1. Q1}The poverty line is a somewhat arbitrary line by which some group determines
a person or family can meet their daily
(or monthly, yearly, etc...) needs.
Q29}-----
1. Rapidly Rising Population:
The population during the last 45 years has increased at the rate of 2.2% per
annum. On average 17 million people are added
every year to its population which raises the demand for consumption goods
considerably.
2. Low Productivity in Agriculture:
The level of productivity in agriculture is low due to subdivided and fragmented
holdings, lack of capital, use of
traditional methods of cultivation, illiteracy etc. This is the main cause of
poverty in the country.
3. Under Utilized Resources:
The existence of under employment and disguised unemployment of human resources
and under utilization of resources has
resulted in low production in agricultural sector. This brought a down fall in
their standard of living.
4. Low Rate of Economic Development:
The rate of economic development in India has been below the required level.
Therefore, there persists a gap between level
of availability and requirements of goods and services. The net result is
poverty.
6. Price Rise:
The continuous and steep price rise has added to the miseries of poor. It has
benefited a few people in the society and
the persons in lower income group find it difficult to get their minimum needs.
7. Unemployment:
The continuously expanding army of unemployed is another cause of poverty. The
job seeker is increasing in number at a
higher rate than the expansion in employment opportunities.
8. Shortage of Capital and Able Entrepreneurship:
Capital and able entrepreneurship have important role in accelerating the
growth. But these are in short supply making it
difficult to increase production significantly.
9. Social Factors:
The social set up is still backward and is not conducive to faster development.
Laws of inheritance, caste system,
traditions and customs are putting hindrances in the way of faster development
and have aggravate" the problem of poverty.
10. Political Factors:
The Britishers started lopsided development in India and reduced Indian economy
to a colonial state. They exploited the

2. natural resources to suit their interests and weaken the industrial base of
Indian economy.
In independent India, the development plans have been guided by political
interests. Hence, the planning a failure to
tackle the problems of poverty and unemployment.
Q26}-----
1) Poverty and unemployment are interred related. Therefore, adequate employment
opportunities should be created in
rural areas particularly in agricultural sector. In order to eliminate
agricultural unemployment it is necessary to improve
agriculture in the country. Good seeds, good tools, good manure must be arranged
for it if the production is to be increased.
The major cause of agricultural unemployment in India is the dependence of
cultivation upon the rains. Thus, there should
be a proper and good arrangement of irrigation through minor and major projects.
2) If conditions for marketing agricultural produce do not favor the cultivator,
the increase in production will not
alleviate the problem of agricultural unemployment. The organisation of the
agricultural market will increase the income of
the cultivator as well as improve the situation with regard to unemployment.
3) The total impact of land reform on rural formation has been for less then had
been hoped for. Effort should be made to
remove the loop holes in land legislations in order to make land reform more
meaningful and effective additional lands
should be redistributed among landless laborers, the marginal sub marginal
farmers, so that they will be able to earn more.
Effort should be made to provide the landless laborers with maximum of land by
making barren land fertile.
4) Animal husbandry and cattle breeding have great potential, not only in
unemployment but also in overcoming malnutrition.
The government should extent special encouragement for animal husbandry,
poultry and fish farming. Necessary training for
poultry and diary farming should be imparted.
5) An improvement in agriculture, not supplemented by any other corrective
measure cannot provide employment to the
increasing population. Besides the farmer should also get some work during that
period of the year when he is not engaged
in cultivation. Some of subsidiary industry, such cottage industry like
furniture making, weaving, spinning, match, barked
and ropes etc, can help to a considerable extent in removing unemployment.
6) In spite of the promise of industrial decentralisation which never seems to
arrive. There are some areas of small
industries which could, in fact, he located in rural areas. A major element in
creating employment in rural areas must mean
a removal of some small industrial estates into purely rural areas. They will
carry their power allocations with them and
could then be an element in small scale industrialisation in rural areas.
However, this by itself will not be adequate to foster rural industrialisation
in a dynamic sense. What is required is a
new concept of modernisation combining Indian Traditional rural artisan skills
with power availability and with an
appropriate technology. A substantial portion of value added can appear from
units set up efficiently in areas where
artisans can greatly increase their output by modernisation of their technology.

3. 7) There is the need to strengthen all the poverty alleviation programmes,
particularly IRDP. All the organisation
deficiencies in an execution of the programme such as the shortage of technical
and expert staff, delays in release of
funds and inadequacies in funds, lack of proper co ordination should be removed.
It is essential to see that the target
groups are not wrongly selected to ensure leakage of benefits to the non poor.
Other drawbacks in the programme
implementation such as right and non-co-operative attitudes of the officials,
corrupt practices in sanctioning of loans
should also be taken into consideration.
Efforts are to be made to remove the deficiencies in the implementation of
TRYSEM programme such as poor infrastructural
support to enable the trainees to follow the pursuits, lack of co-ordination
among DIC, banks and Training Institute and
lack of follow up to the trained. Govt instead of sticking to only few
traditional crafts, new vocations conducive for
income generating activities should be selected in order to make TRYSEM and
DWCRA programmes more effective.
Adequate care is to be taken that while implementing JRY. The ingredient are not
missed in it on the whole, for smooth
implementation of various programmes the entire administrative set up should be
properly co ordinate.
8) The personal disabilities of a person include illness, physical handicap, old
age etc and for this the methods suggested
are specialised health services, adequate wage provision to maintain health,
other social security schemes and new
vocational opportunities.
9) The recent increase in population and pressure exercised on the limited
resources of the country has brought to the
forefront the urgency of the problem of family planning and population control.
Thus, family planning or family welfare
programmes should be effectively implemented. Adequate awareness about small
family norm has to be created among the people
and steps should be taken to make it a people programme.
10) There is lack of political and social awakening among the rural people. The
programme of poverty alleviation is not
so simple as to be successfully solved by the Government, thus there is a great
need for political and social awakening.
People should be made aware of various programme and benefits of these
programmes, so that people at the lowest rung of
Rural Society may make substantial progress in making their lives more
economically productive.
Q27}-----
The role of education as an agent or instrument of social change and social
development is widely recognized today. Social change may take place – when
humans need change. When the existing social system or network of social
institutions fails to meet the existing human needs and when new materials
suggest
better ways of meeting human needs.
Education is seen as a major vector in society, but that it is
largely allocated a
conservative role, since its main function is in the socialization of the young
and the
maintenance of the social order. During times of rapid social change, such as
the
second half of the 20th century, the role of education in the service of the

4. nation is
emphasized. When things are going well, especially economically, more
experimentation with education is supported, and more idealistic goals are
pursued,
such as equity of educational opportunity. It is in the ideological and moral
spheres,
however, that education is most clearly expected to play a leading role. Social
change
takes place as a response to many types of changes that take place in the social
and
nonsocial environment. Education can initiate social changes by bringing about
a
change in outlook and attitude of man. It can bring about a change in the
pattern of
social relationships and thereby it may cause social changes.
Q28}--
A plan is typically any diagram or list of steps with timing and resources, used
to achieve an objective.
objectives:-
(i) A high rate of growth with a view to improvement in standard of living:-All
the Indian Five Year Plans have given
primary importance to higher growth of real national income. During the British
rule, Indian economy was stagnant and the
people were living in a state of abject poverty. The Britishers exploited the
economy both through foreign trade and colonial
administration. While the European industries flourished, the Indian economy was
caught in a vicious circle of poverty.
The pervasive poverty and misery were the most important problem that has to be
tackled through Five Year Plan.
(ii) Economic self-reliance:-Self reliance means to stand on one–s own legs. In
the Indian context, it implies that
dependence on foreign aid should be as minimum as possible. At the beginning of
planning, we had to import food grains
from USA to meet our domestic demand. Similarly, for accelerating the process of
industrialization, we had to import,
capital goods in the form of heavy machinery and technical know-how. For
improving infrastructure facilities like roads,
railways, power, we had to depend on foreign aid to raise the rate of our
investment.
(iii) Social justice:-Social justice means to equitably distribute the wealth
and income of the country among different
sections of the society. In India, we find that a large number of people are
poor; while few lead a luxurious life.
Therefore, another objective of development is to ensure social justice and to
take care of the poor and weaker sections
of the society.
(iv) Modernization of the economy:-Before independence, our economy was backward
and feudal in character. After attainment
of independence, the planners and policy makers tried to modernize the economy
by changing the structural and institutional
set up of the country. Modernization aims at improving the standard of living
of the people by adopting a better
scientific technique of production, by replacing the traditional backward ideas
by logical reasoning's and bringing about
changes in the rural structure and institutions.
(v) Economic stability:-Economic stability means to control inflation and
unemployment. After the Second Plan, the price
level started increasing for a long period of time. Therefore, the planners have
tried to stabilize the economy by properly

5. controlling the rising trend of the price level. However, the progress in this
direction has been far from satisfactory.
Q24}----
(1) Equitable distribution of wealth or the socialist pattern of society and
equal pay for equal work for both men and
women.
(2) Provision of adequate means of livelihood to all its citizens, men and
women.
(3) Provision of employment to all.
(4) Free and compulsory education for children.
(5) Living wage for workers.
(6) Protection of childhood and youth against exploitation and against moral and
material abandonment.
(7) Organization of village panchayats as units of self-government (Article 40).
(8) Prohibition of the consumption except for medical purposes of intoxicating
drinks and of drugs injurious to health.
(9) Organization of agriculture and animal husbandry on modern and scientific
lines.
(10) Promotion of international peace and security and maintenance of just and
honourable relations between the nations of
the world.
Q23}----
1)HEALTH EFFECTS:-The most common sources of air pollution include particulates,
ozone, nitrogen dioxide, and sulfur dioxide.
Both indoor and outdoor air pollution have caused approximately 3.3 million
deaths worldwide. Children aged less than five
years that live in developing countries are the most vulnerable population in
terms of total deaths attributable to indoor
and outdoor air pollution.
2)Effects on cardiovascular health:-Air pollution is also emerging as a risk
factor for stroke, particularly in developing
countries where pollutant levels are highest.
3)Effects on COPD and asthma:-Researches have demonstrated increased risk of
developing asthma and COPD from increased
exposure to traffic-related air pollution. Additionally, air pollution has been
associated with increased hosptializations
and mortality from asthma and COPD.
4)Effects on children:-Around the world, children living in cities with high
exposure to air pollutants are at increased
risk of developing asthma, pneumonia and other lower respiratory infections.
Because children are outdoors more and have
higher minute ventilation they are more susceptible to the dangers of air
pollution. Risks of low initial birth weight are
also heightened in such cities.
Q21)ISI mark is a certification mark for industrial products in India. The mark
certifies that a product conforms to a
set of standards laid by the Bureau of Indian Standards (BIS), the national
standards organization of India.
significance:-
1)Formulation of Indian Standards for products and services by bringing together
and coordinating various interest groups
like manufacturers, consumers, technical experts, testing personnel and others
interested. The standards so prepared are
known as Indian Standards (IS) and are considered as legal documents.
Q18)---
Degradation of the soil is caused by natural processes as well as by human
activities. Now let us briefly study about both

6. of these. Soil is a complex body and forms the thin outer layer of the earth. It
is directly or indirectly developed from
the mineral constituents of the rocks. The first phase of this process is
weathering which is essentially physico-chemical
in nature. Weathering leads to simplification of complex substances forming
rocks through disintegration. The second phase
is soil formation through the process of consolidation. This is bio-geo-chemical
in nature. The process encompasses certain
biological influences which result in the synthesis of many substances leading
to the development of complex soil bodies
with definite physical, chemical and biological properties. This natural process
of weathering is slow and is a part of the
evolutionary cycle.
Human Activities--
1.Deforestation
2.Farming
3.Economic activities : Mining, etc.
4.Developmental works : Settlements, Transport and Communication
Q22)---
You can conserve forests by the following measures:
1by avoiding deforestation
2by reducing pollution
3by not practising overgrazing and if necessary rotational grazing can be
adopted .
4plant trees on hillsides and abandoned land.
5only matured or damage trees.
6re-plant to insure future supplies.
7put out camp fires before leaving the camp and don't throw away lighted
cigarettes.
Q16) Fundamental Rights' is a charter of rights contained in the Constitution of
India. It guarantees civil liberties such
that all Indians can lead their lives in peace and harmony as citizens of India.
rights are:-
1) Right to equality
2) Right to freedom
3) Right against exploitation
4) Right to freedom of religion
5) Cultural and Educational rights
6) Right to constitutional remedies
Q2}secularism may assert the right to be free from religious rule and teachings,
and the right to freedom from governmental
imposition of religion upon the people within a state that is neutral on
matters of belief.
Q3}Current Literacy Rate in India stands at 74.04 percent in 2012.
Q12}Unity in diversity is a concept of "unity without uniformity and diversity
without fragmentation"
that shifts focus from unity based on a mere tolerance of physical, cultural,
linguistic, social, religious, political,
ideological and/or psychological differences towards a more complex unity based
on an understanding that difference
enriches human interactions. The concept of unity in diversity was used "in non-
Western cultures such as indigenous peoples
in North America and Taoist societies in 400-500 B.C. In premodern Western
culture it has been implicit in the organic
conceptions of the universe that have been manifest since the ancient Greek and
Roman civilizations through medieval Europe
and into the Romantic era."

7. Q15}Fuel Wood - For the rural population, wood is an important source of energy
for cooking and heating.
Fodder- Fodder from the forest forms an important source of food for cattle and
other grazing animals in the hilly
and the arid reigons and during a drought.
Fencing- Fences created with trees and shrubs are used in many parts of the
world.
Soil Erosion Check- The roots bind the soil and prevent erosion by wind or
water.
Soil Improvement- Some trees have the ability to return nitrogen to the soil
through root decomposition or fallen leaves.
Honey- For animals and humans
Oxygen- Necessary for every living being
Fruits- To eat
Gum and Lac- For many objects
Natural Habitat for Wlidlife- A natural home for animals to live
Rubber- To make tyres etc.
Shelter- To stay
Medicines- To cure various diseases
Forests serve a number of ecological purposes including important roles in the
water cycle, providing habitat for plants
and animals adapted for life in forests. People can use forests for recreation
and commodities (though often not in the
same place at the same time). Forest products include foods grown in forest
environments (such as mushrooms and berries,
or tree nuts and fruits), timber from harvesting the trees, forest animals that
are hunted, etc.