The document discusses the electromagnetic spectrum, which is the range of all types of electromagnetic radiation. It covers different types of electromagnetic radiation including microwaves, infrared radiation, ultraviolet radiation, X-rays, and gamma rays. For each type of radiation, it discusses their wavelengths, how they are produced, and some of their applications such as uses in cooking with microwaves, night vision technology using infrared, UV rays and skin damage/protection, medical uses of X-rays, and gamma rays being emitted by radioactive atoms.

1. THE ELECTROMAGNETIC
SPECTRUM
LORENZO MAZZOCCHETTI 5E
CLIL PROJECT

2. WHAT IS THE ELECTROMAGNETIC
SPECTRUM?
• The electromagnetic (EM) spectrum is
the range of all types of EM radiation.
Radiation is energy that travels and
spreads out as it goes – the visible
light that comes from a lamp in your
house and the radio waves that come
from a radio station are two types of
electromagnetic radiation. The other
types of EM radiation that make up the
electromagnetic spectrum are
microwaves, infrared light, ultraviolet
light, X-rays and gamma-rays.
INTRODUCION

3. MICROWAVES
• Microwaves are radiation with a wavelength
spanning approximately between 10-3 m and 1 m.
They can almost exclusively be generated with
special electron tubes (klystron and magnetron)).
Inside these tubes electro- magnetic radiation is
produced by a
f
low of free electrons moving at a
ca-refully modulated speed. The magnetron of a
microwave oven emits an electromagne- tic
radiation with a wavelength only found in a small
interval aroun 2,45 - 10° Hz. Microwaves with this
lar wavelength are absorbed by water molecules,
and since water is one of the main components
of organic materials, this particu-transfer allows
us to heat, defrost, or cook food energy both
quickly and uniformly.
MAGNETRON
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4. MICROWAVE EXPERIMENT
• As we have introduced, microwaves are
electromagnetic waves. now let's do an experiment,
insert some chocolate in our microwave and start.
Now let's measure the distance between the loose
zones, multiply it by two and by the frequency in
Hz, so done we will have found C. This because
microwaves are electromagnetic waves, and due to
the structure of the oven the distance between the
melted areas roughly corresponds to half their
wavelength. If we multiply this value by 2 we obtain
the wavelength of the standing wave. Since the
frequency of an electromagnetic wave multiplied
by its wavelength gives us the speed of
propagation of the wave, we obtain a value that,
despite unavoidable measurement errors, is very
close to the speed of light c.
MICROWAVE AND CHOCOLATE

5. INFRARED RADIATION
• The infrared part of the electromagnetic
spectrum is positioned between
microwaves and visible red light (around
0,8 Jum of wavelength). Infrared radiation
is mainly produced by thermal emissions.
All bodies emit infrared electromagnetic
radiation, due to the molecular thermal
agitation. The following images show that
the higher the surface temperature of a
body or object, the more white pre- vails
in the image, on the other hand if the
temperature is lower the color in the IR
images tends to be mostly darker or black.
THERMAL EMMISIONS

6. INFRARED AND MILITARY
• Night vision is a feature found in
some equipment (such as
cameras or special glasses)
designed to allow vision in dark,
low-light environments. Some of
this equipment is marketable and
can be purchased in specialty
stores. In particular, it is used in
the military, using infrared waves
to identify people even in
environments without light.
NIGHT VISION

7. ULTRAVIOLET RADIATION
• Ultraviolet radiation, or UV, has wavelengths
between 10-8 m and 4 10=m, it is invisible to
the human eye, but it can impress
photographic plates and cause
phosphorescnce in some bodies. Ultraviolet
radiation can be generated with electric
discharges in tubes containing rare
f
ied gases,
and it is also present in the solar radiation.
Upon exposure to UV rays, melanin production
increases causing but a prolonged exposure
increases the risk of certain types of tumours.
The higher layers of the atmosphere provide
protection against UV rays, the responsible for
this protecti- the skin to tan, of radiation is
mainly absorbed by the ozonosphere.
OZONOSPHERE

8. RAYS UV AND COVID
• Short-wavelength ultraviolet light, or UV-C radiation,
typically produced by low-cost Mercury lamps is very
e
ff
ective in neutralizing the SARS COV-2 coronavirus.
This is con
f
irmed by a multidisciplinary experimental
study carried out by a group of researchers, with
di
ff
erent skills, from the National Institute of
Astrophysics (INAF), the State University of Milan, the
National Cancer Institute of Milan (INT) and the IRCCS
Foundation Don Gnocchi.
• The germicidal power of UV-C light (which typically
has a wavelength of 254 nanometers, or 254 billionths
of a meter) on bacteria and viruses is well known, a
property due to its ability to break the molecular
bonds of DNA and RNA which constitute these
microorganisms. Several UV-C lighting systems are
already used for the disinfection of environments and
surfaces in hospitals and public places.
NEUTRALIZING VIRUS

9. RAYS X
• X-rays (or Röntgen rays) are that portion of the
electromagnetic spectrum with a wavelength
between approximately 10 nanometers (nm) and
1/1000 of a nanometer (1 picometer), classi
f
ied
as ionizing radiation, having a very high
penetration power : only thicknesses of the order
of centimeters of lead or decimeters of concrete
can stop them. The discovery of X-rays and its
potential by W. Roentgen in November 1895
f
inds
its
f
irst application in the medical
f
ield and in
particular in the orthopedic one. Su
ff
ice it to say
that a few months after the discovery, the
medical colonel Alvaro of the Military Hospital of
Naples was able to locate and extract the bullets
of the soldiers wounded in the battle of Adua on
1 March 1896.
PENETRATION POWER

10. RAYS X AND ART
• From then on the x-rays took more and more
foot also in the artistic
f
ield, allowing to make
discoveries that to the naked eye would have
been impossible, as in a famous painting
exhibited in the Church of San Luigi dei
French in Rome, it is the "Martirio di San
Matteo ”by Caravaggio. In the
f
inal draft, the
characters are outlined on a uniformly dark
background and Caravaggio's face can be
seen just behind the saint's executioner. On
the contrary, the background of the painting
below is quite di
ff
erent, showing a rich
architectural structure on radiographic
examination, a soldier next to the executioner;
with the lack of self-portrait.
CARAVAGGIO

11. GAMMA RAYS
• Gamma rays have wavelengths shorter than
10 lower limit of the electromagnetic
spectrum. This radiation is spontaneously
emitted by the nuclei of radioactive atoms.
Many natural radioactive isotopes exist,
carbon-14 and uranium-238 for instance,
other can be arti
f
icially created in nuclear
physics laboratories. The nuclei of these
isotopes are unstable and they transform into
nuclei of other elements by emitting mm and
they are at the radiations. Research on
radioactivity began in the late XIX century,
soon three di
ff
e- rent types of radiations had
been discovered: alpha, beta and gamma.
RADIOACTIVE ATOMS

12. THE DARK MATTER
LAVORO DI GRUPPO AIELLI MAZZOCCHETTI CACCIAFIORI TORRIERI
• The nature of dark matter, the substance that accounts for more than 85% of all matter in the Universe, remains a mystery.
• One popular hypothesis is that dark matter consists at least partially of hypothetical particles called axions or axion-like
particles.
• When
f
lying through a magnetic
f
ield or close to charged particles, a beam of axions could actually transform into photons or vice versa.
• This special property leads to an intriguing possibility, where axions could be created during the explosion of a massive star at the end of
its lifetime, an event commonly known as a supernova.
• In the core of the explosion, ions and protons are densely squeezed together, allowing energetic photons, called gamma rays, to transform
into axions. In this ghostly axion form, they can quickly escape the dense core and slowly return to gamma- ray form on their long path
through the magnetic
f
ields in space.
• Upon reaching Earth, the resulting short burst of gamma rays could be detected with the Large Area Telescope (LAT) on board the Fermi
satellite, which constantly scans the entire sky for gamma rays and sees roughly 20% of the sky at any given moment. The challenge is to
know when exactly to look for the burst, which, according to theory, is only tens of seconds long.
• A new study uses the wealth of data collected with the Fermi LAT to search for the axion-induced bursts by correlating it with, for the
f
irst
time, the results of dedicated supernova surveys. These surveys, which use traditional optical telescopes, detect hundreds of supernovae
each year. By modeling the fading glow of the explosions, from the Erlangen Center of Astroparticle Physics and Tanja Petrushevska from
the University Nova Gorica were able to make predictions for the time window of the explosion and search for the expected