of energy except for applications requiring
small amounts of power
-High capital cost of PV system,
-Repairs often need skilled technicians
- PV Panels susceptible to damage
-Requires batteries
-Inverters for AC are quite expensive
-Low output in cloudy weather, however,
storage batteries
Small Wind
Systems
-Unattended operation
-long life
-Low recurrent costs
-Easy, but regular maintenance. Less maintenance intensive
than diesel generator set.
-Suited to local small scale industries
-No fuel requirement
-High system design and project planning
needs
-Available only when the wind bellows.
-Seasonal disadvantage
-Batteries needs continuous supply
-Site needs to be chosen carefully
-Can be noisy/visually unattractive
Micro-Hydro
System
-Local manufacture is possible
-If enough water can be produced electricity 24 hours a day
-Automatic, continuous operation requires no supervision
-Low recurrent costs
-High reliability
-Long life, high reliability
-Need base load to justify cost
-Minimal environmental impacts
-Require specific site conditions; hilly
with year-around water source.
-No enough water in dry season
-Needs well maintenance & operated
-Need to take into account other needs for
water (i.e. irrigation)
Diesel
Generator Set
-Easy to design system
-Quick easy to install, but regular maintenance.
-Moderate capital cost
-Reliable and portable
-Can be combined with other systems (i.e. hybrid systems)
-Fuel supplies erratic and expensive
-High recurrent and maintenance costs
-Short life expectancy
- Noise, dirt and fume problem (pollution)
Conventional
Hydro-Grid
System
-Very efficient at 90% much superior to wind, solar & gensets
-clean, renewable, reliable and fairly cheap source of energy
-Low operation and maintenance costs
-High investment costs for off-grid sites
-Construction of large reservoir required
-Dam facilities disrupt river flows, alters
riverside habitats and is an obstacle to fish
migration.

13. METHODOLOGY
 The most complete approach used in this study
is the Life Cycle Cost.
 For each energy system on which we are going
to perform a life cycle cost analysis, we need to
identify all the initial and future costs namely:
 Initial capital costs,
 Installation,
 Operation and maintenance over whole
lifetime,
 Fuel (only for diesels) over whole lifetime,
 Replacement of components during lifetime.

14. Methodology of Life-Cycle Costing Analysis
 It is used for calculating the least cost method of achieving a
particular objective, in this case a quantity of electricity
generated.
 The inputs and outputs of the methodology are illustrated in
Figure 1, overleaf. Information or assumptions are required to
put numbers to:
-System performance: the output of the system depending on
the natural resource available.
-Cost data: the up-front and future expenditure required.
-Economic parameters: the factors which dictate how the
future costs can be expressed in today’s money.
 These are combined mathematically to give economic
indicators which summarise the cost-effectiveness of the
system under consideration.

15. Life-Cycle Costing and Discounting
 In a life-cycle costing, the initial costs and all future costs
for the entire operational life of a system are considered.
.
 To make a meaningful comparison, all future costs and
benefits have to be discounted to their equivalent value
in today’s economy, called their present worth or PW.
 To achieve this, each future cost is multiplied by the a
discount factor calculated from the discount rate.
 All calculations were done relative to general inflation, so
that all costs are expressed in today’s money.
 Levelised energy (LEC) cost was used as the most useful
figure for comparing energy technology options.

16. INPUTS
OUTPUT
ECONOMIC INDICATORS
•Life-cycle project cost
•Annualised project cost
•Levelised unit cost of energy
(or other output)
PERFOMANCE DATA
System specification
Performance estimate
•Net useful energy production (or
other output) per year
COST DATA
•Capital cost
•Hardware
•Design overheads
•Installation
•Operation & maintenance cost
•Component replacement cost
and timescale
•Salvage values
ECONOMIC PARAMETERS
•Period of analysis
•Discount rate
•Inflation
Life-Cycle Costing: Outline
Methodology

17. TEST RESULTS
Economic Analysis for Renewable Energy Systems
Energy Options Life-Cycle Costs
Wind energy UGShs. 74,016,572
Solar energy UGShs. 101,320,082
Micro-hydro energy UGShs. 66,721,636
Diesel energy UGShs.104,586
Grid with extsn UGSh. 84,404,682
Grid without extsn UGShs.20,404,682

18. TEST RESULTS- cont---
LifeCycle cost/W
0
20,000,000
40,000,000
60,000,000
80,000,000
100,000,000
120,000,000
Wind
energy
Solar
energy
Grid with
extension
Grid
without
extension
Micro-
hydro
Diesel
energy
Energy systems
Costs
UGXW
LifeCycle
costW

19. CONCLUSIONS
A number of renewable energy options were proposed, for
powering rural community facilities and communal centres
namely:
 Grid extension
 Solar energy
 Wind energy
 Geothermal energy
 Biomass energy
 Micro-hydro energy
Geothermal energy and biomass were found unsuitable as
energy generation system for the GLR rural community services.

20. CONCLUSIONS
 The economic viability of renewable energy systems were considered by
calculating levelised energy costs and were found to be in the following
order:
 Grid without extension (UGShs. 2,040/W),
 Wind energy system (UGShs 7,402/W),
 Grid with extension (UGShs. 8,440/W),
 Micro-hydro system (UGShs. 6,672/) and
 finally the solar energy option at (UGShs 10,132/W).
 The life cycle cost of a competing diesel generator system in this instance
was calculated as UGShs 104,586/W.
 With reasonable assumptions concerning discount rates, capacity factors,
and fuel costs, the grid without extension and wind turbines have the lowest
life cycle costs in locations where the resource is sufficient.
 A limitation to the grid system is its coverage that does not extend into most
rural areas there by calling for decentralised distributed solutions.

21. END OF PRESENTATION
Thank you ladies and
gentlemen for your attention.
Questions ???