QUESTION 1Which of the following cases did you try in Argument .docx

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QUESTION 1 Which of the following cases did you try in "Argument Wars"? Brown v. Board of Education Gideon v. Wainwright Hazelwood v. Kuhlmeier In Re Gault Miranda v. Arizona New Jersey v. T.L.O. Snyder v. Phelps Texas v. QUESTION 2 Why did the justices in "Supreme Decision" argue about whether Ben's t-shirt was speech? QUESTION 3 Why did the justices in "Supreme Decision" argue about whether political speech gets more protection than cultural speech? QUESTION 4 Why did the justices in "Supreme Decision" argue about what happened in the Tinker case? QUESTION 5 Why did the justices in Ben's case care whether the t-shirts were disruptive? DISCRIMINATION AND VIOLENCE 1 DISCRIMINATION AND VIOLENCE 2 Discrimination and Violence Advanced General Psychology | PSY492 A02 Tony Williams Argosy University Lisa Unger 27 September 2016 DISCRIMINATION AND VIOLENCE Discrimination happens in human affairs and it is defined as making a favor for or against and individual based on class or category. Common types of discrimination in the American society include; racial, social, gender and disability. Racial discrimination by far is the most prevalent and it is the oldest form of discrimination starting from the introduction of slave trade in the United States. Even though the levels of discrimination have reduced in the United States, there is no doubt that they still exist. Discrimination is a problem and it has led to violence in some areas of the country. The objectives of this study are to find out how discrimination affects the American society and how it can be reduced. There are a number of negative effects that are as a result of discrimination and it is the objective of this study to point out these effects and recommend solutions to these problems. Reference Page Blosnich, J. R., & Horn, K. (2011). Associations of discrimination and violence with smoking among emerging adults: differences by gender and sexual orientation. Nicotine & Tobacco Research, ntr183. Cobas, J. A., Duany, J., & Feagin, J. R. (2015). How the United States racializes Latinos: White hegemony and its consequences. Routledge. Baechler, G. (2013). Violence through environmental discrimination: Causes, Rwanda arena, and conflict model (Vol. 2). Springer Science & Business Media. Carrara, S. (2012). Discrimination, policies, and sexual rights in Brazil.Cadernos de Saúde Pública, 28(1), 184-189. Piazza, J. A. (2011). Poverty, minority economic discrimination, and domestic terrorism. Journal of Peace Research, 48(3), 339-353. Harrison, J., Grant, J., & Herman, J. L. (2012). A gender not listed here: Genderqueers, gender rebels, and otherwise in the National Transgender Discrimination Survey. LGBTQ Public Policy Journal at the Harvard Kennedy School, 2(1). Martin, M. J., McCarthy, B., Conger, R. D., Gibbons, F. X., Simons ...

Education

DISCRIMINATION AND VIOLENCE
1
DISCRIMINATION AND VIOLENCE
2
Discrimination and Violence
Advanced General Psychology | PSY492 A02
Tony Williams
Argosy University
Lisa Unger
27 September 2016
DISCRIMINATION AND VIOLENCE
Discrimination happens in human affairs and it is defined as
making a favor for or against and individual based on class or
category. Common types of discrimination in the American
society include; racial, social, gender and disability. Racial
discrimination by far is the most prevalent and it is the oldest
form of discrimination starting from the introduction of slave
trade in the United States. Even though the levels of
discrimination have reduced in the United States, there is no
doubt that they still exist. Discrimination is a problem and it
has led to violence in some areas of the country.
The objectives of this study are to find out how discrimination
affects the American society and how it can be reduced. There
are a number of negative effects that are as a result of
discrimination and it is the objective of this study to point out
these effects and recommend solutions to these problems.

Reference Page
Blosnich, J. R., & Horn, K. (2011). Associations of
discrimination and violence with smoking among emerging
adults: differences by gender and sexual orientation. Nicotine &
Tobacco Research, ntr183.
Cobas, J. A., Duany, J., & Feagin, J. R. (2015). How the United
States racializes Latinos: White hegemony and its
consequences. Routledge.
Baechler, G. (2013). Violence through environmental
discrimination: Causes, Rwanda arena, and conflict model (Vol.
2). Springer Science & Business Media.
Carrara, S. (2012). Discrimination, policies, and sexual rights in
Brazil.Cadernos de Saúde Pública, 28(1), 184-189.
Piazza, J. A. (2011). Poverty, minority economic
discrimination, and domestic terrorism. Journal of Peace
Research, 48(3), 339-353.
Harrison, J., Grant, J., & Herman, J. L. (2012). A gender not
listed here: Genderqueers, gender rebels, and otherwise in the
National Transgender Discrimination Survey. LGBTQ Public
Policy Journal at the Harvard Kennedy School, 2(1).
Martin, M. J., McCarthy, B., Conger, R. D., Gibbons, F. X.,
Simons, R. L., Cutrona, C. E., & Brody, G. H. (2011). The
enduring significance of racism: Discrimination and
delinquency among black American youth. Journal of Research
on Adolescence, 21(3), 662-676.
Dancygier, R. M., & Laitin, D. D. (2014). Immigration into
Europe: Economic discrimination, violence, and public
policy. Annual Review of Political Science,17, 43-64.
Reza-Paul, S., Lorway, R., O'Brien, N., Lazarus, L., Jain, J.,
Bhagya, M., ... & Steen, R. (2012). Sex worker-led structural
interventions in India: a case study on addressing violence in
HIV prevention through the Ashodaya Samithi collective in
Mysore. The Indian journal of medical research, 135(1), 98.
Hendricks, M. L., & Testa, R. J. (2012). A conceptual

framework for clinical work with transgender and gender
nonconforming clients: An adaptation of the Minority Stress
Model. Professional Psychology: Research and Practice, 43(5),
460.

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According to Gray et al, (2017) critical appraisal is the proce.docx

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According to article "Insecure: Policing Under Racial Capitalism" by Robin D.G. Kelley and the article "Yes, We Mean Literally Abolish the Police" by Mariame Kaba, the police are no longer an attribute of safety and security. The facts that are given in the articles are similar within the meaning of the content. The police do not serve for the benefit of the whole community. Racial and class division according to social status became the basis of lawlessness and injustice on the part of the police. Kaaba in his article cites several stories confirming the racial hatred that led to the murder of African Americans. After that, people massively took to the streets of many cities in several countries, demanding an end to racial discrimination and the murder of African Americans. Kelley's article describes numerous manifestos where demands for police abolition have been raised, but all have been rejected. In the protests, people suggested that they themselves would take care of each other, which the police could not do. I understand that the police system is far from ideal and the permissiveness of police representatives should be limited. Ruth Wilson Gilmore says that "capitalism is never racial." I think that this phrase she wants to say that the stronger people take away from the weak people and use them for their own well-being. And since the roots of history go back to slavery, then African Americans are the weak link. In this regard, a huge number of prisons and police power appeared. The common and small class do not feel protected, on the contrary; they expect a threat from people who must protect them. The police take an oath to respect and protect human and civil rights and freedoms, regardless of skin color and social status. If this does not happen, then you need to change the system. .

According to article Insecure Policing Under Racial Capitalism by.docx

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Abstract: In this experiment, examining the equivalence point in a titration with NaOH identified an unknown diprotic acid. The molar mass of the unknown was found to be 100.78 g/mol with pKa values of 2.6 and 6.6. The closest diprotic acid to this molar mass is malonic acid with a percent error of 3.48%. Introduction: The purpose of the experiment was to determine the identity of an unknown diprotic acid. The equivalence and half-equivalence points on the titration curve give important information, which can then be used to calculate the molecular weight of the acid. The equivalence point is the moment when there is an equal amount of acid and NaOH. Knowing the concentration and volume of added NaOH at that moment, the amount of moles of NaOH can be determined. The amount of moles of NaOH is then equivalent to the amount of acid present. Dividing the original mass of the acid by the moles present gave the molar mass of the acid. In this particular titration, there were two equivalence points as the acid is diprotic. Consequently, the titration curve had two inflection points. The acid dissociated in a two-step process with the net reaction being: H2X + 2 NaOH Na2X + 2 H2O This was important to take into consideration when calculating the molar mass of the diprotic acid. If the first equivalence point was to be used, the ratio of acid to NaOH was 1:1. If the second equivalence point was used in the calculations, the ratio became 1:2 as now a second set of NaOH molecules reacted with the acid to dissociate the second hydrogen ion. The titration curve also showed the pKa values of the acid. This happened at the half-equivalence point where half of the acid was dissociated to its conjugate base (again, because of the diprotic properties of the acid, this happens twice on the curve). The Henderson Hasselbalch equation pH = pKa+log(A-/HA) shows that at the half-equivalence point, the pKa value equaled the pH and was visually represented by the flattest part of the graphs. Discussion: The titration graph showed that the data was consistent with the methodology and proved to be an precise execution of the procedure and followed the expected shape. One possible source of error was the actual mass of the acid solid. While transferring the dust from the weigh boat to the solution, some remained in the weigh boat this could have altered the molar mass calculations and shifted the final the final mass lighter than actual. The Vernier pH method was definitely a much more concrete method of interpreting the results. It was possible to see which addition of NaOH gave the greatest increase in pH ( greatest 1st derivative of the titration graph). The relying solely on the indicator color would make it very difficult to judge at which precise point the color shifted most, as the shift was a lot more gradual compared to the precise numbers. This may have been a more reliable method if there was a de.

Abstract In this experiment, examining the equivalence poi.docx

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ACC 403- ASSIGNMENT 2 RUBRIC!!! Points: 280 Assignment 2: Audit Planning and Control Criteria UnacceptableBelow 60% F Meets Minimum Expectations60-69% D Fair70-79% C Proficient80-89% B Exemplary90-100% A 1. Outline the critical steps inherent in planning an audit and designing an effective audit program. Based upon the type of company selected, provide specific details of the actions that the company should undertake during planning and designing the audit program. Weight: 15% Did not submit or incompletely outlined the critical steps inherent in planning an audit and designing an effective audit program. Did not submit or incompletely provided specific details of the actions that the company should undertake during planning and designing the audit program, based upon the type of company selected. Insufficiently outlined the critical steps inherent in planning an audit and designing an effective audit program. Insufficiently provided specific details of the actions that the company should undertake during planning and designing the audit program, based upon the type of company selected. Partially outlined the critical steps inherent in planning an audit and designing an effective audit program. Partially provided specific details of the actions that the company should undertake during planning and designing the audit program, based upon the type of company selected. Satisfactorily outlined the critical steps inherent in planning an audit and designing an effective audit program. Satisfactorily provided specific details of the actions that the company should undertake during planning and designing the audit program, based upon the type of company selected. Thoroughly outlined the critical steps inherent in planning an audit and designing an effective audit program. Thoroughly provided specific details of the actions that the company should undertake during planning and designing the audit program, based upon the type of company selected. 2. Examine at least two (2) performance ratios that you would use in order to determine which analytical tests to perform. Identify the accounts that you would test, and select at least three (3) analytical procedures that you would use in your audit. Weight: 15% Did not submit or incompletely examined at least two (2) performance ratios that you would use in order to determine which analytical tests to perform. Did not submit or incompletely identified the accounts that you would test; did not submit or incompletely selected at least three (3) analytical procedures that you would use in your audit. Insufficiently examined at least two (2) performance ratios that you would use in order to determine which analytical tests to perform. Insufficiently identified the accounts that you would test; insufficiently selected at least three (3) analytical procedures that you would use in your audit. Partially examined at least two (2) performance ratios that you would use in order to determine which analytical tests .

ACC 403- ASSIGNMENT 2 RUBRIC!!!Points 280Assignment 2 Audi.docx

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ACC 601 Managerial Accounting Group Case 3 (160 points) Instructions: 1. As a group, complete the following activities in good form. Use excel or word only. Provide all supporting calculations to show how you arrived at your numbers 2. Add only the names of group members who participated in the completion of this assignment. 3. Submit only one copy of your completed work via Moodle. Do not send it to me by email. 4. Due: No later than the last day of Module 7. Please note that your professor has the right to change the due date of this assignment. Part A: Capital Budgeting Decisions Chee Company has gathered the following data on a proposed investment project: Investment required in equipment ............. $240,000 Annual cash inflows .................................. $50,000 Salvage value ............................................ $0 Life of the investment ............................... 8 years Required rate of return .............................. 10% Assets will be depreciated using straight line depreciation method Required: Using the net present value and the internal rate of return methods, is this a good investment? Part B: Master Budget You have just been hired as a new management trainee by Earrings Unlimited, a distributor of earrings to various retail outlets located in shopping malls across the country. In the past, the company has done very little in the way of budgeting and at certain times of the year has experienced a shortage of cash. Since you are well trained in budgeting, you have decided to prepare a master budget for the upcoming second quarter. To this end, you have worked with accounting and other areas to gather the information assembled below. The company sells many styles of earrings, but all are sold for the same price—$10 per pair. Actual sales of earrings for the last three months and budgeted sales for the next six months follow (in pairs of earrings): January (actual) 20,000 June (budget) 50,000 February (actual) 26,000 July (budget) 30,000 March (actual) 40,000 August (budget) 28,000 April (budget) 65,000 September (budget) 25,000 May (budget) 100,000 The concentration of sales before and during May is due to Mother’s Day. Sufficient inventory should be on hand at the end of each month to supply 40% of the earrings sold in the following month. Suppliers are paid $4 for a pair of earrings. One-half of a month’s purchases is paid for in the month of purchase; the other half is paid for in the following month. All sales are on credit. Only 20% of a month’s sales are collected in the month of sale. An additional 70% is collected in the following month, and the remaining 10% is collected in the second month following sale. Bad debts have been negligible. Monthly operating expenses for the company are given below: Variable: Sales commissions 4 % of sales .

ACC 601 Managerial Accounting Group Case 3 (160 points) .docx

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Academic Integrity: A Letter to My Students[1] Bill Taylor Professor of Political Science Oakton Community College Des Plaines, IL 60016 [email protected] Here at the beginning of the semester I want to say something to you about academic integrity.[2] I’m deeply convinced that integrity is an essential part of any true educational experience, integrity on my part as a faculty member and integrity on your part as a student. To take an easy example, would you want to be operated on by a doctor who cheated his way through medical school? Or would you feel comfortable on a bridge designed by an engineer who cheated her way through engineering school. Would you trust your tax return to an accountant who copied his exam answers from his neighbor? Those are easy examples, but what difference does it make if you as a student or I as a faculty member violate the principles of academic integrity in a political science course, especially if it’s not in your major? For me, the answer is that integrity is important in this course precisely because integrity is important in all areas of life. If we don’t have integrity in the small things, if we find it possible to justify plagiarism or cheating or shoddy work in things that don’t seem important, how will we resist doing the same in areas that really do matter, in areas where money might be at stake, or the possibility of advancement, or our esteem in the eyes of others? Personal integrity is not a quality we’re born to naturally. It’s a quality of character we need to nurture, and this requires practice in both meanings of that word (as in practice the piano and practice a profession). We can only be a person of integrity if we practice it every day. What does that involve for each of us in this course? Let’s find out by going through each stage in the course. As you’ll see, academic integrity basically requires the same things of you as a student as it requires of me as a teacher. I. Preparation for Class What Academic Integrity Requires of Me in This Area With regard to coming prepared for class, the principles of academic integrity require that I come having done the things necessary to make the class a worthwhile educational experience for you. This requires that I:  reread the text (even when I’ve written it myself),  clarify information I might not be clear about,  prepare the class with an eye toward what is current today (that is, not simply rely on past notes), and  plan the session so that it will make it worth your while to be there. What Academic Integrity Requires of You in This Area With regard to coming prepared for class, the principles of academic integrity suggest that you have a responsibility to yourself, to me, and to the other students to do the things necessary to put yourself in a position to make fruitful contributions to class discussion. This will require you to:  read the text before.

Academic Integrity A Letter to My Students[1] Bill T.docx

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Access the Center for Disease Control and Prevention’s (CDC’s) “Nutrition, Physical Activity, and Obesity: Data, Trends and Maps” database. Choose a state other than your home state and compare their health status and associated behaviors. What behaviors lead to the current obesity status? Initial discussion post should be approximately 300 words. Any sources used should be cited in APA format. .

Access the Center for Disease Control and Prevention’s (CDC’s) Nu.docx

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According to DSM 5 This patient had very many symptoms that sugg.docx

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Acceptable concerts include professional orchestras, soloists, jazz, Broadway musicals and instrumental or vocal ensembles, and comparable college or community groups performing music relevant to the content of this class. (Optionally, either your concert report or your concert review - but not both unless advance permission is given - may be based on a concert of non-western music selected from events on the concert list.) Acceptable concerts include the following: • Symphony orchestras • Concert bands and wind ensembles • Chamber Music (string quartets, brass and woodwind quintets, etc.) • Solo recitals (piano, voice, etc.) • Choral concerts • Early music concerts • Non-western music • Some jazz concerts • Opera• Broadway Musicals• Flamenco• Ballet• Tango Assignment Format The following are required on the concert review assignment and, thus, may affect your grade. • Must be typed• Must be double-spaced• Must be between 2 and 4 pages in length not including the cover sheet .• Must use conventional size and formatting of text - e.g. 10-12 point serif or sans serif fonts with normal margins. • Must include the printed program from the concert and/or your ticket stubs. Photocopies are unacceptable. (Contact me at least 24 hours before due date if any materials are unavailable.)• All materials (text, program, ticket stub) must be stapled together securely. Folded corners, paper clips, etc. instead of staples will not be accepted.• Careful editing, proofreading, and spelling are expected, although minor errors will not affect your grade. Papers that do not follow these format guidelines may be returned for resubmission, and late penalties will apply. Concert Review Assignment Content I. Cover Sheet: Include the following on a cover sheet attached to the front of your review: • Title or other description of the event/performers you heard, along with the date and location of the performance. For example: New World Symphony Orchestra 1258 Lincoln Road Saturday, June 5, 2013 Lincoln Road Theater, Miami Beach • Your name, assignment submission date, course. For example: Pat Romero October 31, 2013 Humanities 1020 MWF 8:05 a.m. II. Descriptions The main body of the concert review should include brief discussions of three of the pieces in the concert you attend. In most cases, a single paragraph for each piece should be sufficient, although you may wish to break descriptions of longer pieces into separate short paragraphs, one per movement. Your description of each piece (song) should include: • The title of the piece and the composer's name if possible, as listed in the concert program.• A brief description of your reaction to the piece. For example: When the piece started I thought it was going to be slow and boring, but the faster section in the first movement made it more exciting. A really great flute solo full of fast and high notes in the third movement caught my attention. I'm not sure, but I thought that som.

Acceptable concerts include professional orchestras, soloists, jazz,.docx

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ACA was passed in 2010, under the presidency of Barack Obama. Prior to this new act, there were plenty of votes that did not agree with the notion of accessible insurance. Before 2010, The private sector had been given coverage in such a way that Milstead and Short (2019) called it sickness insurance; meaning companies will risk incurring medical expenses as long as it was balanced by healthy people. They were doing so by excluding people that had pre-existing conditions, becoming a very solvent business (Milstead & Short, 2019). After ACA was passed that was no longer the case. When President Trump came into term he did so by bringing his own healthcare agenda, which attempted to repeal ACA, but ultimately failed to come up with a replacement. In 2016, the Republican's party platform was to repeal ACA, while continuing Medicare and Medicaid, but on the other hand, democrats put down that Obamacare is a step towards the goals of universal health care, and that this was just the beginning (Physicians for a National Health Program, n.d.). As for the cost analysis of repealing the Affordable Care Act, this would increase the number of uninsured people by 23 million, and it will cost about 350 billion through 2027, as well as creating costly coverage provisions to replace it (Committee for a Responsible Federal Budget, 2017). (2 references required) .

ACA was passed in 2010, under the presidency of Barack Obama. Pr.docx

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Access the FASB website. Once you login, click the FASB Accounting Standards Codification link. Review the materials in the FASB Codification, especially the links on the left side column. Next, write a 1-page memo to a friend introducing and explaining this new accounting research resource that you have found. Provide at least one APA citation to the FASB Codification and reference that citation using the APA guidelines. .

Access the FASB website. Once you login, click the FASB Accounting S.docx

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Academic Paper Overview This performance task was intended to assess students’ ability to conduct scholarly and responsible research and articulate an evidence-based argument that clearly communicates the conclusion, solution, or answer to their stated research question. More specifically, this performance task was intended to assess students’ ability to: • Generate a focused research question that is situated within or connected to a larger scholarly context or community; • Explore relationships between and among multiple works representing multiple perspectives within the scholarly literature related to the topic of inquiry; • Articulate what approach, method, or process they have chosen to use to address their research question, why they have chosen that approach to answering their question, and how they employed it; • Develop and present their own argument, conclusion, or new understanding while acknowledging its limitations and discussing implications; • Support their conclusion through the compilation, use, and synthesis of relevant and significant evidence generated by their research; • Use organizational and design elements to effectively convey the paper’s message; • Consistently and accurately cite, attribute, and integrate the knowledge and work of others, while distinguishing between their voice and that of others; and • Generate a paper in which word choice and syntax enhance communication by adhering to established conventions of grammar, usage, and mechanics. .

Academic Paper Overview This performance task was intended to asse.docx

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Academic Research Team Project Paper COVID-19 Open Research Dataset Challenge (CORD-19) An AI challenge with AI2, CZI, MSR, Georgetown, NIH & The White House (1) FULL-LENGTH PROJECT Dataset Description In response to the COVID-19 pandemic, the White House and a coalition of leading research groups have prepared the COVID-19 Open Research Dataset (CORD-19). CORD-19 is a resource of over 44,000 scholarly articles, including over 29,000 with full text, about COVID-19, SARS-CoV-2, and related corona viruses. This freely available dataset is provided to the global research community to apply recent advances in natural language processing and other AI techniques to generate new insights in support of the ongoing fight against this infectious disease. There is a growing urgency for these approaches because of the rapid acceleration in new coronavirus literature, making it difficult for the medical research community to keep up. Call to Action We are issuing a call to action to the world's artificial intelligence experts to develop text and data mining tools that can help the medical community develop answers to high priority scientific questions. The CORD-19 dataset represents the most extensive machine-readable coronavirus literature collection available for data mining to date. This allows the worldwide AI research community the opportunity to apply text and data mining approaches to find answers to questions within, and connect insights across, this content in support of the ongoing COVID-19 response efforts worldwide. There is a growing urgency for these approaches because of the rapid increase in coronavirus literature, making it difficult for the medical community to keep up. A list of our initial key questions can be found under the Tasks section of this dataset. These key scientific questions are drawn from the NASEM’s SCIED (National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine’s Standing Committee on Emerging Infectious Diseases and 21st Century Health Threats) research topics and the World Health Organization’s R&D Blueprint for COVID-19. Many of these questions are suitable for text mining, and we encourage researchers to develop text mining tools to provide insights on these questions. In this project, you will follow your own interests to create a portfolio worthy single-frame viz or multi-frame data story that will be shared in your presentation. You will use all the skills taught in this course to complete this project step-by-step, with guidance from your instructors along the way. You will first create a project proposal to identify your goals for the project, including the question you wish to answer or explore with data. You will then find data that will provide the information you are seeking. You will then import that data into Tableau and prepare it for analysis. Next, you will create a dashboard that will allow you to explore the data in-depth and identify meaningful insights. You will then give structure .

Academic Research Team Project PaperCOVID-19 Open Research Datas.docx

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Abstract Voice over Internet Protocol (VoIP) is an advanced telecommunication technology which transfers the voice/video over high speed network that provides advantages of flexibility, reliability and cost efficient advanced telecommunication features. Still the issues related to security are averting many organizations to accept VoIP cloud environment due to security threats, holes or vulnerabilities. So, the novel secured framework is absolutely necessary to prevent all kind of VoIP security issues. This paper points out the existing VoIP cloud architecture and various security attacks and issues in the existing framework. It also presents the defense mechanisms to prevent the attacks and proposes a new security framework called Intrusion Prevention System (IPS) using video watermarking and extraction technique and Liveness Voice Detection (LVD) technique with biometric features such as face and voice. IPSs updated with new LVD features protect the VoIP services not only from attacks but also from misuses. A Comprehensive Survey of Security Issues and Defense Framework for VoIP Cloud Ashutosh Satapathy* and L. M. Jenila Livingston School of Computing Science and Engineering, VIT University, Chennai - 600127, Tamil Nadu, India; [email protected], [email protected] Keywords: Defense Mechanisms, Liveness Voice Detection, VoIP Cloud, Voice over Internet Protocol, VoIP Security Issues 1. Introduction The rapid progress of VoIP over traditional services is led to a situation that is common to many innovations and new technologies such as VoIP cloud and peer to peer services like Skype, Google Hangout etc. VoIP is the technology that supports sending voice (and video) over an Internet protocol-based network1,2. This is completely different than the public circuit-switched telephone network. Circuit switching network allocates resources to each individual call and path is permanent throughout the call from start to end. Traditional telephony services are provided by the protocols/components such as SS7, T carriers, Plain Old Telephone Service (POTS), the Public Switch Telephone Network (PSTN), dial up, local loops and anything under International Telecommunication Union. IP networks are based on packet switching and each packet follows different path, has its own header and is forwarded separately by routers. VoIP network can be constructed in various ways by using both proprietary protocols and protocols based on open standards. 1.1 VoIP Layer Architecture VoIP communication system typically consist of a front end platform (soft-phone, PBX, gateway, call manager), back end platform (server, CPU, storage, memory, network) and intermediate platforms such as VoIP protocols, database, authentication server, web server, operating systems etc. It is mainly divided into five layers as shown in Figure1. 1.2 VoIP Cloud Architecture VoIP cloud is the framework for delivering telephony services in which resourc.

AbstractVoice over Internet Protocol (VoIP) is an advanced t.docx

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Abstract Structure of Abstra.docx

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