epm ppt.

1. Group members
Kainat safdar 15051561-002
Arooj fatima 15051561-015
Syeda Maheen Ali 15051561-023
Hunain Munir 15051561-028
Adil Fayyaz 15051561-035

2. Bechtel company
• Founded in 1898, present in United State.
• Headquartered in San Francisco, Bechtel employs 58,000 people in
nearly 50 countries.
• Bechtel is a global engineering, construction and project
management company, that range from
i. civil infrastructure
ii. power
iii. telecommunications
iv. government services

3. Gladstone LNG
• GLNG is a liquefied natural gas (LNG) plant in Queensland, Australia.
• conversion of coal seam gas (coalbed methane) a colourless and odourless
gas, found in coal deposits formed over millions of years into LNG.
• The project was announced in July 2007. Its first LNG tanker load
departed 16 Oct 2015.
• The second LNG production train began making LNG on 26 May .
• Gladstone LNG project budget was $18.5 billion
• It was started up on schedule and within budget.

4. Joint Projects
• Queensland Curtis LNG (a joint venture of QGC – now a Shell-owned
business, China National Offshore Oil Corporation and Tokyo Gas),
• Australia Pacific LNG (a joint venture of ConocoPhillips,
Origin and Sinopec)
• Santos GLNG (a joint venture of Santos, Petronas, Total,
and Kogas) each hired Bechtel to design and build a liquefied natural
gas complex on Curtis Island, off the shore of Queensland, just north
of the city of Gladstone.
• These three simultaneous construction programs are part of the largest
concentration of private-capital investment in Australia’s history.

5. Conti…..
The three plants will produce LNG for use
by Australians and for customers in
• China, Korea, Japan, and Malaysia.
the plants will account for roughly 8
percent of global LNG production.
For the sake of quality, speed, and cost
control, Bechtel engineers in
• Houston, New Delhi, and
Shanghai geared their designs for the
three Curtis Island plants to modular
construction.

6. Stake holders
its being developed by the Australian energy company Santos
Limited The joint venture arrangement is Santos 30%; PETRONAS
27.5%; Total 27.5%; and KOGAS 15%.
Bechtel facilities in the
• Philippines,
• Indonesia, and
• Thailand
colleagues have been building more than 260 modules—-many of
which weighed more than 5,000 tons.

7. Bechtal
Annual LNG production capacity:
I. APLNG: 9 million metric tons
II. GLNG: 7 million metric tons
III. QCLNG: 8.5 million tons
Each of the two storage tanks at the Curtis Island LNG facilities has a
capacity equal to 56 Olympic-size swimming pools.
Momentous quantities:
The three projects together require enough:
I. concrete to construct seven Empire State Buildings
II. structural steel to build 13 Eiffel Towers
III. electrical cable to run the length of the Grand Canyon 11 times

8. Project Need
 World energy demand continues to rise. Between 2008 and 2030,
energy demand is expected to increase by 45%, an annual average
rate of increase of 1.6% (International Energy Agency, 2008). S
 there is increased pressure to find less carbon-intensive energy
solutions in an increasingly carbon-constrained world.
 The GLNG Project is a less carbon-intensive energy solution than
other fossil fuel alternatives.
 the GLNG Project can be a global contributor to energy needs with
reduced greenhouse gas outputs.

9. Process of Gas extraction
 To access the coal seams, a well is created by drilling a hole to the
required depth.
 A steel casing of a slightly smaller diameter than the hole is installed and
cement is then injected in the space between the casing and the borehole
wall.
 The well development process enables some of the water contained
within the seams to be pumped to the surface.
 The gas and water that comes out of the wells are separated at the surface.
 The gas is piped to a processing facility for distribution via pipelines to
residential and industrial customers including power stations, and to the
LNG facility near Gladstone.

10. Hydraulic fracturing helps the gas to flow
 In some locations, there are limited natural pathways for water and
gas to flow within the coals,
 In this situation, a fluid made of predominantly water and sand with
a small number of chemical additives, is pumped down the well
bore.
 The fluid is directed into an isolated section of the coal under
pressure to create additional pathways (fractures) to help release and
extract the gas.
 This is called hydraulic fracture stimulation, or hydraulic
fracturing. It is a proven and accepted well completion methodology
which has been used for over 60 years internationally and for over
40 years in Australia.

11. Conti…..
After gas extraction it is transported
through pipe at onshore that include
a 270-mile (435-kilometer) gas
pipeline to Gladstone, and the LNG
liquefaction plant at Gladstone..
Santos will develop the port
facilities.

12. Economic benefits
 Queensland coal seam gas is being used in both domestic and in export
markets.
 At its peak, the Queensland gas industry has created more than 40,000 jobs,
and it currently employs about 20,000 people.
The Australian gas industry
 investment (currently contributing more than a third of Australian business
investment)
 direct and indirect job creation
 regional development
 export revenue
 taxation
 energy security.

13. Conti…..
A Deloitte Access Economics report, Advancing Australia, shows that:
More than a third of current business investment in Australia is in the natural gas
sector.
 Over the investment phase, it is estimated that the industry will create about
103,000 (full-time equivalent) jobs across the Australian economy.
 Companies all over Australia are supplying goods and services to the oil and
gas industry, and the use of fly-in, fly-out staffing is spreading the benefits of
the industry across Australia.
 The oil and gas industry directly and indirectly represents around 2% of
current GDP, with value added of about $28.3 billion in 2010-11.
 The sector’s economic contribution to the national economy will more than
double to $65 billion in 2020.

14. Social impacts
CSG was providing guideline to communities so that impacts can be
minimized but some impacts was prominent
 Increasing population of the area
 Housing issues
 experience a great deal of community opposition to CSG, even in
the exploration phase.
 Decreasing agriculture activities

15. Fishy business
 Fish habitats in Gladstone harbour also diminished by the project.
 The dredging stirs up silt which remains in suspension in harbour
waters, affecting the ability of fish to extract oxygen from the water,
before settling out on sea grasses and wetlands.
 The quantity of food available for both commercial and recreational
targeted fishes is thus diminished.
 local wholesaling, processing and exporting businesses will find it
difficult to survive the reduction in supply of local fish.

16. Environmental concerns & damage:
five main areas:-
(a) Loss of habitat at Curtis Island and Gladstone Harbour with LNG
facility construction,
(b) Impacts of dredging on water quality and marine life in Gladstone
Harbour for new channels and berths for LNG ships,
(c) Impacts on habitat caused by CSG pipeline construction,
(d) The greenhouse gas emissions of exploiting this polluting, non-
renewable, temporary resource, and
(e) Effects on groundwater resources, river water, farming and conservation
land from CSG drilling & extraction.

17. Conti..
 More specifically CCC has concerns that the LNG and CSG
industry proposals will permanently harm the environment and
include many uncertainties:
 CSG extraction releasing huge volumes (gigalitres) of salty
underground water,
 potential to contaminate groundwater supplies and valuable
agricultural land,
 Depletion of the groundwater resources, threatening the Great
Artesian Basin,
 Proposals to pump treated CSG water into the rivers of the
Fitzroy Basin, threating river ecology and water quality,

18. Conti…
 Disruption to food production from the vast network of bores,
pipelines and roads playing havoc with agricultural land,
 Loss of habitat and ecosystems for the construction of LNG
facilities, CSG pipelines & wells,
 turning Gladstone Harbour upside down though millions of tonnes
of sea bed being dredged and dumped,
 Threats to dugong, dolphins, turtles, fisheries, seagrass beds and
other marine life,
 Gas pipelines crossing the Boyne geological fault line which formed
The Narrows,
 Destruction of a large area on Curtis Island, all for a industry,