2. Welfare of Special Categories of
Labour
• Child Labour
• Female Labour
• Contract Labour
• Construction Labour
• Agricultural Labour
• Differently Abled Labour
• BPO & KPO Labour
3. Child Labour
“Child labour” is generally speaking, work for
children that harms them or exploits them in
someway (physically, mentally, morally or by
blocking access to education).
It is the work that exceeds a minimum number of
hours depending on the age of a child and on the type
of work.
A “child” is not necessarily delineated by a fixed age.
4. Causes of Child labor
Overexploitation of population.
Decrease of resources.
Decrease in literacy.
Increase of poverty.
Increase of unemployment.
Lack of schooling and daily care.
Limited choices for women
5. Child Labor Statistics
61% in Asia, 32% in Africa, and 7% in Latin America,
1% in US, Canada, Europe and other wealthy nations.
In Asia, 22% of the workforce is children. In Latin
America, 17% of the workforce is children.
246 million child workers aged 5 and 17 were involved
in child labor.
Out of which 171 million were involved in work that by
its nature is hazardous.
According to certain experts approximately 10 million
bonded children labourers are working as dome In South
Asia.
Beyond this there are almost 55 million bonded child
labourers hired across various other industries.
6. Child labor in India
INDIA accounts for the second highest number where
child labor in the world.
Africa accounts for the highest number of children
employed and exploited.
According to certain experts approximately 10
million bonded children laborers are working as
domestic servants in India.
Beyond this there are almost 55 million bonded child
laborers hired across various other industries.
7.
8. Regulation and Prohibition Act
This was declared by the parliament on 23rd
December, 1986.
It includes Prohibition of employment of
children in certain occupations and
processes.
No child shall be employed or permitted to
work in any of the occupations which are
hazardous by its nature
9. Conclusion
The social malady of child labor can be brought
under control, if each individual takes responsibility
of reporting about anyone employing a child below
the age of 14years.
Thus, instead of ignoring on should find out about
reporting child labor and how such children can
actually be saved.
Child labor can be controlled if the government
functions effectively with the support of the public.
10. Female Labour
Pre-Independence Period
• The prehistoric times, we see men and women in hordes leading a
nomadic life
• Women were then treated on par with men. when the custom of
marriage arose, there developed in turn, the home and the family
• The women who reared the children, took care of the household
and performed the general domestic labour, leaving men to do
most of the outside work and so women mostly
11. Presently
The observance of the International Women's Year in the last
quarter of the 20th century was a historic landmark in the
calendar of women's progress
In recent years, women are playing an important role in
economic development. Goals cannot be achieved without
reducing regional inequalities and improving the status of
women
They contribute significant proportion in Gross Domestic
Product through actively participating in industries, services
and in agricultural activities
In the urban areas, almost 80 per cent of the women workers
are working in the unorganized sectors such as household
industries, petty trades and services, buildings and
construction
12. • Women have been given equal opportunities to compete with men and one another. In
the last century and the early 20th century women were mostly relegated to the home
and their place was the kitchen
• lead to move work in actual fact-for now they are “Managers” of their home and family
as well as part of the work force
• Today’s women are joint partners in the world scheme
• We have had some great women such as Rani of Jhansi, Meerabai, Mumtaj Mahal,
Indira Gandhi etc., who have been acknowledged as leaders and thinkers of our society
• The study also reveals the controversy in the context of urban-rural India, where
women work participation is high in urban area and low in rural area
• Women have been given representation in the Panchayati Raj system as a sign of
political empowerment as well as social development
• A significant entrepreneurial force whose contributions to local, national and global
economies are far reaching
• Causalistion of urban women workforce is high in underdeveloped states except
developed state like Gujarat, Karnataka, Andhra Pradesh, Kerala the causalistion of
urban female workers is high
13.
14. Protective Provisions for Women Employees
Safety/Health Measures
Under Factories Act, 1948
Section 22(2)--No woman shall be allowed to clean, lubricate
or adjust any part of a prime mover or of any transmission
machinery
Section 27--prohibits employment of women in any part of a
factory for pressing cotton
Section 66(1)(b), Sec25, Sec46--no woman shall be required or
allowed to work in any factory except between the hours of 6
a.m. and 7 p.m.
Section 46(1)(b)--prohibits employment of women in any part
of a mine which is below ground.
15. • The Maternity Benefit Act, 1961 regulates the employment of
women in certain establishments for certain periods before and
after child-birth and provides maternity benefits
• Rule 53 of the Contract Labour (Regulation and Abolition) Act,
1970, Section 19 of the Factories Act, 1948, Rule 42 of the Inter
State Migrant Workmen (RECS) Central Rules, 1980--Provision for
separate latrines and urinals for female workers exist
• Section 57 of the Contract Labour, Section 42 of the Factories Act,
Section 43 of the Inter-State Migrant Workmen (RECS) Act, 1979--
Provisions for Separate Washing Facilities
• Section 48 of the Factories Act, 1948, Section 44 of the Inter State
Migrant Workmen (RECS) Act, 1979, Section 12 of the Plantations
Labour Act, 1951, Section 14 of the Beedi and Cigar Workers
(Conditions of Employment) Act, 1966, Section 35 of the Building
and other Constructions (Regulation of Employment and Conditions
of Service) Act, 1996-- Provision for Crèches
16. VOCATIONAL TRAINING FOR WOMEN
• A separate Women Training wing was formed under DGET in
1977. This wing is responsible for designing and pursuing long
term policies relating to women Vocational training in the
country
• Aims to promote employment industry as semi-skilled/
skilled & highly skilled workers by increasing their
participation in skill training facilities
• 11 Institutes under women training wing comprises of one
National Vocational Training Institute (NVTI) for Women at
Noida and 10 Regional Vocational Training Institute(RVTls) for
Women at
Mumbai, Bangalore, Thiruvananthapuram, Hisar, Indore, Kolka
ta, Tura, Allahabad, Vadodara & Jaipur.
17. • The aforesaid institutes also organize need-based short-
term courses for general groups - housewives, students,
school dropouts, etc. and refresher training programmes in
Advance skills/pedagogy for ITI instructors.
• At present about more than 6500 trainees are trained
annually, in various long term and short-term courses in NVTII
RVTIs. All these seats are exclusively for women. Reservations
are as per Government of India rules
• Based on the recommendations and observations of
Parliamentary committee on Empowerment of Women and
working group on Skill Development and Training provision
has been made during the XIth Five Year Plan to establish 12
more RVTIs under PPP in States Andhra Pradesh, Himachal
Pradesh, Tamilnadu, Utaranchal, Chattisgarh, Chandigarh,
Delhi, Bihar, Jharkhand, Himachal Pradesh, Orissa, Assam and
Jammu & Kashmir
19. Contract Labour
• The labour of workers whose freedom is restricted by the terms of
a contractual relation and by laws that make such arrangements
permissible and enforceable
• The essence of the contract labourer’s obligation is his surrender for a
specified period of the freedom to quit his work and his employer
• Contract labour has been based upon conditions of poverty and upon
political and religious intolerance, and it is often expressed in penal codes
• Indentured labour, one form of contract labour, was common in North
America in colonial times. Its subjects were western European (mainly
British) males and females. Some of the contracts were similar
to apprenticeships, while the terms of others were harsh—usually
imposed on criminals whose sentences were commuted if they agreed to
colonial indenture. This practice is also known as indentured servitude
20. Contract Labour
(Regulation & Abolition) Act,
1970The main objective of this act is to regulate the
contract labour and abolish it in certain cases
Applicability
• Every industry engaging 20 or more workers on
contract basis.
• Every contractor engaging 20 or more workers.
21. Obligation of Principal
employer
Register of contractors Form XII
Annual return Form XXV
(on or before 15th Feb-
consolidated return)
Notice of Commencement/ Form VI B
Completion
22. Obligation of Contractor
• Renewal of license Form VII
• Register of workman Form XIII
• Employment Card Form XIV
• Service Certificate Form XV
• Muster Roll Form XVI
• Wages register Form XVII
• Wage slip Form XIX
• Deduction for damage/loss Form XX
• Register of fines Form XXI
• Register of advances Form XXII
• Register of over-time Form XXIII
23. Welfare Facilities
• Canteen Section 16
• Rest rooms Section 17
• Urinals, Latrines
Drinking Facilities Section 18
• First Aid Facilities Section 19
• Principal employer will have to provide these facilities if
not provided by contractor.
• In annual return these facilities needs to be shown
24. Applicability of other Act
• Persons cover under this act will be covered under:
I) Factory Act, 1948
II) Employees’ Provident Fund & Miscellaneous Provisions Act,
1952
III) Employees’ State Insurance Act, 1948 / Workmen
Compensation Act, 1923
IV) Payment of Bonus Act, 1965
V) Minimum Wages Act, 1948
VI) Payment of Wages Act, 1936
25. Payment of Wages
• Bills of the contractor of Labour Supply is passed on the basis of
the entry in SAP.
• Payment to the contract labour is disbursed in Contractor Yard.
• Payment to the contract labour is disbursed before the
management representative
• Representative stamps the register & signs on it.
Registers which are maintained
• Gate Pass register
• Attendance Register of Contract Labour
• Daily entry of the contractor report
• Register having no. of contract Labour
26. Construction Labour
• A construction worker is a tradesman, laborer,
or professional employed in the physical construction of
the built environment and its infrastructure. Those involved in
commercial, large scale, and government jobs typically wear
protective hard hats, giving birth to the descriptive term "hard
hat worker"
• The most common construction trades are those of
carpenter, electrician, heavy equipment operator,
ironworker, laborer, mason, plasterer, plumber, pipefitter,
sheet metal worker, steel fixer (also known as a
"rodbuster"), and welder
27. • Apart from old / traditional urban/ industrial centres, new
industrial/urban centres have appeared on the map where
construction works are going on large scale
• Construction labourers are labourers who are migrated from different
regions and states leaving their native villages in search of daily job
• Most of the construction labourers migrate to cities and metros are
from poor families and are illiterate
• They become easy victim of exploitation and have to work for their day
today sustenance
• If the workers are female, the problems at work site and while
commuting gets compounded and multiplied. More so if they are
pregnant or having small children. There is no system at all to take care
of these children at work site. And they just cannot take leave out of
work during this period lest they would face extreme financial
problems
28. • Besides the problems and woes discussed above, the construction workers
have no social security & benefits in terms of labour welfare measures &
provisions. They don't have provisions like pension and insurance
schemes, maternity leave, accident and death claims, concession loans
and financial aid for children's education and medical needs
• Apart from these, there is no recreational facilities, no availability of
drinking water, toilets, canteens etc
• Being part of unorganized sector of labourers, they lose in bargaining for
fair wages. They are not paid minimum wages; even the agreed wages are
not paid in time. Even after the construction work is over, substantial due
remains with the builders or the contractors, who are always on the look
for devouring these due wages.
29. Statistical Findings
66.7% of construction companies consist of 100-200 labourers
Majority construction laborers are living in Tin sheet (71.5%),
Rubber sheet shed (17.8%) and Huts (10.7)
Builder made electricity provision (27.8%) in their temporary
sheds
The sanitation and hygiene of the construction site and the
temporary shed are very poor (75.4%)
20.4 % of construction sites making provision of drinking water
8.7% construction companies haven't any facility for washing at
all
72.2% of the companies do not pay medical cost incurred to the
labourers
64.2% construction companies pay only 50-100 Rs per day to
their labourers. 12.8% pay 100-150 Rs per day. 38.4% pay
151-200 Rs per day to the skilled labourers
64.8% of companies don't provide maternity leave to their
labourers.
30. Contd…
• 14.7% construction companies are making provision of
holidays to their labourers
• 32. While considerable percentages (66.8%) of companies
doesn't provide holidays to their workers
• 63.5% of companies are not making provision of
compensation benefits
• 35. 77.2% of companies are not making provision of insurance
benefits
• Majority construction companies (67.2%) do not make
provision of helmets to their workers.
• While a considerable percentage (15.9%) does not make
provision of helmets to their workers.
• Majority construction companies (52.0%) make provision of
Hand Gloves and Shoes to their workers.
• In majority construction sites (66.2%) labourers have to work
8 hours having a spread over of 10-11hr in a day.
31. Health Hazards for the
Construction Sites
.Chemical hazards .Physical hazards
.Biological hazards .Social hazards
Controlling Occupational Hazards
• Decreasing exposure concentration
• Environmental controls
• Engineering controls
• Personal protection
• Eating and sanitary facilities
• Injuries and Illnesses in Construction
32. Steps to be taken
Investigate the abuse and exploitation of labourers by agents and
employers and prosecute such agents and employers.
Create awareness of construction labourer's rights and set up
mechanisms of redressal.
Ensuring decent working conditions and proper contract systems and
providing basic health care forconstruction labourer's.
Adequate intervention from the government authorities required
ensuring the health, safety and welfare of the construction
labourers.
Effective implementation of the labour laws that making provision of
better health, safety and welfare of the construction labourers.
NGO's working for child welfare should consider the difficulties of the
construction labourers and plan strategies to ensure free education
of these children.
Ensure adequate insurance facilities for the construction labourers
33. Agricultural
Labor
The most disquieting feature of Indian rural economy has
been the growth in the number of agricultural labourers engaged
in crop production. They get unusually low wages, conditions of
work put an excessive burden on them and employment which
they get is extremely irregular
An agricultural labour may be the small or marginal
farmer or an artisan, but when a person derives his main earning
by doing some agricultural work on others farm is called an
agricultural labour
34. Characteristics of Agricultural Labor
• Organization among agricultural worker
• Agricultural workers are basically unskilled
• Agricultural labor is migratory
• A person of low means
• Lack of legal protection
• Nature of employment
• Indebtedness per household
• Seasonality in employment
• Distribution of additional labour
force by sector of activity
• Hours of work
• Housing conditions
35. Categories of Agricultural Labourers
Small fanners
Tenants
Share-croppers
Causes of Poor Economic Conditions of Agricultural Labourers
Low social status
Unorganized
Seasonal employment
Increase in population
Rural indebtedness
Paucity of non-agricultural jobs
36. Government Measures Pertaining to
Agricultural Labor
• Indian Constitution
• Minimum Wages Act
• Other legislative measures
• Organization of labour cooperatives
• Employment Guarantee Scheme
• Special Area Programme
• Land reclamation and settlement
• Abolition of bonded labour
• Other measures
• Provision of housing sites
37. Suggestions for Improvement
Better implementation of legislative measures
Creating alternative sources of employment
Resettlement of agricultural workers
Improving the bargaining position
Improving the working conditions
Raising the standard of living
Public work programmes
Social security
